The Southeast Asian cyprinid genus Henicorhynchus has a complicated taxonomic history due to morphological similarities with other genera and among species within the genus itself. Henicorhynchus and its constituent species are herein revised based on morphological examinations of over 1,000 specimens with a particular emphasis on oromandibular structures. Five species are now recognized in the genus. Henicorhynchus entmema and H. caudimaculatus are senior synonyms of H. lobatus and H. lineatus, respectively. Henicorhynchus caudiguttatus is removed from synonymy with H. caudimaculatus. A revised diagnosis of the South Asian cyprinid genus Gymnostomus, previously considered a senior synonym of Henicorhynchus, is also provided.
{"title":"Revision of the Genus Henicorhynchus, with a Revised Diagnosis of Gymnostomus (Cyprinidae: Labeoninae)","authors":"P. Ciccotto, L. Page","doi":"10.1643/CI-19-304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CI-19-304","url":null,"abstract":"The Southeast Asian cyprinid genus Henicorhynchus has a complicated taxonomic history due to morphological similarities with other genera and among species within the genus itself. Henicorhynchus and its constituent species are herein revised based on morphological examinations of over 1,000 specimens with a particular emphasis on oromandibular structures. Five species are now recognized in the genus. Henicorhynchus entmema and H. caudimaculatus are senior synonyms of H. lobatus and H. lineatus, respectively. Henicorhynchus caudiguttatus is removed from synonymy with H. caudimaculatus. A revised diagnosis of the South Asian cyprinid genus Gymnostomus, previously considered a senior synonym of Henicorhynchus, is also provided.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44397909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gymnotus is the most species-rich and geographically widespread genus of gymnotiform electric fishes and has been widely explored to understand mechanisms of diversification in Neotropical freshwater fishes at a continental scale. Within Gymnotus, the subgenus Lamontianus is a phenotypically distinctive clade with an elongate, cylindrical body shape currently known from four valid species (G. anguillaris, G. cataniapo, G. pedanopterus, and G. tiquie) restricted to rivers draining the Guiana Shield. Here we use aspects of body-surface coloration, meristic, morphological, and osteological data, including cranial, laterosensory pore, and postcranial characters, to diagnose two new species of Lamontianus that inhabit the Aripuanã and Arapiuns rivers that drain the Brazilian Shield. We also use geometric morphometric analyses of head shape to separate the new species from one another and other species of Lamontianus. We report biogeographic distributions for all species of Lamontianus and estimate ancestral geographic ranges and range evolution using the parametric biogeographic program BioGeoBEARS. We use the phylogeny of Lamontianus to test alternative hypotheses regarding lineage divergence times, before or after the formation of the modern East-draining Amazon at c. 10 Ma. Our analysis suggests that diversification in Lamontianus occurred primarily by geographic range fragmentation (vicariance) from an ancestral species distributed across the Western Guiana Shield. These results are similar to those of other Gymnotus and gymnotiform clades, where allopatric speciation and secondary contact due to geographic range expansion are commonly observed. This study brings to 46 the number of valid species of the genus Gymnotus, and to six the number of valid species of the subgenus Lamontianus.
