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Complete Desensitization of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloys via Boron Addition 硼对铝镁合金完全脱敏的影响
Pub Date : 2023-06-06 DOI: 10.3390/cmd4020016
R. Goswami, A. Moser, R. L. Holtz, S. Qadri, A. Geltmacher
We address here an important issue related to sensitization effects in Al5083 by mitigating the grain boundary precipitation of the beta phase and demonstrate that the addition of a small amount of boron to Al5083 impedes the precipitation of the beta phase, Al3Mg2, also known as the Samson phase. In Al–Mg alloys, the precipitation of Al3Mg2 usually occurs at grain boundaries in the temperature range of 50 to 200 °C from a supersaturated solid solution of Al–Mg and makes these alloys susceptible to intergranular corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. Upon boron addition, we show, using transmission electron microscopy, that a diboride phase, AlMgB2, forms at grain boundaries instead of the beta phase upon extended annealing at 150 °C. This diboride phase does not dissolve in saltwater, suggesting it is less anodic relative to the matrix. To quantify and compare the dissolution characteristics, we carried out nitric acid mass loss test for Al5083 samples containing 3 wt.% boron treated at 190 h at 150 °C, and fully sensitized Al5083 samples containing 0.0 wt.% boron. We estimate the mass loss to be 4 mg/cm2 for boron containing samples as compared to the mass loss of 45 mg/cm2 for samples without boron, indicating that the addition of boron is highly effective in suppressing the susceptibility to intergranular corrosion in Al5000 series alloys. This provides a potential route to minimize the longstanding problem of ship structure sensitization.
我们通过减轻β相的晶界析出来解决与Al5083敏化效应相关的一个重要问题,并证明在Al5083中添加少量硼可以阻止β相Al3Mg2(也称为Samson相)的析出。在Al-Mg合金中,Al-Mg过饱和固溶体在50 ~ 200℃的温度范围内晶界处析出Al3Mg2,这使得这些合金易发生晶间腐蚀和应力腐蚀开裂。在加入硼后,我们使用透射电子显微镜发现,在150℃延长退火后,在晶界处形成了二硼化物相AlMgB2,而不是β相。这种二硼化物相在盐水中不溶解,表明它相对于基体的阳极性较弱。为了量化和比较溶解特性,我们对含3 wt.%硼的Al5083样品在150°C下处理190 h和含0.0 wt.%硼的完全敏化Al5083样品进行了硝酸质量损失测试。我们估计含硼样品的质量损失为4 mg/cm2,而不含硼样品的质量损失为45 mg/cm2,这表明添加硼可以非常有效地抑制Al5000系列合金的晶间腐蚀敏感性。这为最小化长期存在的船舶结构敏感化问题提供了一条潜在的途径。
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引用次数: 0
Polymer-Based Coating for Steel Protection, Highlighting Metal–Organic Framework as Functional Actives: A Review 以金属有机骨架为功能活性的聚合物基钢防护涂层研究进展
Pub Date : 2023-04-29 DOI: 10.3390/cmd4020015
S. Ulaeto, Rajimol Puthenpurackal Ravi, I. I. Udoh, G. Mathew, Thazhavilai Ponnu Devaraj Rajan
Polymer-based coatings are a long-established category of protective coatings for metals and alloys regarding corrosion inhibition. The polymer films can degrade, and when coated on metallic substrates, the degradation facilitates moisture and oxygen penetration, reducing the polymer film’s adhesion to the metallic substrate and exposing the substrate to extreme conditions capable of corrosion. For this reason, pigments, inhibitors, and other compatible blends are added to the polymer coating formulations to enhance adhesion and protection. To prevent the possible deterioration of inhibitor-spiked polymer coatings, inhibitors are encapsulated through diverse techniques to avoid leakage and to provide a controlled release in response to the corrosion trigger. This review discusses polymer-based coating performance in corrosion-causing environments to protect metals, focusing more on commercial steels, a readily available construction-relevant material used in extensive applications. It further beams a searchlight on advances made on polymer-based coatings that employ metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as functional additives. MOFs possess a tailorable structure of metal ions and organic linkers and have a large loading capacity, which is crucial for corrosion inhibitor delivery. Results from reviewed works show that polymer-based coatings provide barrier protection against the ingress of corrosive species and offer the chance to add several functions to coatings, further enhancing their anti-corrosion properties.
