C. Macculi, A. Argan, M. D’Andrea, S. Lotti, G. Minervini, Luigi Piro, L. Ferrari Barusso, Corrado Boragno, E. Celasco, Giovanni Gallucci, Flavio Gatti, Daniele Grosso, M. Rigano, F. Chiarello, Guido Torrioli, Mauro Fiorini, M. Uslenghi, D. Brienza, E. Cavazzuti, S. Puccetti, Angela Volpe, P. Bastia
Athena (advanced telescope for high-energy astrophysics) is an ESA large-class mission, at present under a re-definition “design-to-cost” phase, planned for a prospective launch at L1 orbit in the second half of the 2030s. It will be an observatory alternatively focusing on two complementary instruments: the X-IFU (X-ray Integral Field Unit), a TES (TransitionEdge Sensor)-based kilo-pixel array which is able to perform simultaneous high-grade energy spectroscopy (~3 eV@7 keV) and imaging over 4′ FoV (field of view), and the WFI (Wide Field Imager), which has good energy spectral resolution (~170 eV@7 keV) and imaging on wide 40′ × 40′ FoV. Athena will be a truly transformational observatory, operating in conjunction with other large observatories across the electromagnetic spectrum available in the 2030s like ALMA, ELT, JWST, SKA, CTA, etc., and in multi-messenger synergies with facilities like LIGO A+, Advanced Virgo+, LISA, IceCube and KM3NeT. The Italian team is involved in both instruments. It has the co-PIship of the cryogenic instrument for which it has to deliver the TES-based Cryogenic AntiCoincidence detector (CryoAC) necessary to guarantee the X-IFU sensitivity, degraded by a primary particle background of both solar and galactic cosmic ray (GCR) origins, and by secondary electrons produced by primaries interacting with the materials surrounding the main detector. The outcome of Geant4 studies shows the necessity for adopting both active and passive techniques to guarantee the residual particle background at 5 × 10−3 cts cm−2 s−1 keV−1 level in 2–10 keV scientific bandwidth. The CryoAC is a four-pixel detector made of Si-suspended absorbers sensed by Ir/Au TESes placed at <1 mm below the main detector. After a brief overview of the Athena mission, we will report on the particle background reduction techniques highlighting the impact of the Geant4 simulation on the X-IFU focal plane assembly design, then hold a broader discussion on the CryoAC program in terms of detection chain system requirements, test, design concept against trade-off studies and programmatic.
{"title":"The Cryogenic Anticoincidence Detector for the NewAthena X-IFU Instrument: A Program Overview","authors":"C. Macculi, A. Argan, M. D’Andrea, S. Lotti, G. Minervini, Luigi Piro, L. Ferrari Barusso, Corrado Boragno, E. Celasco, Giovanni Gallucci, Flavio Gatti, Daniele Grosso, M. Rigano, F. Chiarello, Guido Torrioli, Mauro Fiorini, M. Uslenghi, D. Brienza, E. Cavazzuti, S. Puccetti, Angela Volpe, P. Bastia","doi":"10.3390/condmat8040108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat8040108","url":null,"abstract":"Athena (advanced telescope for high-energy astrophysics) is an ESA large-class mission, at present under a re-definition “design-to-cost” phase, planned for a prospective launch at L1 orbit in the second half of the 2030s. It will be an observatory alternatively focusing on two complementary instruments: the X-IFU (X-ray Integral Field Unit), a TES (TransitionEdge Sensor)-based kilo-pixel array which is able to perform simultaneous high-grade energy spectroscopy (~3 eV@7 keV) and imaging over 4′ FoV (field of view), and the WFI (Wide Field Imager), which has good energy spectral resolution (~170 eV@7 keV) and imaging on wide 40′ × 40′ FoV. Athena will be a truly transformational observatory, operating in conjunction with other large observatories across the electromagnetic spectrum available in the 2030s like ALMA, ELT, JWST, SKA, CTA, etc., and in multi-messenger synergies with facilities like LIGO A+, Advanced Virgo+, LISA, IceCube and KM3NeT. The Italian team is involved in both instruments. It has the co-PIship of the cryogenic instrument for which it has to deliver the TES-based Cryogenic AntiCoincidence detector (CryoAC) necessary to guarantee the X-IFU sensitivity, degraded by a primary particle background of both solar and galactic cosmic ray (GCR) origins, and by secondary electrons produced by primaries interacting with the materials surrounding the main detector. The outcome of Geant4 studies shows the necessity for adopting both active and passive techniques to guarantee the residual particle background at 5 × 10−3 cts cm−2 s−1 keV−1 level in 2–10 keV scientific bandwidth. The CryoAC is a four-pixel detector made of Si-suspended absorbers sensed by Ir/Au TESes placed at <1 mm below the main detector. After a brief overview of the Athena mission, we will report on the particle background reduction techniques highlighting the impact of the Geant4 simulation on the X-IFU focal plane assembly design, then hold a broader discussion on the CryoAC program in terms of detection chain system requirements, test, design concept against trade-off studies and programmatic.","PeriodicalId":10665,"journal":{"name":"Condensed Matter","volume":"23 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139003623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tharathep Plienbumrung, M. Daghofer, Jean-Baptiste Morée, Andrzej M. Oleś
We present a weak-coupling analysis of magnetism in infinite-layer nickelates, where we compare a single-band description with a two-band model. Both models predict that (i) hybridization due to hopping is negligible, and (ii) the magnetic properties are characterized by very similar dynamic structure factors, S(k→,ω), at the points (π,π,0) and (π,π,π). This gives effectively a two-dimensional description of the magnetic properties.