裸子鱼属(Gymnotus)是裸子形电鱼中种类最丰富、分布最广的属，在了解大陆尺度新热带淡水鱼的多样化机制方面得到了广泛的探索。在Gymnotus中，Lamontianus亚属是一个具有显着特征的分支，具有细长的圆柱形身体形状，目前已知的四个有效物种(G. anguillaris, G. cataniapo, G. pedanopterus和G. tiquie)仅限于排出圭亚那盾的河流。在这里，我们使用体表颜色、分生、形态学和骨学数据，包括颅、侧感觉孔和颅后特征，来诊断两个新的Lamontianus物种，它们生活在巴西盾河的Aripuanã和Arapiuns河中。我们还利用头部形状的几何形态分析来区分新种和其他种。利用参数化生物地理程序biogeoars，我们报告了所有拉蒙提亚属物种的生物地理分布，并估计了其祖先的地理范围和范围演变。我们使用Lamontianus的系统发育来测试关于谱系分化时间的替代假设，在现代东部亚马逊河形成之前或之后，大约10 Ma。我们的分析表明，Lamontianus的多样化主要是由分布在西圭亚那地盾的祖先物种的地理范围碎片化(vicariance)发生的。这些结果与其他裸子目和裸子形分支相似，在这些分支中，通常观察到异域物种形成和由于地理范围扩大而产生的二次接触。至此，Gymnotus属的有效种数已达46种，Lamontianus亚属的有效种数已达6种。
{"title":"Two New Species of Gymnotus (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) from Brazil and Historical Biogeography of the Subgenus Lamontianus","authors":"L. Y. Kim, W. Crampton, J. Albert","doi":"10.1643/CI-19-205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CI-19-205","url":null,"abstract":"Gymnotus is the most species-rich and geographically widespread genus of gymnotiform electric fishes and has been widely explored to understand mechanisms of diversification in Neotropical freshwater fishes at a continental scale. Within Gymnotus, the subgenus Lamontianus is a phenotypically distinctive clade with an elongate, cylindrical body shape currently known from four valid species (G. anguillaris, G. cataniapo, G. pedanopterus, and G. tiquie) restricted to rivers draining the Guiana Shield. Here we use aspects of body-surface coloration, meristic, morphological, and osteological data, including cranial, laterosensory pore, and postcranial characters, to diagnose two new species of Lamontianus that inhabit the Aripuanã and Arapiuns rivers that drain the Brazilian Shield. We also use geometric morphometric analyses of head shape to separate the new species from one another and other species of Lamontianus. We report biogeographic distributions for all species of Lamontianus and estimate ancestral geographic ranges and range evolution using the parametric biogeographic program BioGeoBEARS. We use the phylogeny of Lamontianus to test alternative hypotheses regarding lineage divergence times, before or after the formation of the modern East-draining Amazon at c. 10 Ma. Our analysis suggests that diversification in Lamontianus occurred primarily by geographic range fragmentation (vicariance) from an ancestral species distributed across the Western Guiana Shield. These results are similar to those of other Gymnotus and gymnotiform clades, where allopatric speciation and secondary contact due to geographic range expansion are commonly observed. This study brings to 46 the number of valid species of the genus Gymnotus, and to six the number of valid species of the subgenus Lamontianus.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67412534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Trichomycterus lauzannii, new species, is described from the upper Río Beni basin in La Paz, Bolivia. The new species is distinguished from congeners by the posterior cranial fontanel reduced to a small round opening on the posterior portion of supraoccipital bone and the possession of a rounded anterior cranial fontanel between frontal bones. In addition, the new species can be further distinguished from congeners by the possession of seven or fewer odontodes in the opercular patch, a pelvic fin which does not reach the anus when depressed, round blotches along the side of body, a first pectoral-fin ray prolonged as a short distal filament, and several meristic and morphometric features. Comparisons are given with similar congeners (T. cachiraensis, T. megantoni, T. sketi, and T. steindachneri).
