This study provided a first detailed description of the acoustic calls and the possible sound production mechanism in the Giant Sea Bass (Stereolepis gigas). Passive acoustic (hydrophone) recordings of Giant Sea Bass sounds were made of three mature individuals (40–45 kg) held in a circular 17,000 l seawater tank isolated from other fish species. Four basic sounds plus combinations were identified from the tank recordings when fish were present and were encountered on numerous occasions throughout the study. We classified the basic sounds as two types of pulses (A and B), short bursts, and long bursts, and combinations of short and long bursts. Mean peak frequencies of the four sound types were less than 39 Hz, while mean durations ranged from 67 ms to 545 ms, depending on sound type. We also obtained and dissected two mature, adult Giant Sea Bass to describe the morphology of a putative sound production mechanism. Five putative sonic muscles were discovered between each of the first six pleural ribs of the male examined. These five massive muscles (=obliquus superioris?) unite ribs 3 to 9 and were found at the level of the deep hypaxial musculature. The identification of these sounds and accompanying sonic mechanism marks the first occurrence of sound production in the family of wreckfishes (Polyprionidae). This knowledge of the acoustic characteristics increases our ability to document the presence, activity, and possibly the abundance of this critically endangered species at spawning sites.
{"title":"Sound Production and Mechanism in the Giant Sea Bass, Stereolepis gigas (Polyprionidae)","authors":"L. Allen, Emily S. Ladin, T. Rowell","doi":"10.1643/CI2020041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CI2020041","url":null,"abstract":"This study provided a first detailed description of the acoustic calls and the possible sound production mechanism in the Giant Sea Bass (Stereolepis gigas). Passive acoustic (hydrophone) recordings of Giant Sea Bass sounds were made of three mature individuals (40–45 kg) held in a circular 17,000 l seawater tank isolated from other fish species. Four basic sounds plus combinations were identified from the tank recordings when fish were present and were encountered on numerous occasions throughout the study. We classified the basic sounds as two types of pulses (A and B), short bursts, and long bursts, and combinations of short and long bursts. Mean peak frequencies of the four sound types were less than 39 Hz, while mean durations ranged from 67 ms to 545 ms, depending on sound type. We also obtained and dissected two mature, adult Giant Sea Bass to describe the morphology of a putative sound production mechanism. Five putative sonic muscles were discovered between each of the first six pleural ribs of the male examined. These five massive muscles (=obliquus superioris?) unite ribs 3 to 9 and were found at the level of the deep hypaxial musculature. The identification of these sounds and accompanying sonic mechanism marks the first occurrence of sound production in the family of wreckfishes (Polyprionidae). This knowledge of the acoustic characteristics increases our ability to document the presence, activity, and possibly the abundance of this critically endangered species at spawning sites.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47371616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thiago R. de Carvalho, P. I. Simões, Giussepe Gagliardi‐Urrutia, Fernando J. M. Rojas-Runjaic, C. Haddad, Santiago Castroviejo‐Fisher
We describe a new species of the South American frog genus Adenomera, based on external morphology, color patterns, advertisement call, and mtDNA sequences. The new species was collected from the Japurá River basin in northwestern Brazilian Amazonia and is distinguished from all congeners by the combination of large snout–vent length (SVL), toe tips unexpanded, presence of antebrachial tubercle on underside of forearm, and by a multi-note advertisement call composed of non-pulsed notes. This new species is part of the A. lutzi clade together with a candidate new species known as Adenomera sp. P and A. lutzi. The three species have the largest SVL in the genus. The presence of toe tips fully expanded and a single-note advertisement call distinguish A. lutzi from the new species. Acoustic and morphological data are still required to assess the taxonomic identity of Adenomera sp. P. Our new species of Adenomera is the third anuran species described from the Solimões-Japurá interfluve. This flags this poorly known region of lowland forests as an important area of species richness in northwestern Amazonia.