{"title":"Single-Band versus Two-Band Description of Magnetism in Infinite-Layer Nickelates","authors":"Tharathep Plienbumrung, M. Daghofer, Jean-Baptiste Morée, Andrzej M. Oleś","doi":"10.3390/condmat8040107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat8040107","url":null,"abstract":"We present a weak-coupling analysis of magnetism in infinite-layer nickelates, where we compare a single-band description with a two-band model. Both models predict that (i) hybridization due to hopping is negligible, and (ii) the magnetic properties are characterized by very similar dynamic structure factors, S(k→,ω), at the points (π,π,0) and (π,π,π). This gives effectively a two-dimensional description of the magnetic properties.","PeriodicalId":10665,"journal":{"name":"Condensed Matter","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138597336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Piezoelectric polymers are a class of material that belong to carbon–hydrogen-based organic materials with a long polymer chain. They fill the void where single crystals and ceramics fail to perform. This characteristic of piezoelectric polymers made them unique. Their piezoelectric stress constant is higher than ceramics and the piezoelectric strain is lower compared to ceramics. This study’s goal is to present the most recent information on poly(vinylidene fluoride) with trifluoroethylene P(VDF-TrFE), a major copolymer of poly(vinylidene fluoride) PVDF with piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and ferroelectric characteristics. The fabrication of P(VDF-TrFE) composites and their usage in a variety of applications, including in actuators, transducers, generators, and energy harvesting, are the primary topics of this work. The report provides an analysis of how the addition of fillers improves some of the features of P(VDF-TrFE). Commonly utilized polymer composite preparation techniques, including spinning, Langmuir–Blodgett (LB), solution casting, melt extrusion, and electrospinning are described, along with their effects on the pertinent characteristics of the polymer composite. A brief discussion on the literature related to different applications (such as bio-electronic devices, sensors and high energy-density piezoelectric generators, low mechanical damping, and easy voltage rectifiers of the polymer composite is also presented.