聚合物基涂层是一种由来已久的金属和合金防腐涂层。聚合物薄膜可以降解,当涂覆在金属基材上时,降解有助于水分和氧气的渗透,降低聚合物薄膜与金属基材的附着力,并使基材暴露于能够腐蚀的极端条件下。因此,颜料、抑制剂和其他相容的共混物被添加到聚合物涂层配方中,以增强附着力和保护。为了防止添加了抑制剂的聚合物涂层可能发生的变质,抑制剂通过多种技术进行封装,以避免泄漏,并在腐蚀触发时提供可控的释放。这篇综述讨论了聚合物基涂层在腐蚀环境中保护金属的性能,更多地关注于商业钢,一种广泛应用的现成的建筑相关材料。它进一步对采用金属有机框架(mof)作为功能添加剂的聚合物基涂料的进展进行了探照灯。mof具有可定制的金属离子和有机连接剂结构,并且具有较大的负载能力,这对于缓蚀剂的输送至关重要。综述的研究结果表明,聚合物基涂料提供了屏障保护,防止腐蚀性物质的侵入,并为涂料提供了增加几种功能的机会,进一步提高了其防腐性能。
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引用次数: 3
Utilizing Computational Modelling to Bridge the Gap between In Vivo and In Vitro Degradation Rates for Mg-xGd Implants 利用计算模型来弥补Mg-xGd植入物体内和体外降解率之间的差距
Pub Date : 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.3390/cmd4020014
Tamadur Al Baraghtheh, Alexander Hermann, A. Shojaei, R. Willumeit-Römer, C. Cyron, B. Zeller‐Plumhoff
Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are promising materials for temporary bone implants due to their mechanical properties and biocompatibility. The most challenging aspect of Mg-based implants involves adapting the degradation rate to the human body, which requires extensive in vitro and in vivo testing. Given that in vivo tests are significantly more labour-intensive than in vitro and ethics prohibit direct experiments on animals or humans, attempts are commonly undertaken to infer conclusions on in vivo degradation behavior from in vitro experiments. However, there is a wide gap between these tests, and in vitro testing is often a poor predictor of in vivo outcomes. In the development of biodegradable Mg-based implants, considerable efforts are being made to reduce the overall time and cost of in vitro and in vivo testing. Finding a suitable alternative to predict the degradation of Mg alloys, however, remains challenging. We present computational modelling as a possible alternative to bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo testing, thus reducing overall cost, duration and number of experiments. However, traditional modelling approaches for complex biodegradable systems are still rather time-consuming and require a clear definition of the relations between input parameters and the model result. In this study, Kriging surrogate models based on the peridynamic in vitro degradation model were developed to simulate the degradation behavior for two main alloys, Mg-5Gd and Mg-10Gd, for both in vitro and in vivo cases. Using Kriging surrogate models, the simulation parameters were calibrated to the volume loss data from in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vivo degradation of magnesium has one order of magnitude higher apparent diffusion coefficients than in vitro degradation, thus yielding the higher volume loss observed in vivo than in vitro. On the basis of the diffusivity of the Mg2+ ions modeled under in vitro degradation, Kriging surrogate models were able to simulate the in vivo degradation behavior of Mg-xGd with a ratio between 0.46 and 0.5, indicating that the surrogate-modelling approach is able to bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo degradation rates for Mg-xGd implants.