{"title":"A New Forest-Dwelling Frog Species of the Genus Adenomera (Leptodactylidae) from Northwestern Brazilian Amazonia","authors":"Thiago R. de Carvalho, P. I. Simões, Giussepe Gagliardi‐Urrutia, Fernando J. M. Rojas-Runjaic, C. Haddad, Santiago Castroviejo‐Fisher","doi":"10.1643/CH-19-329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CH-19-329","url":null,"abstract":"We describe a new species of the South American frog genus Adenomera, based on external morphology, color patterns, advertisement call, and mtDNA sequences. The new species was collected from the Japurá River basin in northwestern Brazilian Amazonia and is distinguished from all congeners by the combination of large snout–vent length (SVL), toe tips unexpanded, presence of antebrachial tubercle on underside of forearm, and by a multi-note advertisement call composed of non-pulsed notes. This new species is part of the A. lutzi clade together with a candidate new species known as Adenomera sp. P and A. lutzi. The three species have the largest SVL in the genus. The presence of toe tips fully expanded and a single-note advertisement call distinguish A. lutzi from the new species. Acoustic and morphological data are still required to assess the taxonomic identity of Adenomera sp. P. Our new species of Adenomera is the third anuran species described from the Solimões-Japurá interfluve. This flags this poorly known region of lowland forests as an important area of species richness in northwestern Amazonia.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43043181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aryeh H. Miller, Aryeh H. Miller, H. R. Davis, H. R. Davis, A. Luong, Q. Do, T. Ziegler, Justin L. Lee, K. Queiroz, R. Reynolds, T. Nguyen
Achalinus, commonly known as odd-scaled snakes due to their unique scutellation, are a fascinating group of xenodermid snakes distributed throughout east Asia. Currently, northern Vietnam is known to host six species of Achalinus, three of which are considered endemic. During recent herpetofaunal surveys conducted in the Bac Me District of Ha Giang Province, we collected a single specimen of Achalinus in a lowland region surrounded by secondary forest on karst. We conducted Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses using multiple mitochondrial protein-coding loci and a ribosomal subunit to ascertain the phylogenetic position of the Ha Giang specimen among currently recognized odd-scaled snake species. The results of those analyses along with morphological differences support this specimen as representing a new species, which we describe as Achalinus zugorum, new species. We provide detailed morphological descriptions and comparisons of the new species as well as brief comments on the biogeography and conservation of Achalinus in northern Vietnam.
{"title":"Discovery of a New Species of Enigmatic Odd-Scaled Snake (Serpentes: Xenodermidae: Achalinus) from Ha Giang Province, Vietnam","authors":"Aryeh H. Miller, Aryeh H. Miller, H. R. Davis, H. R. Davis, A. Luong, Q. Do, T. Ziegler, Justin L. Lee, K. Queiroz, R. Reynolds, T. Nguyen","doi":"10.1643/CH2020060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CH2020060","url":null,"abstract":"Achalinus, commonly known as odd-scaled snakes due to their unique scutellation, are a fascinating group of xenodermid snakes distributed throughout east Asia. Currently, northern Vietnam is known to host six species of Achalinus, three of which are considered endemic. During recent herpetofaunal surveys conducted in the Bac Me District of Ha Giang Province, we collected a single specimen of Achalinus in a lowland region surrounded by secondary forest on karst. We conducted Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses using multiple mitochondrial protein-coding loci and a ribosomal subunit to ascertain the phylogenetic position of the Ha Giang specimen among currently recognized odd-scaled snake species. The results of those analyses along with morphological differences support this specimen as representing a new species, which we describe as Achalinus zugorum, new species. We provide detailed morphological descriptions and comparisons of the new species as well as brief comments on the biogeography and conservation of Achalinus in northern Vietnam.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42698263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alex J. Maile, Zachary A. May, Emily DeArmon, Rene P. Martin, M. P. Davis
In this study, we use a geometric morphometric and a character evolution approach to study the evolutionary patterns of body-shape change and habitat transition in the Aulopiformes. Aulopiform fishes (lizardfishes; 289 spp.) inhabit diverse marine habitats from coral reefs to the deep sea and exhibit a wide range of body morphologies. Herein, we examine over 400 aulopiform specimens representing 38 of 44 genera and all families and identify that there are distinct patterns of body-shape change across the aulopiform radiation that coincide with habitat. A fusiform (torpedo-shaped) body is predominant among aulopiforms distributed in inshore-benthic and deep-sea benthic environments (e.g., Aulopidae, Bathysauridae, Synodontidae). There is a trend towards body elongation in taxa distributed in deep-sea pelagic habitats at depths of 200–4,000 meters (e.g., Alepisauridae, Lestidiidae, Notosudidae, Paralepididae) and a trend of body elongation with more centrally positioned dorsal and anal fins in the deep-benthic family Ipnopidae (tripodfishes). Additionally, deep-sea pelagic aulopiforms exhibit the largest variance in body-shape disparity with significant shape disparity compared to aulopiforms found in inshore-benthic and deep-sea environments. Deep-sea benthic lineages also have significantly higher body-shape variance and disparity compared to inshore-benthic lineages. We identify that there are considerable changes in body shape as aulopiform lineages transitioned to differing marine habitats. We infer the common ancestor of aulopiforms to have lived in a deep-sea benthic environment with a single transition to an inshore-benthic environment in the common ancestor of the Aulopoidei (lizardfishes, flagfin fishes) and two independent transitions into deep-sea pelagic environments, once in the common ancestor of Giganturidae, and once in the common ancestor of Alepisauroidea + Notosudoidea. This is the first study to quantitatively investigate changes in the body shape of aulopiform fishes tied to habitat transitions in marine environments from the deep sea to coral reefs. Our findings suggest that aulopiform body plans have broadly diversified in deep-sea pelagic and benthic habitats while remaining comparatively conservative in inshore-benthic habitats.