{"title":"Advances in P(VDF-TrFE) Composites: A Methodical Review on Enhanced Properties and Emerging Electronics Applications","authors":"Lekshmi Priya P S, Biswaranjan Swain, Shailendra Rajput, Saubhagyalaxmi Behera, Sabyasachi Parida","doi":"10.3390/condmat8040105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat8040105","url":null,"abstract":"Piezoelectric polymers are a class of material that belong to carbon–hydrogen-based organic materials with a long polymer chain. They fill the void where single crystals and ceramics fail to perform. This characteristic of piezoelectric polymers made them unique. Their piezoelectric stress constant is higher than ceramics and the piezoelectric strain is lower compared to ceramics. This study’s goal is to present the most recent information on poly(vinylidene fluoride) with trifluoroethylene P(VDF-TrFE), a major copolymer of poly(vinylidene fluoride) PVDF with piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and ferroelectric characteristics. The fabrication of P(VDF-TrFE) composites and their usage in a variety of applications, including in actuators, transducers, generators, and energy harvesting, are the primary topics of this work. The report provides an analysis of how the addition of fillers improves some of the features of P(VDF-TrFE). Commonly utilized polymer composite preparation techniques, including spinning, Langmuir–Blodgett (LB), solution casting, melt extrusion, and electrospinning are described, along with their effects on the pertinent characteristics of the polymer composite. A brief discussion on the literature related to different applications (such as bio-electronic devices, sensors and high energy-density piezoelectric generators, low mechanical damping, and easy voltage rectifiers of the polymer composite is also presented.","PeriodicalId":10665,"journal":{"name":"Condensed Matter","volume":"65 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138626678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Studies involving vortexes in hybrid superconducting devices and their interactions with different components inside samples are important for reaching higher values of critical parameters in superconducting materials. The vortex distribution on each side of a sample with different fundamental parameters, such as temperature T, penetration depth λ, coherence length ξ, electron mass m, and the order parameter Ψ, may help to improve the superconducting properties. Thus, in this work, we used the modified Ginzburg–Landau theory to investigate a hybrid superconductor (HS), as well as to provide a highly tunable and adjustable theoretical tool for theoretically explaining the experimental results involving the HS in order to study the vortex behavior in superconductors of mesoscopic dimensions with extreme differences among their fundamental parameters. Therefore, we evaluated the influence of the HS on the vortex configuration and its effects on field-dependent magnetization. The results show that when the applied magnetic field H was increased, the diamagnetic response of the HS (Meissner effect) included additional jumps in magnetization, while diamagnetism continued to increase in the sample. In addition, the differences among parameters created an interface between both components, and two different magnitudes of supercurrent and vortex sizes caused less degradation of the local superconductivity, which increased the upper critical field. On the other hand, this type of HS with differences in parameters on both sides can be used to control the vortex movement in the selected sample of the superconducting region with more accuracy.
{"title":"Hybrid Superconducting/Superconducting Mesoscopic Heterostructure Studied by Modified Ginzburg–Landau Equations","authors":"Jesús González, Angélica Melendez, Luis Camargo","doi":"10.3390/condmat8040104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat8040104","url":null,"abstract":"Studies involving vortexes in hybrid superconducting devices and their interactions with different components inside samples are important for reaching higher values of critical parameters in superconducting materials. The vortex distribution on each side of a sample with different fundamental parameters, such as temperature T, penetration depth λ, coherence length ξ, electron mass m, and the order parameter Ψ, may help to improve the superconducting properties. Thus, in this work, we used the modified Ginzburg–Landau theory to investigate a hybrid superconductor (HS), as well as to provide a highly tunable and adjustable theoretical tool for theoretically explaining the experimental results involving the HS in order to study the vortex behavior in superconductors of mesoscopic dimensions with extreme differences among their fundamental parameters. Therefore, we evaluated the influence of the HS on the vortex configuration and its effects on field-dependent magnetization. The results show that when the applied magnetic field H was increased, the diamagnetic response of the HS (Meissner effect) included additional jumps in magnetization, while diamagnetism continued to increase in the sample. In addition, the differences among parameters created an interface between both components, and two different magnitudes of supercurrent and vortex sizes caused less degradation of the local superconductivity, which increased the upper critical field. On the other hand, this type of HS with differences in parameters on both sides can be used to control the vortex movement in the selected sample of the superconducting region with more accuracy.","PeriodicalId":10665,"journal":{"name":"Condensed Matter","volume":" 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138612848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Bonfigli, Sabina Botti, M. Vincenti, R. Montereali, A. Rufoloni, Pasquale Gaudio, Riccardo Rossi
Lithium fluoride (LiF) film detectors for extreme ultraviolet radiation, soft and hard X-rays, based on the photoluminescence of radiation-induced electronic defects, have been proposed and are currently under further development and investigation. LiF film detectors are versatile and can be integrated in different experimental apparatus and imaging configurations. LiF can be grown in the form of polycrystalline thin films and it is compatible with several substrates. The radiation-induced color center (CCs) photoluminescence (PL) response can be enhanced through the appropriate choice of substrates and multilayer designs, and by tailoring the micro-structural properties of polycrystalline LiF films through the control of the growth conditions. In this work, we present the characterization, through fluorescence and Raman micro-spectroscopy, of LiF films, thermally evaporated on different substrates with thicknesses of up to 1 μm, irradiated with soft X-rays produced by a laser plasma source. The combination of these micro-spectroscopy techniques could represent an advanced method to investigate the role of the polycrystalline film structures in CC formation efficiency at the microscopic level, a fundamental aspect of the development of LiF film radiation-imaging detectors.
