Impact of NAPP on HMPV infection and replication. Fig. 6 of the paper by Sohail Mumtaz et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/ctpp.70044
Impact of NAPP on HMPV infection and replication. Fig. 6 of the paper by Sohail Mumtaz et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/ctpp.70044
Flowchart of the neural network-based electric field reconstruction process, including (a) creating the conceptual experiment setup, (b) importing the electric field profile from the simulation, (c) generating the corresponding pit distribution using test particle simulations, (d) generating training data and training the neural network model, and (e) reconstructing the electric field profile. Fig. 5 of the paper by A. Mizuta et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/ctpp.70019
The temperature-density domain of interest illustrating the approximate region of warm dense matter (WDM) (orange region) and the conditions found within several astrophysical objects. The upper mass density scale refers to the hydrogen plasma considered. The lines of constant coupling parameters (purple) delineate the transition between the weakly and strongly coupled regimes. Similarly, the black line marks the points where the thermal energy is equal to the Fermi energy, indicating the relevance of quantum degeneracy effects. Fig. 1 of the paper by Samuel Schumacher et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/ctpp.70002
This study conducted systematic experiments to investigate abnormal ignition in Hall thrusters. The dynamic characteristics of electrical parameters during ignition were monitored using a multi-probe diagnostic system. The experiments revealed that abnormal ignition occurs earliest and most intensely in the coupling region. This can be identified via housing and probes positioned in this area, where plasma demonstrates azimuthal uniformity and axial consistency during normal ignition. Conversely, abnormal ignition displays marked spatial asymmetry. Experimental alterations in thruster and cathode parameters demonstrated that increased anode voltage elevates electron temperature through enhanced electric field energy, consequently boosting ionization rates and space potential. An increase in keeper current suppresses initial abnormal ignition but may exacerbate plasma disturbance if excessive. In conclusion, the primary distinction between abnormal and normal ignition lies in variations within the coupling region.
The corrections which are necessary in the determination of the Electron Energy Distribution Function (EEDF) by means of Langmuir probe under near-probe space-charge layer conditions are investigated. Exact calculations of the first and second derivative function of the I(V) probe characteristic are given and approximations are used to determine the electron diffusion parameter (sink parameter) and consequently the EEDF. The results obtained using these different approximations are discussed and compared with those obtained using other methods reported in the literature.
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) causes severe respiratory infections, especially in young children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. Despite its clinical application, effective therapeutic opportunities for HMPV are limited. Currently, no vaccines or specific antiviral therapies are available to prevent or treat HMPV infections, highlighting the necessity to explore and discuss all possible treatment and prevention opportunities. Recently, nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NAPP) has appeared as a promising technology for virus inactivation and inhibition of viral replication. This review discusses how NAPP can possibly inhibit HMPV at several stages of its lifecycle, including viral entry, replication, and host immune modulation, for the first time. While NAPP has shown efficacy against respiratory viruses such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2, its antiviral mechanisms for HMPV are extrapolated from these studies, as direct experimental evidence for HMPV inactivation is currently lacking. NAPP produces reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, UV radiation, and charged particles that damage HMPV surface proteins, hindering viral entry. It also causes oxidative stress that damages viral RNA and host cell machinery, impairing replication and protein synthesis. Additionally, the plasma-treated liquid (PTL) activates the hosts' immune responses for virus clearance. The NAPP technology is an economically affordable and environmentally safe approach and could be useful in combating infectious diseases such as HMPV and its variants. This paper reviews the potential of NAPP as a novel approach to combat HMPV infections, highlighting the need for further research to confirm its efficacy and optimize its application for respiratory viral infections.
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