{"title":"Marine Habitat Transitions and Body-Shape Evolution in Lizardfishes and Their Allies (Aulopiformes)","authors":"Alex J. Maile, Zachary A. May, Emily DeArmon, Rene P. Martin, M. P. Davis","doi":"10.1643/CG-19-300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CG-19-300","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we use a geometric morphometric and a character evolution approach to study the evolutionary patterns of body-shape change and habitat transition in the Aulopiformes. Aulopiform fishes (lizardfishes; 289 spp.) inhabit diverse marine habitats from coral reefs to the deep sea and exhibit a wide range of body morphologies. Herein, we examine over 400 aulopiform specimens representing 38 of 44 genera and all families and identify that there are distinct patterns of body-shape change across the aulopiform radiation that coincide with habitat. A fusiform (torpedo-shaped) body is predominant among aulopiforms distributed in inshore-benthic and deep-sea benthic environments (e.g., Aulopidae, Bathysauridae, Synodontidae). There is a trend towards body elongation in taxa distributed in deep-sea pelagic habitats at depths of 200–4,000 meters (e.g., Alepisauridae, Lestidiidae, Notosudidae, Paralepididae) and a trend of body elongation with more centrally positioned dorsal and anal fins in the deep-benthic family Ipnopidae (tripodfishes). Additionally, deep-sea pelagic aulopiforms exhibit the largest variance in body-shape disparity with significant shape disparity compared to aulopiforms found in inshore-benthic and deep-sea environments. Deep-sea benthic lineages also have significantly higher body-shape variance and disparity compared to inshore-benthic lineages. We identify that there are considerable changes in body shape as aulopiform lineages transitioned to differing marine habitats. We infer the common ancestor of aulopiforms to have lived in a deep-sea benthic environment with a single transition to an inshore-benthic environment in the common ancestor of the Aulopoidei (lizardfishes, flagfin fishes) and two independent transitions into deep-sea pelagic environments, once in the common ancestor of Giganturidae, and once in the common ancestor of Alepisauroidea + Notosudoidea. This is the first study to quantitatively investigate changes in the body shape of aulopiform fishes tied to habitat transitions in marine environments from the deep sea to coral reefs. Our findings suggest that aulopiform body plans have broadly diversified in deep-sea pelagic and benthic habitats while remaining comparatively conservative in inshore-benthic habitats.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41571171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. F. Arcila-Pérez, M. A. Atehortua-Vallejo, F. Vargas-Salinas
Homing is a behavior in which an animal returns to a specific place after they have moved or migrated to a distant place. In anurans, most of our knowledge about homing comes from studies in temperate-region species with nocturnal activity and reproduction associated with ponds. Recently, studies with poison frogs (Dendrobatidae) have increased our understanding about homing in tropical frogs with diurnal activity, and that do not breed in large ponds. The Rubí Poison Frog Andinobates bombetes offers a good opportunity to further increase the knowledge of behavioral ecology of homing in anurans because some natural history traits in this species differ from those exhibited in most poison frogs in which homing ability has been studied. For instance, A. bombetes have a smaller body size and use phytotelmata in bromeliads for tadpole development while others use terrestrial pools. To quantify the homing ability and the factors influencing it in A. bombetes, we performed translocation experiments of individuals at distances between 5 and 90 m outside their territory in a forest remnant located in the department of Quindío, Central Andes of Colombia. In this study, we included a large sample size of females, which is important because homing studies with poison frogs has been almost exclusively studied in territorial males. Of 104 displaced individuals, 39 returned to their territory. The probability of homing in A. bombetes was negatively related to the translocation distance, but was unrelated to body size and sex. Apparently, this species has a limited homing ability when compared to most poison frogs studied so far except for O. pumilio, which seems more similar in body size and resources used for reproduction. Overall, homing ability appears to be widely shared in the family Dendrobatidae, Andinobates being the fourth genus of this family for which homing ability has been corroborated experimentally.