氟化锂（LiF）薄膜探测器基于辐射诱导的电子缺陷的光致发光，可探测极紫外辐射、软X 射线和硬X 射线，目前已提出并正在进一步开发和研究中。锂箔薄膜探测器用途广泛，可集成到不同的实验设备和成像配置中。LiF 可以多晶薄膜的形式生长，并且与多种基底兼容。通过适当选择基底和多层设计，以及通过控制生长条件来定制多晶锂箔薄膜的微观结构特性，可以增强辐射诱导的色彩中心（CCs）光致发光（PL）响应。在这项工作中，我们通过荧光和拉曼显微光谱分析了在不同基底上热蒸发的锂箔薄膜的特性，薄膜厚度达 1 μm，并用激光等离子源产生的软 X 射线照射。这些微光谱技术的结合可以代表一种先进的方法，在微观层面上研究多晶薄膜结构在 CC 形成效率中的作用，这是开发锂论坛薄膜辐射成像探测器的一个基本方面。
{"title":"Fluorescence and Raman Micro-Spectroscopy of LiF Films Containing Radiation-Induced Defects for X-ray Detection","authors":"F. Bonfigli, Sabina Botti, M. Vincenti, R. Montereali, A. Rufoloni, Pasquale Gaudio, Riccardo Rossi","doi":"10.3390/condmat8040103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat8040103","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium fluoride (LiF) film detectors for extreme ultraviolet radiation, soft and hard X-rays, based on the photoluminescence of radiation-induced electronic defects, have been proposed and are currently under further development and investigation. LiF film detectors are versatile and can be integrated in different experimental apparatus and imaging configurations. LiF can be grown in the form of polycrystalline thin films and it is compatible with several substrates. The radiation-induced color center (CCs) photoluminescence (PL) response can be enhanced through the appropriate choice of substrates and multilayer designs, and by tailoring the micro-structural properties of polycrystalline LiF films through the control of the growth conditions. In this work, we present the characterization, through fluorescence and Raman micro-spectroscopy, of LiF films, thermally evaporated on different substrates with thicknesses of up to 1 μm, irradiated with soft X-rays produced by a laser plasma source. The combination of these micro-spectroscopy techniques could represent an advanced method to investigate the role of the polycrystalline film structures in CC formation efficiency at the microscopic level, a fundamental aspect of the development of LiF film radiation-imaging detectors.","PeriodicalId":10665,"journal":{"name":"Condensed Matter","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139202004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to probe the effect of heat treatment on zinc oxide nanoparticles doped with ruthenium through a chemical co-preparation technique. Pure ZnO and Ru-doped ZnO nanoparticles, with the general formula Zn1−x−RuxO, were synthesized for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.04. Using the same starting precursors, the growth temperature was 60 °C and 80 °C for set A and set B, respectively, whereas the calcination temperature was 450 °C and 550 °C for set A and set B, respectively. For the structure investigation, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) revealed that the crystallite size of set A was smaller than that of set B. For x = 0.04 in set B, the maximum value of the crystallite size was attributed to the integration of Ru3+ ions into interstitial sites in the host causing this expansion. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the formation of zinc oxide nanoparticles by showing a Zn-O bonding peak at 421 cm−1. For x = 0.04 in set B, the divergence confirmed the change in bonding properties of Zn2+ distributed by Ru3+ doping, which verifies the presence of secondary-phase RuO2. Using UV–visible spectroscopy, the energy gap of set A swings as ruthenium doping increases. However, in set B, as the crystallite size decreases, the energy gap increases until reversing at the highest concentration of x = 0.04. The transition from oxygen vacancy to interstitial oxygen, which is associated with the blue peak (469 nm), increases in set A under low heating conditions and decreases in set B as Ru doping increases, as revealed in the photoluminescence optical spectra of the samples. Therefore, ruthenium doping proves a useful surface defect and generates distortion centers in the lattice, leading to more adsorption and a remarkable advantage in sunscreen and paint products used for UV protection.