镁及其合金具有良好的力学性能和生物相容性,是一种很有前途的临时骨植入材料。镁基植入物最具挑战性的方面是使降解率适应人体,这需要大量的体外和体内测试。鉴于体内试验比体外试验的劳动密集程度高得多,而且道德规范禁止直接在动物或人身上进行实验,因此通常试图从体外实验中推断出关于体内降解行为的结论。然而,这些测试之间存在很大差距,并且体外测试通常不能很好地预测体内结果。在开发可生物降解的镁基植入物的过程中,人们正在努力减少体外和体内测试的总体时间和成本。然而,寻找一种合适的替代方法来预测镁合金的降解仍然具有挑战性。我们提出计算模型作为一种可能的替代方案,以弥合体外和体内测试之间的差距,从而降低总体成本,持续时间和实验数量。然而,对于复杂的可生物降解系统,传统的建模方法仍然相当耗时,并且需要明确定义输入参数与模型结果之间的关系。在本研究中,基于周围动力学体外降解模型建立了Kriging代理模型,模拟了Mg-5Gd和Mg-10Gd两种主要合金在体外和体内的降解行为。使用Kriging代理模型,将模拟参数校准为体外和体内实验的体积损失数据。体内降解镁的表观扩散系数比体外降解高一个数量级,因此体内观察到的体积损失比体外观察到的要高。在体外降解模拟Mg2+离子扩散率的基础上,Kriging替代模型能够模拟Mg-xGd的体内降解行为,比值在0.46 ~ 0.5之间,表明替代建模方法能够弥补Mg-xGd植入物体内和体外降解率之间的差距。
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引用次数: 1
The Role of Determinism in the Prediction of Corrosion Damage 决定论在腐蚀损伤预测中的作用
Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.3390/cmd4020013
D. Macdonald
This paper explores the roles of empiricism and determinism in science and concludes that the intellectual exercise that we call “science” is best described as the transition from empiricism (i.e., observation) to determinism, which is the philosophy that the future can be predicted from the past based on the natural laws that are condensations of all previous scientific knowledge. This transition (i.e., “science”) is accomplished by formulating theories to explain the observations and models that are based on those theories to predict new phenomena. Thus, models are the computational arms of theories, and all models must possess a theoretical basis, but not all theories need to predict. The structure of a deterministic model is reviewed, and it is emphasized that all models must contain an input, a model engine, and an output, together with a feedback loop that permits the continual updating of the model parameters and a means of assessing predictions against new observations. This latter feature facilitates the application of the “scientific method” of cyclical prediction/assessment that continues until the model can no longer account for new observations. At that point, the model (and possibly the theory, too) has been “falsified” and must be discarded and a new theory/model constructed. In this regard, it is important to stress that no amount of successful prediction can prove a theory/model to be “correct”, because theories and models are merely the figments of our imagination as developed through imperfect senses and imperfect intellect and, hence, are invariably wrong at some level of detail. Contrariwise, a single failure of a model to predict an observation invalidates (“falsifies”) the theory/model. The impediment to model building is complexity and its impact on model building is discussed. Thus, we employ instruments such as microscopes and telescopes to extend our senses to examining smaller and larger objects, respectively, just as we now employ computers to extend our intellects as reflected in our computational prowess. The process of model building is illustrated with reference to the deterministic Coupled Environment Fracture Model (CEFM) that has proven to be highly successful in predicting crack growth rate in metals and alloys in contact with high-temperature aqueous environments of the type that exist in water-cooled nuclear power reactor primary coolant circuits.