{"title":"Homing in the Rubí Poison Frog Andinobates bombetes (Dendrobatidae)","authors":"L. F. Arcila-Pérez, M. A. Atehortua-Vallejo, F. Vargas-Salinas","doi":"10.1643/CE-19-284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-19-284","url":null,"abstract":"Homing is a behavior in which an animal returns to a specific place after they have moved or migrated to a distant place. In anurans, most of our knowledge about homing comes from studies in temperate-region species with nocturnal activity and reproduction associated with ponds. Recently, studies with poison frogs (Dendrobatidae) have increased our understanding about homing in tropical frogs with diurnal activity, and that do not breed in large ponds. The Rubí Poison Frog Andinobates bombetes offers a good opportunity to further increase the knowledge of behavioral ecology of homing in anurans because some natural history traits in this species differ from those exhibited in most poison frogs in which homing ability has been studied. For instance, A. bombetes have a smaller body size and use phytotelmata in bromeliads for tadpole development while others use terrestrial pools. To quantify the homing ability and the factors influencing it in A. bombetes, we performed translocation experiments of individuals at distances between 5 and 90 m outside their territory in a forest remnant located in the department of Quindío, Central Andes of Colombia. In this study, we included a large sample size of females, which is important because homing studies with poison frogs has been almost exclusively studied in territorial males. Of 104 displaced individuals, 39 returned to their territory. The probability of homing in A. bombetes was negatively related to the translocation distance, but was unrelated to body size and sex. Apparently, this species has a limited homing ability when compared to most poison frogs studied so far except for O. pumilio, which seems more similar in body size and resources used for reproduction. Overall, homing ability appears to be widely shared in the family Dendrobatidae, Andinobates being the fourth genus of this family for which homing ability has been corroborated experimentally.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41515610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Animals can obtain social information from monitoring chemical cues in their environment left behind by conspecifics, competitors, predators, or prey. Whereas many studies have addressed the ability of snakes to trail scents in the laboratory along a homogeneous substrate (i.e., butcher paper), our objective was to determine if the scent-trailing behavior of a snake was affected by changes in substrate type (paper, sand, leaf litter, and burnt leaf litter). We brought five pregnant Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) into the laboratory where each gave birth to an average of nine newborns. After each newborn shed, we conducted Y-maze trials. The scent of the mother was applied down one arm of the Y-maze. Each newborn was tested on each substrate. Newborns non-randomly chose the arm with the mother's scent 87% of the time when tested on paper (P < 0.001) and 73% of the time when tested on sand (P = 0.011). When tested on leaf litter and burnt leaf litter, newborns chose the arm with the mother's scent 67% and 53% of the time (P = 0.068 and P = 0.715, respectively). Newborns also took longer to complete trials on paper compared to other substrates (F3,112 = 10.26, P> < 0.001). Thus, substrate affected the ability of newborns to scent-trail their mother. In a natural setting, the heterogeneity of substrates may facilitate scent-trailing behavior as more conducive substrates may be present among substrates that impede scent-trailing behavior. However, as prescribed fire becomes a more popular forest management tool, care should be taken in where this tool is applied.