本研究旨在通过化学共制备技术探究热处理对掺杂钌的氧化锌纳米粒子的影响。在 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.04 的条件下，合成了通式为 Zn1-x-RuxO 的纯氧化锌和掺杂 Ru 的氧化锌纳米粒子。使用相同的起始前体，A 组和 B 组的生长温度分别为 60 ℃ 和 80 ℃，而 A 组和 B 组的煅烧温度分别为 450 ℃ 和 550 ℃。在结构研究方面，X 射线粉末衍射（XRD）显示，A 组的结晶尺寸小于 B 组。在 B 组中 x = 0.04 时，结晶尺寸达到最大值，这是因为 Ru3+ 离子融入了宿主的间隙位点，导致结晶尺寸扩大。傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）在 421 cm-1 处显示出 Zn-O 键峰，从而证实了氧化锌纳米粒子的形成。对于 B 组中的 x = 0.04，发散证实了掺杂 Ru3+ 后 Zn2+ 分布的成键特性发生了变化，从而验证了第二相 RuO2 的存在。利用紫外可见光谱，A 组的能隙随着钌掺杂量的增加而波动。然而，在 B 组中，随着晶粒尺寸的减小，能隙也随之增大，直到最高浓度 x = 0.04 时才发生逆转。正如样品的光致发光光学光谱所显示的，在低加热条件下，从氧空位到间隙氧的转变（与蓝色峰值（469 纳米）相关）在 A 组中增加，而在 B 组中随着钌掺杂量的增加而减少。因此，钌掺杂是一种有用的表面缺陷，可在晶格中产生畸变中心，从而产生更多的吸附力，在用于防紫外线的防晒霜和涂料产品中具有显著优势。
{"title":"Effect of Growth and Calcination Temperatures on the Optical Properties of Ruthenium-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles","authors":"Dema Dasuki, K. Habanjar, R. Awad","doi":"10.3390/condmat8040102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat8040102","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to probe the effect of heat treatment on zinc oxide nanoparticles doped with ruthenium through a chemical co-preparation technique. Pure ZnO and Ru-doped ZnO nanoparticles, with the general formula Zn1−x−RuxO, were synthesized for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.04. Using the same starting precursors, the growth temperature was 60 °C and 80 °C for set A and set B, respectively, whereas the calcination temperature was 450 °C and 550 °C for set A and set B, respectively. For the structure investigation, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) revealed that the crystallite size of set A was smaller than that of set B. For x = 0.04 in set B, the maximum value of the crystallite size was attributed to the integration of Ru3+ ions into interstitial sites in the host causing this expansion. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the formation of zinc oxide nanoparticles by showing a Zn-O bonding peak at 421 cm−1. For x = 0.04 in set B, the divergence confirmed the change in bonding properties of Zn2+ distributed by Ru3+ doping, which verifies the presence of secondary-phase RuO2. Using UV–visible spectroscopy, the energy gap of set A swings as ruthenium doping increases. However, in set B, as the crystallite size decreases, the energy gap increases until reversing at the highest concentration of x = 0.04. The transition from oxygen vacancy to interstitial oxygen, which is associated with the blue peak (469 nm), increases in set A under low heating conditions and decreases in set B as Ru doping increases, as revealed in the photoluminescence optical spectra of the samples. Therefore, ruthenium doping proves a useful surface defect and generates distortion centers in the lattice, leading to more adsorption and a remarkable advantage in sunscreen and paint products used for UV protection.","PeriodicalId":10665,"journal":{"name":"Condensed Matter","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139215238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matteo Cataldo, O. Cremonesi, Stefano Pozzi, E. Mocchiutti, Ritabrata Sarkar, A. Hillier, M. Clemenza
Muonic Atom X-ray Emission spectroscopy (µ-XES) is a novel elemental technique that exploits the high-energy X-rays emitted from the muonic atom cascade process to characterize materials. At the ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, the technique is performed at Port4 of the RIKEN-RAL facility, with a user demand that is increasing every year. To cope with this demand, it is necessary to continue to improve the method, either for the hardware (detectors, acquisition, etc.) or software (data analysis and interpretation). In both cases, Monte Carlo codes play an important role: with a simulation, it is possible to reproduce the experimental setup and provide a reliable quantitative analysis. In this work, we investigate the capabilities of GEANT4 for such applications. From the results, we observed that the generation of X-rays, especially the kα and kβ transition for high Z atoms, are not in agreement with the experimental ones. A solution to this issue, other than an attempt with a small modification of the GEANT4 cascade class, could be provided by a database of transition energy calculated by a Dirac equation software called MuDirac. The software, developed by the UKRI scientific computing department and the ISIS muon group, can compute all the transition energy for a given nuclide. Here, preliminary results of the implementation of the MuDirac database in GEANT4 are reported.