{"title":"A New Species of Trichomycterus (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from Madidi National Park, Amazon Basin, Bolivia","authors":"G. Miranda, L. Fernandez","doi":"10.1643/CI-19-291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CI-19-291","url":null,"abstract":"Trichomycterus lauzannii, new species, is described from the upper Río Beni basin in La Paz, Bolivia. The new species is distinguished from congeners by the posterior cranial fontanel reduced to a small round opening on the posterior portion of supraoccipital bone and the possession of a rounded anterior cranial fontanel between frontal bones. In addition, the new species can be further distinguished from congeners by the possession of seven or fewer odontodes in the opercular patch, a pelvic fin which does not reach the anus when depressed, round blotches along the side of body, a first pectoral-fin ray prolonged as a short distal filament, and several meristic and morphometric features. Comparisons are given with similar congeners (T. cachiraensis, T. megantoni, T. sketi, and T. steindachneri).","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48009668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
All organisms are constrained by limited energy and thus must allocate resources in such a way to maximize fitness. Due to their importance to survival, immunity and performance are each often favored in selective environments and thus may be tradeoffs of each other. To test this tradeoff hypothesis, we compared performance to three constitutive measures of immunity in a wild hybrid population of water snakes (Nerodia clarkii X Nerodia fasciata): agglutination response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), heterophil: lymphocyte ratio (HLR), and bactericidal ability (BA). Performance was quantified by exercising snakes up to the point of loss of righting response (LRR) and measuring plasma lactate concentration at this point of fatigue. Support for the tradeoff hypothesis was mixed among the immune assays. Bactericidal ability had a significant positive correlation with LRR (P = 0.003, R2 = 0.263); this was counter to our tradeoff hypothesis and suggests that individuals invest in both traits simultaneously. We failed to detect a significant relationship between SRBC and performance. A significant negative relationship was found between HLR and LRR (P = 0.005, R2 = 0.237). Heterophil: lymphocyte ratio is a balance between innate and acquired immunity that is also indicative of baseline stress. This result showed that snakes with higher HLR are constrained and perform poorly compared to snakes with lower HLR, thus indicating a potential role of stress in affecting performance. Alternatively, this result may denote that internal tradeoffs in the immune system between innate and acquired immunity drive tradeoffs between immunity and performance. Snout–vent length (SVL) was significantly positively correlated with our performance measure (P = 0.012, R2 = 0.192). This result may be explained by selection driving increases in performance and/or ontogenetic development of the locomotor apparatus. Similarly, SVL was an important driver of immunity in snakes. Together, these results clearly show an important link exists between multiple physiological traits that are each vital to survival.
所有生物体都受到有限能量的限制，因此必须以这种方式分配资源，以最大限度地提高适应性。由于它们对生存的重要性，免疫力和性能在选择性环境中通常都很受欢迎，因此可能是相互权衡的结果。为了验证这一折衷假设，我们将其性能与水生蛇野生杂交种群（克氏Nerodia clarkii X Nerodia fasciata）的三种组成性免疫指标进行了比较：对绵羊红细胞的凝集反应（SRBC）、嗜异性淋巴细胞比（HLR）和杀菌能力（BA）。通过锻炼蛇直到失去扶正反应（LRR）并测量疲劳时的血浆乳酸浓度来量化表现。在免疫测定中，对折衷假设的支持是混合的。杀菌能力与LRR呈正相关（P=0.003，R2=0.263）；这与我们的权衡假设相反，并表明个人同时投资于这两种特质。我们未能发现SRBC与性能之间存在显著关系。HLR和LRR之间存在显著的负相关（P=0.005，R2=0.237）。嗜异性：淋巴细胞比率是先天免疫和后天免疫之间的平衡，也是基线应激的指标。这一结果表明，与HLR较低的蛇相比，HLR较高的蛇受到约束，表现不佳，因此表明应激在影响表现方面的潜在作用。或者，这一结果可能表明，免疫系统中先天免疫和后天免疫之间的内部权衡驱动了免疫和性能之间的权衡。Snout–vent长度（SVL）与我们的性能指标显著正相关（P=0.012，R2=0.192）。这一结果可以通过选择驱动性能的提高和/或运动装置的个体发育来解释。同样，SVL也是蛇免疫的重要驱动因素。总之，这些结果清楚地表明，对生存至关重要的多种生理特征之间存在着重要联系。
