Ionization potential depression (IPD) is of crucial importance to understand and accurately predict the properties of dense, partially ionized plasmas. Many models of IPD have been developed that, however, exhibit largely varying results. Recently, a novel approach was proposed that is based on first-principles quantum Monte Carlo simulations and that was demonstrated for hydrogen. Here, this concept is discussed in more detail. Particular attention is devoted to the Fermi barrier that electrons have to overcome upon ionization and that significantly contributes to IPD when the nuclear charge increases.
Diagram of beam distribution of the magnetic trap at 50 ns with different beam incidence velocities. Green points represent protons, red points represent electrons and blue lines represent magnetic induction lines. Part of Fig. 6 of the paper by Fang-Ping Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/ctpp.202400040
Fast and reliable plasma chemistry plays a crucial role in the fabrication of micro- and nanoscale structures in numerous applications. In this work, we demonstrated that fast and optimal etch chemistry using an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) system in combination with a simple and cost-effective dry film photoresist (DFR) as a mask transfer. The results show that the proposed DFR, which simultaneously removes the edge bead and air bubbles, can be successfully used in chlorinated and fluorinated chemistries, resulting in fast etching rates and good selectivity from 5:1 to 16:1 for GaAs and from 30:1 to 150:1 for silicon substrates. This solution offers the promise of drastically cutting down microfabrication time and minimizing contamination. It could pave the way for a novel, rapid manufacturing process that is applicable in various fields, regardless of the size or shape of the substrate.
Irradiation effect on the different plasma modes in various dusty plasma conditions was studied theoretically. We revisit our investigation on the instability of the electrostatic dust acoustic (DA) mode elaborately in the case of ionospheric dusty plasmas. In this investigation, it is found that the growth rate of DA mode increases two orders more due to the photoelectric effect than that of the streaming effect. A detailed description of the dust charge fluctuation model in the irradiated dusty plasmas, the derivation of the DA mode, and discussions on the numerical analysis of the obtained results make the paper easy to understand. The present theory should be applied specially in understanding the formation of radar echoes in the presence of solar radiation.
Normalized vector potential (ay), the produced wakefield (Ex), the momentum (px) and the electron density (nx) for hydrogen atoms density/pre-ionized plasma density n0 = 0.01ncr at time 810 fs for the field-ionized plasma (panel a) and the pre-ionized plasma (panel b) and normalized vector potential variation a0 = 1 (in panels a1 and b1), a0 = 2 (in panels a2 and b2), and a0 = 3 (in panels a3 and b3). Fig. 4 of the paper by Elnaz Khalilzadeh et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/ctpp.202400022
We have studied the circular polarised Terahertz (THz) wave emission by mixing of two lasers in plasma when an externally applied helical structured electric field is present. A nonlinear transverse current density at difference frequency emerges on the accounts of ponderomotive nonlinearity. This occurs when the electrons moving under the influence of externally applied helical electric field, couples with the nonlinear plasma density at difference frequency. This transverse current density can be decomposed of two mutually perpendicular vector having equal amplitude and phase shift, which drives a circular polarised coherent THz radiation. It turns out that conversion efficiency of THz radiation substantially depends on electron plasma frequency, mismatch phase, polarisation angle between laser beams and externally applied helical electric filed. Numerical simulations show that the conversion efficiency increases as THz frequency approach to plasma frequency.
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