本文探讨了经验主义和决定论在科学中的作用,并得出结论,我们称之为“科学”的智力活动最好被描述为从经验主义(即观察)到决定论的过渡,决定论是一种哲学,认为未来可以根据自然规律从过去预测,而自然规律是以前所有科学知识的凝聚。这种转变(即“科学”)是通过制定理论来解释观察和模型来完成的,这些理论是基于这些理论来预测新现象的。因此,模型是理论的计算武器,所有模型都必须具有理论基础,但并非所有理论都需要预测。本文回顾了确定性模型的结构,并强调所有模型必须包含输入、模型引擎和输出,以及允许模型参数持续更新的反馈回路和根据新观测评估预测的方法。后一种特征有助于周期性预测/评估的“科学方法”的应用,这种方法一直持续到模型无法再解释新的观测结果为止。在这一点上,模型(也可能是理论)已经被“证伪”,必须被抛弃,并建立一个新的理论/模型。在这方面,重要的是要强调,没有多少成功的预测可以证明一个理论/模型是“正确的”,因为理论和模型仅仅是我们通过不完善的感官和不完善的智力发展起来的想象力的虚构,因此,在某些细节层面上总是错误的。相反,一个模型预测一次观测的一次失败就会使理论/模型失效(“证伪”)。模型建立的障碍是复杂性,并讨论了复杂性对模型建立的影响。因此,我们使用诸如显微镜和望远镜之类的仪器来扩展我们的感官,分别检查更小和更大的物体,就像我们现在使用计算机来扩展我们的智力一样,这反映在我们的计算能力上。模型的建立过程以确定性耦合环境断裂模型(CEFM)为例进行说明,该模型已被证明在预测与水冷核反应堆一次冷却剂回路中存在的高温水环境接触的金属和合金的裂纹扩展速率方面非常成功。
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引用次数: 1
Corrosion Resistance and Biological Properties of Pure Magnesium Modified by PEO in Alkaline Phosphate Solutions PEO改性纯镁在碱性磷酸盐溶液中的耐蚀性和生物性能
Pub Date : 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.3390/cmd4020012
M. Echeverry-Rendón, Luisa F. Berrio, S. Robledo, J. Calderon, J. Castaño, F. Echeverría
Magnesium (Mg) has been explored during the last few decades in the biomedical industry as a biodegradable implant. However, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance are still big concerns for clinical use. Therefore, this study proposes a suitable surface modification of the Mg by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) to improve its corrosion resistance and biological performance. Mg samples were processed in a galvanostatic mode using an electrolytic solution of a phosphate compound supplemented with either potassium pyrophosphate or sodium-potassium tartrate. The obtained coatings were physiochemically characterized by SEM, XRD, EDS, and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The corrosion resistance of the coatings was studied using a hydrogen evolution setup and electrochemical tests. Finally, the biological performance of the material was evaluated by using an indirect test with osteoblasts. Obtained coatings showed a porous morphology with thicknesses ranging from 2 to 3 µm, which was closely dependent on the PEO solution. The corrosion resistance tests improved the degradation rate compared to the raw material. Additionally, an unreported active–passive corrosion behavior was evidence of a protective layer of corrosion products underneath the anodic coating. Indirect in vitro cytotoxicity assays indicated that the coatings improved the biocompatibility of the material. In conclusion, it was found that the produced coatings from this study not only lead to material protection but also improve the biological performance of the material and ensure cell survival, indicating that this could be a potential material used for bone implants.
在过去的几十年里,镁作为一种可生物降解的植入物在生物医学工业中得到了广泛的应用。然而,机械性能和耐腐蚀性仍然是临床应用的大问题。因此,本研究提出采用等离子体电解氧化(PEO)对镁进行合适的表面改性,以提高其耐腐蚀性和生物性能。Mg样品在恒流模式下处理,使用磷酸化合物的电解溶液补充焦磷酸钾或酒石酸钠钾。采用SEM、XRD、EDS和微拉曼光谱对所制备的涂层进行了物理化学表征。采用析氢装置和电化学试验研究了涂层的耐蚀性。最后,通过成骨细胞间接试验对材料的生物学性能进行了评价。所得涂层呈现多孔形态,厚度在2 ~ 3µm之间,与PEO溶液密切相关。与原料相比,耐腐蚀试验提高了降解率。此外,未被报道的主动-被动腐蚀行为证明在阳极涂层下存在腐蚀产物保护层。间接体外细胞毒性实验表明,涂层改善了材料的生物相容性。综上所述,本研究制备的涂层不仅起到了材料的保护作用,而且提高了材料的生物学性能,保证了细胞的存活,这表明该涂层可能是一种潜在的骨植入材料。
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引用次数: 2
Controlling Lateral Size and Thickness of Layered Double Hydroxide (Ldh) Used as Conversion Layer for Corrosion Protection of AZ31 MG Alloy 控制AZ31镁合金转化层的横向尺寸和厚度
Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.3390/cmd4010011
Roya Malekkhouyan, Y. Paint, L. Prince, M. Gonon, M. Olivier
In the present study, Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (Mg-Al/LDH) was synthesized on the surface of AZ31 Mg alloy substrate via in-situ hydrothermal treatment. Synthesis parameters were changed to determine their effect on the lateral size of LDH. For this purpose, etching in nitric acid and anodizing in sodium hydroxide solution were performed as surface pretreatments. Moreover, the influence of LDH solution pH (10 and 11) on the lateral size of LDH coating was investigated. Morphology, chemical composition, and crystalline structure were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The corrosion resistance of the coatings was investigated by H2 measurements, salt spray, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Moreover, the epoxy coating was applied on the best anti-corrosive LDH sample for assessing the compatibility and effectiveness of LDH on the corrosion properties of the substrate with the epoxy layer. At pH = 11, the lateral size of LDH was smaller than samples at pH = 10. In addition, small-sized LDH, as well as LDH/epoxy coating, revealed enhanced corrosion protection.