{"title":"A Test of Tradeoffs between Performance and Immunity in Water Snakes (Nerodia clarkii X Nerodia fasciata)","authors":"W. H. Hawthorne, J. Goessling","doi":"10.1643/CP-19-281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CP-19-281","url":null,"abstract":"All organisms are constrained by limited energy and thus must allocate resources in such a way to maximize fitness. Due to their importance to survival, immunity and performance are each often favored in selective environments and thus may be tradeoffs of each other. To test this tradeoff hypothesis, we compared performance to three constitutive measures of immunity in a wild hybrid population of water snakes (Nerodia clarkii X Nerodia fasciata): agglutination response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), heterophil: lymphocyte ratio (HLR), and bactericidal ability (BA). Performance was quantified by exercising snakes up to the point of loss of righting response (LRR) and measuring plasma lactate concentration at this point of fatigue. Support for the tradeoff hypothesis was mixed among the immune assays. Bactericidal ability had a significant positive correlation with LRR (P = 0.003, R2 = 0.263); this was counter to our tradeoff hypothesis and suggests that individuals invest in both traits simultaneously. We failed to detect a significant relationship between SRBC and performance. A significant negative relationship was found between HLR and LRR (P = 0.005, R2 = 0.237). Heterophil: lymphocyte ratio is a balance between innate and acquired immunity that is also indicative of baseline stress. This result showed that snakes with higher HLR are constrained and perform poorly compared to snakes with lower HLR, thus indicating a potential role of stress in affecting performance. Alternatively, this result may denote that internal tradeoffs in the immune system between innate and acquired immunity drive tradeoffs between immunity and performance. Snout–vent length (SVL) was significantly positively correlated with our performance measure (P = 0.012, R2 = 0.192). This result may be explained by selection driving increases in performance and/or ontogenetic development of the locomotor apparatus. Similarly, SVL was an important driver of immunity in snakes. Together, these results clearly show an important link exists between multiple physiological traits that are each vital to survival.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41887433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rochelle M Stiles, Vanessa C. K. Terrell, J. Maerz, M. Lannoo
Fitness attributes acquired in aquatic habitats by amphibians exhibiting complex life histories have been shown to cascade through terrestrial juveniles into adulthood, a phenomenon termed carry-over effects. We explored density-dependent fitness attributes and carry-over effects in Crawfish Frogs (Rana areolata) using a set of field enclosure experiments and a series of field data. Using field enclosures, we hypothesized that 1) at high densities, intraspecific competition would produce smaller Crawfish Frog juveniles that took longer to metamorphose; 2) at high densities, interspecific competition would also produce smaller Crawfish Frog juveniles that took longer to metamorphose; and 3) vertebrate (ambystomatid salamander) predation on Crawfish Frog larvae would reduce survivorship, but by releasing competition pressure would produce relatively larger tadpoles that metamorphosed earlier. Further, we hypothesized 4) that these enclosure results would apply to field data, and that fitness attributes in newly metamorphosed Crawfish Frogs would carry over to first-time breeding adults. Our results confirmed all four hypotheses. Specifically, in Crawfish Frogs, at high densities, both intra- and interspecific competition reduced size (length and mass) at metamorphosis (hypotheses 1 and 2), and predation reduced survivorship and increased size at metamorphosis (hypothesis 3). Finally, we observed density-dependent fitness effects on newly metamorphosed Crawfish Frog juvenile size (length and mass), and carry-over effects from the larval stage on juvenile survival, adult size, and breeding adult numbers (hypothesis 4). In the absence of predators, high densities of intra- and interspecific competitors had no effect on Crawfish Frog larval survivorship. We also present suggestive evidence for compensatory effects. We discuss the potential mechanisms underlying the patterns of these interactions, as well as the role of these relationships in informing management guidelines intended to ensure the future of this species of conservation concern.