μ介子原子 X 射线发射光谱（µ-XES）是一种新型元素技术，它利用μ介子原子级联过程发射的高能 X 射线来表征材料。在 ISIS 中子和μ介子源，该技术在理化学研究所-拉尔设施的 4 号端口进行，用户需求每年都在增加。为了满足这一需求，有必要继续改进该方法，无论是硬件（探测器、采集等）还是软件（数据分析和解释）。在这两种情况下，蒙特卡罗代码都发挥着重要作用：通过模拟，可以重现实验装置，并提供可靠的定量分析。在这项工作中，我们研究了 GEANT4 在此类应用中的能力。从结果中，我们发现 X 射线的产生，尤其是高 Z 原子的 kα 和 kβ 转变，与实验结果并不一致。除了尝试对 GEANT4 级联类稍作修改外，一个名为 MuDirac 的狄拉克方程软件计算出的转变能数据库也可以解决这个问题。该软件由英国皇家研究院科学计算部门和 ISIS μ介子小组开发，可以计算给定核素的所有转变能。这里报告了在 GEANT4 中实施 MuDirac 数据库的初步结果。
{"title":"The Implementation of MuDirac in Geant4: A Preliminary Approach to the Improvement of the Simulation of the Muonic Atom Cascade Process","authors":"Matteo Cataldo, O. Cremonesi, Stefano Pozzi, E. Mocchiutti, Ritabrata Sarkar, A. Hillier, M. Clemenza","doi":"10.3390/condmat8040101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat8040101","url":null,"abstract":"Muonic Atom X-ray Emission spectroscopy (µ-XES) is a novel elemental technique that exploits the high-energy X-rays emitted from the muonic atom cascade process to characterize materials. At the ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, the technique is performed at Port4 of the RIKEN-RAL facility, with a user demand that is increasing every year. To cope with this demand, it is necessary to continue to improve the method, either for the hardware (detectors, acquisition, etc.) or software (data analysis and interpretation). In both cases, Monte Carlo codes play an important role: with a simulation, it is possible to reproduce the experimental setup and provide a reliable quantitative analysis. In this work, we investigate the capabilities of GEANT4 for such applications. From the results, we observed that the generation of X-rays, especially the kα and kβ transition for high Z atoms, are not in agreement with the experimental ones. A solution to this issue, other than an attempt with a small modification of the GEANT4 cascade class, could be provided by a database of transition energy calculated by a Dirac equation software called MuDirac. The software, developed by the UKRI scientific computing department and the ISIS muon group, can compute all the transition energy for a given nuclide. Here, preliminary results of the implementation of the MuDirac database in GEANT4 are reported.","PeriodicalId":10665,"journal":{"name":"Condensed Matter","volume":"230 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139264548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Bonesini, R. Bertoni, A. Abba, F. Caponio, M. Prata, M. Rossella
LaBr3:Ce crystals have good scintillation properties for X-ray spectroscopy. Initially, they were introduced for radiation imaging in medical physics with either a photomultiplier or SiPM readout, and they found extensive applications in homeland security and gamma-ray astronomy. We used 1″ round LaBr3:Ce crystals to realize compact detectors with the SiPM array readout. The aim was a good energy resolution and a fast time response to detect low-energy X-rays around 100 keV. A natural application was found inside the FAMU experiment, at RIKEN RAL. Its aim is a precise measurement of the proton Zemach radius with impinging muons, to contribute to the solution to the so-called “proton radius puzzle”. Signals to be detected are characteristic X-rays around 130 KeV. A limit for this type of detector, as compared to the ones with a photomultiplier readout, is its poorer timing characteristics due to the large capacity of the SiPM arrays used. In particular, long signal falltimes are a problem in experiments such as FAMU, where a “prompt” background component must be separated from a “delayed” one (after 600 ns) in the signal X-rays to be detected. Dedicated studies were pursued to improve the timing characteristics of the used detectors, starting from hybrid ganging of SiPM cells; then developing a suitable zero pole circuit with a parallel ganging, where an increased overvoltage for the SiPM array was used to compensate for the signal decrease; and finally designing ad hoc electronics to split the 1″ detector’s SiPM array into four quadrants, thus reducing the involved capacitances. The aim was to improve the detectors’ timing characteristics, especially falltime, while keeping a good FWHM energy resolution for low-energy X-ray detection.