本研究采用原位水热法在AZ31镁合金基体表面合成了Mg- al层状双氢氧化物(Mg- al /LDH)。改变合成参数以确定其对LDH横向尺寸的影响。为此,在硝酸中蚀刻和在氢氧化钠溶液中阳极氧化作为表面预处理。此外,研究了LDH溶液pH(10和11)对LDH涂层横向尺寸的影响。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能量色散x射线能谱(EDS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和x射线衍射(XRD)对样品的形貌、化学成分和晶体结构进行了表征。通过H2测量、盐雾和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究了涂层的耐蚀性。此外,将环氧涂层涂在抗腐蚀性能最好的LDH样品上,以评估LDH与环氧层对基材腐蚀性能的相容性和有效性。pH = 11时,LDH的横向尺寸小于pH = 10时的样品。此外,小尺寸LDH和LDH/环氧涂层的防腐性能也有所提高。
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引用次数: 0
Scanning Kelvin Probe for Detection in Steel of Locations Enriched by Hydrogen and Prone to Cracking 扫描开尔文探针用于钢中富氢易开裂部位的检测
Pub Date : 2023-03-02 DOI: 10.3390/cmd4010010
A. Nazarov, V. Helbert, F. Vucko
Hydrogen, due to corrosion processes, can degrade high strength steels (HSS) through embrittlement and stress corrosion cracking mechanisms. Scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) mapping of surface potential was applied, to visualize the locations with an increased subsurface concentration of hydrogen in mild steel and martensitic HSS. This work can help to determine the reasons behind hydrogen localization in a steel microstructure, leading to embrittlement and hydrogen-assisted cracking. Cathodic charging was used to insert hydrogen, which decreased the steel potential. Hydrogen effusion in air passivates steel, increasing the potential of HSS and mild steel. The passivation of steels was monitored depending on different conditions of cathodic pre-charging and the amount of absorbed hydrogen. The SKP could determine the area of diffusible hydrogen and the area of cracks. In addition, low potential locations linked to the hydrogen trapped in the deformed HSS microstructure were also determined, which delayed the steel passivation. Mild steel showed a uniform potential distribution related to interstitial hydrogen, without potential extremes attributed to locally accumulated hydrogen. Thus, SKP sensing can detect locations containing increased concentrations of hydrogen and sensitive to steel cracking.