{"title":"Substrate Type Affects Scent-Trailing Behavior of Newborn Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus)","authors":"C. Howey, Erika M. Snyder","doi":"10.1643/CE-19-274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-19-274","url":null,"abstract":"Animals can obtain social information from monitoring chemical cues in their environment left behind by conspecifics, competitors, predators, or prey. Whereas many studies have addressed the ability of snakes to trail scents in the laboratory along a homogeneous substrate (i.e., butcher paper), our objective was to determine if the scent-trailing behavior of a snake was affected by changes in substrate type (paper, sand, leaf litter, and burnt leaf litter). We brought five pregnant Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) into the laboratory where each gave birth to an average of nine newborns. After each newborn shed, we conducted Y-maze trials. The scent of the mother was applied down one arm of the Y-maze. Each newborn was tested on each substrate. Newborns non-randomly chose the arm with the mother's scent 87% of the time when tested on paper (P < 0.001) and 73% of the time when tested on sand (P = 0.011). When tested on leaf litter and burnt leaf litter, newborns chose the arm with the mother's scent 67% and 53% of the time (P = 0.068 and P = 0.715, respectively). Newborns also took longer to complete trials on paper compared to other substrates (F3,112 = 10.26, P> < 0.001). Thus, substrate affected the ability of newborns to scent-trail their mother. In a natural setting, the heterogeneity of substrates may facilitate scent-trailing behavior as more conducive substrates may be present among substrates that impede scent-trailing behavior. However, as prescribed fire becomes a more popular forest management tool, care should be taken in where this tool is applied.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41460548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new species of Careproctus is described on the basis of two individuals collected from the eastern Beaufort Sea during the U.S.–Canada 2013 Transboundary Cruise. It is distinguished from all known species of Careproctus primarily by its elongate deeply exserted filamentous rays in the middle part of the pectoral fin, an unlobed dorsal fin, protruding snout, and counts of dorsal- (58–60) and anal-fin rays (52–54) and vertebrae (64–65). The two known specimens were collected at depths of 488–599 m. Among other liparids of the Arctic and North Pacific Oceans, the new species is most similar to Careproctus mica, from which it can be readily distinguished by the filamentous rays of the pectoral fin and higher counts of median-fin rays and vertebrae.
{"title":"A New Snailfish of the Genus Careproctus (Cottiformes: Liparidae) from the Beaufort Sea","authors":"J. W. Orr","doi":"10.1643/CI2020089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CI2020089","url":null,"abstract":"A new species of Careproctus is described on the basis of two individuals collected from the eastern Beaufort Sea during the U.S.–Canada 2013 Transboundary Cruise. It is distinguished from all known species of Careproctus primarily by its elongate deeply exserted filamentous rays in the middle part of the pectoral fin, an unlobed dorsal fin, protruding snout, and counts of dorsal- (58–60) and anal-fin rays (52–54) and vertebrae (64–65). The two known specimens were collected at depths of 488–599 m. Among other liparids of the Arctic and North Pacific Oceans, the new species is most similar to Careproctus mica, from which it can be readily distinguished by the filamentous rays of the pectoral fin and higher counts of median-fin rays and vertebrae.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42178798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A major driver generating amphibian diversity in the Appalachian Mountains is the complex paleogeography of the zone. Although the Appalachian Mountains have been widely studied, much of its amphibian phylogeography remains poorly known. The Mountain Chorus Frog (Pseudacris brachyphona) is one example of an understudied organism due to its elusiveness, patchy distribution, and short breeding seasons. Phylogenetic studies have suggested the existence of divergent lineages within P. brachyphona; however, insufficient sampling and the lack of diagnostic morphological traits have prevented further assessment of their taxonomic status. Using a genome-wide nuclear data set obtained via anchored hybrid enrichment, acoustic data, and ecological modeling, we tested for the existence of cryptic species within P. brachyphona. Our species tree estimation supports previous mitochondrial-based phylogenetic hypotheses that separate P. brachyphona into the Northern and Southern clades. Population genetic clustering also shows a sharp genetic break, which is concordant with these clades. Admixture was observed between the Northern clade and another chorus frog species (P. feriarum). Analysis of advertisement calls shows a divergent, faster pulse rate, and higher dominant frequency call for the Southern clade in comparison to the Northern clade and other trilling chorus frogs. Furthermore, species distribution models showed that habitat suitability for the Southern clade included pine-dominated and drier areas compared to the Northern clade. In light of the genetic, acoustic, and ecological divergence between the clades, we propose to elevate the taxonomic status of the Southern clade and name this new species the Collinses' Mountain Chorus Frog (P. collinsorum, new species). The new species ranges across northern Alabama, and extends into Georgia, eastern Mississippi, and southern Tennessee. Pseudacris collinsorum, new species, is geographically separated from its sister species, P. brachyphona, by the Tennessee River and surrounding Blue Ridge Escarpment. This study highlights the need for genus-wide, population-level genetic assessments and integrative data sets to uncover diversity within anurans.