LaBr3:Ce 晶体在 X 射线光谱学中具有良好的闪烁特性。最初，它们被用于医学物理学中的辐射成像，并配有光电倍增管或 SiPM 读出器，后来在国土安全和伽马射线天文学中得到了广泛应用。我们使用 1 英寸圆形 LaBr3:Ce 晶体实现了带有 SiPM 阵列读出器的紧凑型探测器。我们的目标是以良好的能量分辨率和快速的时间响应来探测 100 千伏左右的低能 X 射线。在 RIKEN RAL 的 FAMU 实验中发现了一个自然应用。其目的是精确测量撞击μ介子的质子泽马赫半径，为解决所谓的 "质子半径之谜 "做出贡献。要探测的信号是 130 KeV 左右的特征 X 射线。与采用光电倍增管读出的探测器相比，这类探测器的一个局限是，由于使用的 SiPM 阵列容量较大，其定时特性较差。特别是在像 FAMU 这样的实验中，较长的信号衰减时间是一个问题，在这种实验中，"迅速 "背景成分必须与要探测的 X 射线信号中的 "延迟 "背景成分（600 毫微秒后）分开。为了改进所用探测器的定时特性，我们进行了专门的研究，首先是将 SiPM 单元混合成组；然后是开发一个合适的并联零极电路，利用增加 SiPM 阵列的过电压来补偿信号的减弱；最后是设计专门的电子设备，将 1 英寸探测器的 SiPM 阵列分成四个象限，从而减少所涉及的电容。目的是改进探测器的定时特性，特别是衰落时间，同时保持良好的 FWHM 能量分辨率，用于低能 X 射线探测。
{"title":"Improving the Time Resolution of Large-Area LaBr3:Ce Detectors with SiPM Array Readout","authors":"M. Bonesini, R. Bertoni, A. Abba, F. Caponio, M. Prata, M. Rossella","doi":"10.3390/condmat8040099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat8040099","url":null,"abstract":"LaBr3:Ce crystals have good scintillation properties for X-ray spectroscopy. Initially, they were introduced for radiation imaging in medical physics with either a photomultiplier or SiPM readout, and they found extensive applications in homeland security and gamma-ray astronomy. We used 1″ round LaBr3:Ce crystals to realize compact detectors with the SiPM array readout. The aim was a good energy resolution and a fast time response to detect low-energy X-rays around 100 keV. A natural application was found inside the FAMU experiment, at RIKEN RAL. Its aim is a precise measurement of the proton Zemach radius with impinging muons, to contribute to the solution to the so-called “proton radius puzzle”. Signals to be detected are characteristic X-rays around 130 KeV. A limit for this type of detector, as compared to the ones with a photomultiplier readout, is its poorer timing characteristics due to the large capacity of the SiPM arrays used. In particular, long signal falltimes are a problem in experiments such as FAMU, where a “prompt” background component must be separated from a “delayed” one (after 600 ns) in the signal X-rays to be detected. Dedicated studies were pursued to improve the timing characteristics of the used detectors, starting from hybrid ganging of SiPM cells; then developing a suitable zero pole circuit with a parallel ganging, where an increased overvoltage for the SiPM array was used to compensate for the signal decrease; and finally designing ad hoc electronics to split the 1″ detector’s SiPM array into four quadrants, thus reducing the involved capacitances. The aim was to improve the detectors’ timing characteristics, especially falltime, while keeping a good FWHM energy resolution for low-energy X-ray detection.","PeriodicalId":10665,"journal":{"name":"Condensed Matter","volume":"43 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139263620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Veronica De Leo, Gerardo Claps, Francesco Cordella, G. Cristoforetti, L. Gizzi, Petra Koester, Danilo Pacella, Antonella Tamburrino
We present an innovative X-ray spectroscopy system to address the complex study of the X-ray emissions arising from laser–target interactions, where the emissions occur within extremely brief intervals from femtoseconds to nanoseconds. Our system combines a Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detector with a silicon-based Timepix3 (TPX3) detector. These detectors work in tandem, allowing for a spectroscopic radiation analysis along the same line of sight. With an active area of 10 × 10 cm2, the GEM detector allows for 1D measurements for X-ray energies (2–50 keV) by utilizing the full 10 cm gas depth. The high-energy part of the radiation beam exits through a downstream side window of the GEM without being absorbed in the gas volume. Positioned side-on at the GEM detector’s exit, the TPX3 detector, equipped with a pixelated sensor (55 µm × 55 µm; active area 14 mm × 14 mm), uses its full 14 mm silicon sensor to detect hard X-rays (50–500 keV) and gamma rays (0.5–10 MeV). We demonstrate the correct operation of the entire detection system and provide a detailed description of the Timepix3 detector’s calibration procedure, highlighting the suitability of the combined system to work in laser plasma facilities.