由于腐蚀过程,氢可以通过脆化和应力腐蚀开裂机制降解高强度钢(HSS)。应用扫描开尔文探针(SKP)绘制表面电位图,可视化低碳钢和马氏体HSS中氢的次表面浓度增加的位置。这项工作可以帮助确定钢微观结构中氢局部化的原因,导致脆化和氢辅助开裂。采用阴极充电法插入氢气,降低了钢电位。空气中氢气的渗出使钢钝化,增加了高碳钢和低碳钢的潜力。根据不同的阴极预充条件和氢气吸收量,对钢的钝化过程进行了监测。SKP可以测定扩散氢的面积和裂纹的面积。此外,还确定了变形HSS组织中与氢捕获有关的低电位位置,这延迟了钢的钝化。低碳钢表现出与间隙氢有关的均匀电位分布,没有局部积聚氢引起的极值电位。因此,SKP传感可以检测到氢气浓度增加的位置,并且对钢开裂敏感。
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引用次数: 1
Microstructural, Corrosion, and Mechanical Characterization of Friction Stir Welded Al 6022-to-ZEK100 Mg Joints 搅拌摩擦焊接Al 6022- zek100mg接头的显微组织、腐蚀和力学特性
Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.3390/cmd4010009
Qingli Ding, H. Das, P. Upadhyay, Bryer C. Sousa, K. Karayagiz, A. Powell, B. Mishra
Friction stir welded (FSW) aluminum–magnesium lightweight vehicle joints have gained significant interest due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. In this work, the corrosion resistance of this material is analyzed through electrochemical tests, which include open circuit potential (OCP) inspection and potentiodynamic polarization (PD) scanning. Weight loss measurements tested the corrosion rate of the FSW weld through cyclic corrosion testing (CCT) according to the standard SAEJ 2334. Mechanical properties were also investigated, including lap-shear strength, micro- and nano-hardness mapping, and true stress–strain curves as a function of local processing history. The electrochemical results indicate that the center weld zone’s corrosion property stays between the two base alloys. Indentation-based testing demonstrated that the weld zone behaves differently from base alloys. Lap shear strength surprisingly did not drop much even after eight weeks of cyclic corrosion tests, indicating that the joint did not allow any ingress of the electrolyte.
搅拌摩擦焊接(FSW)铝镁轻量化汽车接头因其高强度重量比而备受关注。本文通过开路电位(OCP)检测和动电位极化(PD)扫描等电化学测试,分析了该材料的耐腐蚀性能。失重测量根据SAEJ 2334标准,通过循环腐蚀试验(CCT)测试FSW焊缝的腐蚀速率。此外,还研究了材料的力学性能,包括弯剪强度、显微和纳米硬度图以及作为当地加工历史函数的真应力-应变曲线。电化学结果表明,中心焊缝区的腐蚀性能介于两种基合金之间。基于压痕的测试表明,焊缝区域的行为与基合金不同。令人惊讶的是,即使经过8周的循环腐蚀测试,搭接抗剪强度也没有下降太多,这表明接头不允许任何电解质进入。
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引用次数: 0
Erosion–Corrosion of Novel Electroless Ni-P-NiTi Composite Coating 新型化学镀Ni-P-NiTi复合镀层的冲刷腐蚀
Pub Date : 2023-02-08 DOI: 10.3390/cmd4010008
Rielle Jensen, Z. Farhat, Md. Aminul Islam, G. Jarjoura
The lifespan of low-carbon steel petroleum pipelines can often be shortened by the erosion–corrosion damage caused by their service conditions. Applying electroless Ni-P coating is a promising option to protect the steel from the environment due to its high hardness and corrosion resistance. However, electroless Ni-P has a low toughness but can be increased by the addition of NiTi ductile particles. This work produced electroless Ni-P and Ni-P-NiTi coatings of different thicknesses on AISI 1018 substrates and compared their erosion, corrosion, and erosion–corrosion behaviors. The methodology involved conducting slurry pot erosion–corrosion tests on AISI 1018 steel substrate, the monolithic Ni-P coatings, and the composite Ni-P-NiTi coatings. Erosion resistance was highly influenced by coating thickness, presumably because of the relationship between the erosion-induced compressive stresses and the coating’s as-plated internal stresses. The NiTi nanoparticle addition was highly effective at improving the erosion–corrosion resistance of the coating. Pitting corrosion and cracking were present after erosion–corrosion on the monolithic Ni-P coatings. However, the Ni-P-NiTi composite coating had a relatively uniform material loss. Overall, the AISI 1018 steel substrate had the worst erosion–corrosion resistance and 25 μm thick Ni-P-NiTi coating had the best.