{"title":"Hidden Diversity in the Mountain Chorus Frog (Pseudacris brachyphona) and the Diagnosis of a New Species of Chorus Frog in the Southeastern United States","authors":"O. Ospina, Lynee Tieu, J. J. Apodaca, E. Lemmon","doi":"10.1643/CH2020009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CH2020009","url":null,"abstract":"A major driver generating amphibian diversity in the Appalachian Mountains is the complex paleogeography of the zone. Although the Appalachian Mountains have been widely studied, much of its amphibian phylogeography remains poorly known. The Mountain Chorus Frog (Pseudacris brachyphona) is one example of an understudied organism due to its elusiveness, patchy distribution, and short breeding seasons. Phylogenetic studies have suggested the existence of divergent lineages within P. brachyphona; however, insufficient sampling and the lack of diagnostic morphological traits have prevented further assessment of their taxonomic status. Using a genome-wide nuclear data set obtained via anchored hybrid enrichment, acoustic data, and ecological modeling, we tested for the existence of cryptic species within P. brachyphona. Our species tree estimation supports previous mitochondrial-based phylogenetic hypotheses that separate P. brachyphona into the Northern and Southern clades. Population genetic clustering also shows a sharp genetic break, which is concordant with these clades. Admixture was observed between the Northern clade and another chorus frog species (P. feriarum). Analysis of advertisement calls shows a divergent, faster pulse rate, and higher dominant frequency call for the Southern clade in comparison to the Northern clade and other trilling chorus frogs. Furthermore, species distribution models showed that habitat suitability for the Southern clade included pine-dominated and drier areas compared to the Northern clade. In light of the genetic, acoustic, and ecological divergence between the clades, we propose to elevate the taxonomic status of the Southern clade and name this new species the Collinses' Mountain Chorus Frog (P. collinsorum, new species). The new species ranges across northern Alabama, and extends into Georgia, eastern Mississippi, and southern Tennessee. Pseudacris collinsorum, new species, is geographically separated from its sister species, P. brachyphona, by the Tennessee River and surrounding Blue Ridge Escarpment. This study highlights the need for genus-wide, population-level genetic assessments and integrative data sets to uncover diversity within anurans.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45614305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Traditional tagging methods for fishes can have issues relating to both animal welfare and economic costs. Biometric data such as iris patterns can be captured via digital cameras, which allows for non-invasive tagging and inexpensive and rapid analysis. The purpose of this study was to investigate if the iris of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) is a suitable biometric template for long-term identification of individuals. Atlantic Salmon were individually tagged in the body cavity using PIT tags at the juvenile pre-smolt stage, and the left eye was photographed six times over a 533-day period. Changes in iris stability were assessed both qualitatively and using iris-recognition software. Identification of individual Atlantic Salmon using the iris was not successful over the entire period, as the iris pattern changed significantly with time. Over a shorter time period (four months) with frequent samplings, iris software was able to correctly identify individual fish. The results show that iris identification has potential to replace other methods for Atlantic Salmon over short timeframes.