我们提出了一种创新的 X 射线光谱系统，用于解决激光与目标相互作用产生的 X 射线辐射的复杂研究问题，这种辐射发生在飞秒到纳秒的极短时间间隔内。我们的系统结合了气体电子倍增器（GEM）探测器和硅基 Timepix3（TPX3）探测器。这些探测器串联工作，可沿同一视线进行光谱辐射分析。GEM 探测器的有效面积为 10 × 10 平方厘米，可利用整个 10 厘米气体深度对 X 射线能量（2-50 千伏安）进行一维测量。辐射束的高能量部分通过 GEM 的下游侧窗排出，不会被气体吸收。TPX3 探测器侧对着 GEM 探测器的出口，配备一个像素化传感器（55 微米 × 55 微米；有效面积 14 毫米 × 14 毫米），利用其整个 14 毫米的硅传感器来探测硬 X 射线（50-500 千伏）和伽马射线（0.5-10 兆电子伏）。我们演示了整个探测系统的正确操作，并详细介绍了 Timepix3 探测器的校准程序，强调了该组合系统在激光等离子体设施中的适用性。
{"title":"Combined Spectroscopy System Utilizing Gas Electron Multiplier and Timepix3 Technology for Laser Plasma Experiments","authors":"Veronica De Leo, Gerardo Claps, Francesco Cordella, G. Cristoforetti, L. Gizzi, Petra Koester, Danilo Pacella, Antonella Tamburrino","doi":"10.3390/condmat8040098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat8040098","url":null,"abstract":"We present an innovative X-ray spectroscopy system to address the complex study of the X-ray emissions arising from laser–target interactions, where the emissions occur within extremely brief intervals from femtoseconds to nanoseconds. Our system combines a Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detector with a silicon-based Timepix3 (TPX3) detector. These detectors work in tandem, allowing for a spectroscopic radiation analysis along the same line of sight. With an active area of 10 × 10 cm2, the GEM detector allows for 1D measurements for X-ray energies (2–50 keV) by utilizing the full 10 cm gas depth. The high-energy part of the radiation beam exits through a downstream side window of the GEM without being absorbed in the gas volume. Positioned side-on at the GEM detector’s exit, the TPX3 detector, equipped with a pixelated sensor (55 µm × 55 µm; active area 14 mm × 14 mm), uses its full 14 mm silicon sensor to detect hard X-rays (50–500 keV) and gamma rays (0.5–10 MeV). We demonstrate the correct operation of the entire detection system and provide a detailed description of the Timepix3 detector’s calibration procedure, highlighting the suitability of the combined system to work in laser plasma facilities.","PeriodicalId":10665,"journal":{"name":"Condensed Matter","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139262659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We develop a method for the laser synthesis and deposition of carbon–gold films formed by a net of linear sp-carbon chains and stabilized by gold nanoparticles. The originality of the method is in the simultaneous production of carbon chains and gold nanoparticles due to the laser fragmentation of the amorphous carbon and hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III) or chloroauric acid. We study how surface resistivity alters the effect of the obtained films via the illumination in the visible spectral range.
{"title":"Laser Fabrication of Gold–sp-Carbon Films","authors":"Stella Kavokina, Anton Osipov, Vlad Samyshkin, Andrey Abramov, Natalia Rozhkova, Vitali Kononenko, Vitali Konov, Alexey Kucherik","doi":"10.3390/condmat8040096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat8040096","url":null,"abstract":"We develop a method for the laser synthesis and deposition of carbon–gold films formed by a net of linear sp-carbon chains and stabilized by gold nanoparticles. The originality of the method is in the simultaneous production of carbon chains and gold nanoparticles due to the laser fragmentation of the amorphous carbon and hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III) or chloroauric acid. We study how surface resistivity alters the effect of the obtained films via the illumination in the visible spectral range.","PeriodicalId":10665,"journal":{"name":"Condensed Matter","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134900966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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