低碳钢石油管道的使用条件往往会造成冲蚀损伤,从而缩短管道的使用寿命。由于其高硬度和耐腐蚀性,化学镀Ni-P涂层是一种很有前途的选择,可以保护钢免受环境的影响。然而,化学镀Ni-P的韧性较低,但可以通过添加NiTi延展性颗粒来提高。本研究在AISI 1018基体上制备了不同厚度的Ni-P和Ni-P- niti化学涂层,并比较了它们的侵蚀、腐蚀和侵蚀-腐蚀行为。该方法包括对AISI 1018钢基体、整体Ni-P涂层和复合Ni-P- niti涂层进行浆液罐侵蚀-腐蚀试验。涂层厚度对抗冲蚀性能有很大影响,这可能是由于腐蚀引起的压应力与涂层的镀态内应力之间的关系。纳米镍钛颗粒的加入对提高涂层的抗冲蚀性能非常有效。整体Ni-P涂层在冲蚀后出现点蚀和开裂现象。而Ni-P-NiTi复合涂层的材料损失相对均匀。总体而言,AISI 1018钢基体抗冲蚀性能最差,25 μm厚的Ni-P-NiTi涂层性能最好。
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引用次数: 1
Development of an In Situ Micro-Corrosion Cell for the Investigation of Pitting Corrosion on Austenitic and Ferritic Stainless Steels 用于研究奥氏体和铁素体不锈钢点蚀的原位微腐蚀池的研制
Pub Date : 2023-01-31 DOI: 10.3390/cmd4010007
Sinan Kiremit, Julian Cremer, Yannic Stallmeier, Adrian Sonntag, Michaela Klöcker, D. Anselmetti, A. Hütten, T. Kordisch
In order to investigate the electrochemical pitting corrosion in more detail, a micro-corrosion cell was developed, allowing real-time in situ optical observations of steel surfaces in direct correlation with electrochemical measurement results. In this study, the austenitic 1.4301–X5CrNi18-10 and the ferritic 1.4016–X6Cr17 stainless steel grades were examined in electrolytes containing chloride ions. The micro-corrosion cell revealed a stable pitting corrosion of the ferritic 1.4016 and metastable pitting corrosion of the austenitic 1.4301. The pits were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in detail. A clear correlation between current peaks in the current density-potential curve and the growth of many small pits on the test surface was established and was identified as metastable pit growth. In general, the pitting corrosion potential increased as the diameter of the test surface decreased for both stainless steels. In contrast to the complex precipitates of 1.4301, chromium precipitates with a significantly higher amount was detected on the entire surface of the 1.4016. The corrosion initiation was identified at the interface between the precipitates and the base material for both stainless steels. By comparing both materials, the ferritic 1.4016 had a lower pitting corrosion potential than the austenitic 1.4301 under all test conditions.
为了更详细地研究电化学点蚀,开发了一种微腐蚀电池,可以实时地对钢表面进行原位光学观察,并与电化学测量结果直接相关。本研究在含氯离子电解质中对奥氏体1.4301-X5CrNi18-10和铁素体1.4016-X6Cr17不锈钢牌号进行了研究。微腐蚀池表现为铁素体1.4016的稳定点蚀和奥氏体1.4301的亚稳点蚀。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)对凹坑进行了详细的表征。电流密度-电位曲线上的电流峰值与测试表面上许多小凹坑的生长之间存在明显的相关性,并将其确定为亚稳凹坑生长。总的来说,两种不锈钢的点蚀电位随着测试表面直径的减小而增加。与1.4301的复合析出相相比,在1.4016的整个表面检测到的铬析出相数量明显更高。两种不锈钢的腐蚀起始点均在析出相与基体之间的界面处。通过对比两种材料,在所有测试条件下,铁素体1.4016的点蚀电位都低于奥氏体1.4301。
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Corrosion and Materials Degradation
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