{"title":"Individual Recognition of Atlantic Salmon Using Iris Biometry","authors":"A. Foldvik, F. Jakobsen, E. M. Ulvan","doi":"10.1643/CI2020035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CI2020035","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional tagging methods for fishes can have issues relating to both animal welfare and economic costs. Biometric data such as iris patterns can be captured via digital cameras, which allows for non-invasive tagging and inexpensive and rapid analysis. The purpose of this study was to investigate if the iris of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) is a suitable biometric template for long-term identification of individuals. Atlantic Salmon were individually tagged in the body cavity using PIT tags at the juvenile pre-smolt stage, and the left eye was photographed six times over a 533-day period. Changes in iris stability were assessed both qualitatively and using iris-recognition software. Identification of individual Atlantic Salmon using the iris was not successful over the entire period, as the iris pattern changed significantly with time. Over a shorter time period (four months) with frequent samplings, iris software was able to correctly identify individual fish. The results show that iris identification has potential to replace other methods for Atlantic Salmon over short timeframes.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43676495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Variation in lighting environments creates different demands of visual systems for the successful detection and interpretation of visual signals. Eye size is a critical property of the visual system as it has strong effects on visual acuity and visual sensitivity. While many comparative studies have examined eye size across fishes that live in disparate lighting environments (i.e., caves versus surface habitats, mesopelagic versus pelagic depths, turbid versus clear water, diurnal versus nocturnal), fewer have investigated differences in eye size as a function of water clarity at the among-population level. Here, we compared relative eye size (eye size residuals on standard length) among wild-caught Bluefin Killifish (Lucania goodei) from tannin-stained swamps and clear springs across four drainages in Florida. We also performed a laboratory rearing experiment where we reared animals in clear and tea-stained water, which mimic spring and swamp conditions, to determine whether phenotypic plasticity as a function of lighting conditions influences relative eye size. Field caught animals varied greatly in relative eye size among populations, but there was no clear relationship with lighting environment. Fish from the two southern drainages (Everglades, Withlacootchee) had greater relative eye size than two northern drainages (Suwannee, North Florida). However, the results of our laboratory rearing experiment indicated that fish reared in clear water had slightly larger eyes compared to those in tea-stained water. While there are small effects of lighting environment on eye size, there are additional unknown genetic and environmental/ecological factors that influence adult eye size.
照明环境的变化对视觉系统产生了不同的要求，以成功地检测和解释视觉信号。眼睛的大小是视觉系统的一个关键属性，因为它对视觉敏锐度和视觉灵敏度有很强的影响。虽然许多比较研究已经检查了生活在不同光照环境中的鱼类的眼睛大小(即，洞穴与水面栖息地，中深海与远洋深处，浑浊与清澈的水，白天与夜间)，但很少有研究在种群水平上研究眼睛大小的差异作为水清晰度的函数。在这里，我们比较了在佛罗里达州四个排水管道中从单宁污染的沼泽和清澈的泉中捕获的野生蓝鳍鳉(Lucania goodei)的相对眼睛大小(标准长度上的眼睛大小残差)。我们还进行了一个实验室饲养实验，我们在清澈和茶渍的水中饲养动物，模拟春天和沼泽的条件，以确定表型可塑性是否作为光照条件的功能影响相对眼睛大小。野外捕获动物的相对眼大小在种群间差异较大，但与光照环境关系不明显。来自南部两个流域(Everglades, Withlacootchee)的鱼比北部两个流域(Suwannee, North Florida)的鱼眼睛的相对尺寸更大。然而，我们的实验室饲养实验结果表明，在清水中饲养的鱼的眼睛比在茶水中饲养的鱼的眼睛稍大。虽然光照环境对眼睛大小的影响很小，但还有其他未知的遗传和环境/生态因素会影响成人的眼睛大小。
{"title":"The Eye Size of the Bluefin Killifish (Lucania goodei) Varies from Springs to Swamps","authors":"Chia-Hao Chang, R. Fuller","doi":"10.1643/CI-19-330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CI-19-330","url":null,"abstract":"Variation in lighting environments creates different demands of visual systems for the successful detection and interpretation of visual signals. Eye size is a critical property of the visual system as it has strong effects on visual acuity and visual sensitivity. While many comparative studies have examined eye size across fishes that live in disparate lighting environments (i.e., caves versus surface habitats, mesopelagic versus pelagic depths, turbid versus clear water, diurnal versus nocturnal), fewer have investigated differences in eye size as a function of water clarity at the among-population level. Here, we compared relative eye size (eye size residuals on standard length) among wild-caught Bluefin Killifish (Lucania goodei) from tannin-stained swamps and clear springs across four drainages in Florida. We also performed a laboratory rearing experiment where we reared animals in clear and tea-stained water, which mimic spring and swamp conditions, to determine whether phenotypic plasticity as a function of lighting conditions influences relative eye size. Field caught animals varied greatly in relative eye size among populations, but there was no clear relationship with lighting environment. Fish from the two southern drainages (Everglades, Withlacootchee) had greater relative eye size than two northern drainages (Suwannee, North Florida). However, the results of our laboratory rearing experiment indicated that fish reared in clear water had slightly larger eyes compared to those in tea-stained water. While there are small effects of lighting environment on eye size, there are additional unknown genetic and environmental/ecological factors that influence adult eye size.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42573225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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