{"title":"Density-Dependent Fitness Attributes and Carry-Over Effects in Crawfish Frogs (Rana areolata), a Species of Conservation Concern","authors":"Rochelle M Stiles, Vanessa C. K. Terrell, J. Maerz, M. Lannoo","doi":"10.1643/CH-19-246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CH-19-246","url":null,"abstract":"Fitness attributes acquired in aquatic habitats by amphibians exhibiting complex life histories have been shown to cascade through terrestrial juveniles into adulthood, a phenomenon termed carry-over effects. We explored density-dependent fitness attributes and carry-over effects in Crawfish Frogs (Rana areolata) using a set of field enclosure experiments and a series of field data. Using field enclosures, we hypothesized that 1) at high densities, intraspecific competition would produce smaller Crawfish Frog juveniles that took longer to metamorphose; 2) at high densities, interspecific competition would also produce smaller Crawfish Frog juveniles that took longer to metamorphose; and 3) vertebrate (ambystomatid salamander) predation on Crawfish Frog larvae would reduce survivorship, but by releasing competition pressure would produce relatively larger tadpoles that metamorphosed earlier. Further, we hypothesized 4) that these enclosure results would apply to field data, and that fitness attributes in newly metamorphosed Crawfish Frogs would carry over to first-time breeding adults. Our results confirmed all four hypotheses. Specifically, in Crawfish Frogs, at high densities, both intra- and interspecific competition reduced size (length and mass) at metamorphosis (hypotheses 1 and 2), and predation reduced survivorship and increased size at metamorphosis (hypothesis 3). Finally, we observed density-dependent fitness effects on newly metamorphosed Crawfish Frog juvenile size (length and mass), and carry-over effects from the larval stage on juvenile survival, adult size, and breeding adult numbers (hypothesis 4). In the absence of predators, high densities of intra- and interspecific competitors had no effect on Crawfish Frog larval survivorship. We also present suggestive evidence for compensatory effects. We discuss the potential mechanisms underlying the patterns of these interactions, as well as the role of these relationships in informing management guidelines intended to ensure the future of this species of conservation concern.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48688763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ecology and Conservation of the Diamond-backed Terrapin. W. M. Roosenburg and V. S. Kennedy (Eds.). 2018. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9781421426266. 277 p. $79.95 (hardcover).—The Diamond-backed Terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) is not a freshwater turtle, and it is not a sea turtle. Truly a one-of-a-kind, the Diamond-backed Terrapin (hereafter, terrapin) is a brackish-water species that occupies a narrow strip of habitat along the Gulf of Mexico in the southern USA and Atlantic coastlines of the eastern USA, with an isolated population on the island of Bermuda. Along with being a habitat specialist, terrapins also have a colorful history and connection to people in the United States. Historically, this species was at the center of a culinary fad of the early 1900s for terrapin soup, while it is contemporarily connected with the coastal crab fisheries, where it is commonly taken as bycatch. The editors of the book, Willem Roosenburg and Vic Kennedy, are likely two of the best to tell this unique story, and they assembled 36 subject-area experts to craft 19 chapters about the species. Roosenburg has spent his career studying many aspects of the lives of terrapins, with his focusing on the status of populations in the Chesapeake Bay (a large estuary in the mid-Atlantic region of the northeastern USA bordered by the states of Maryland and Virginia), the impact of crab fisheries on terrapins, and the role of habitat restoration on species recovery. Kennedy has been vital to understanding the historical environment of the Chesapeake Bay and its fishery. Chapter 1, Introduction and History, provides an outline to the different sections of the book and introduces the reader to interesting aspects of the biology and ecology of terrapins. The author also poses some interesting questions for the reader to consider (e.g., if terrapins naturally dispersed to Bermuda, why aren’t they in Cuba? How did terrapins become one of the few tetrapods to inhabit brackish marshes?). Following the introduction, Part 1 of the book (Chapters 2–12) focuses on the Biology and Ecology of terrapins. Chapter 2 takes the reader through the numerous ways a researcher might capture, mark, and measure terrapins, while also providing methods for those who want to study their population and reproductive biology. This chapter also introduces other methods (e.g., molecular biology, tracking methods). While I appreciate the inclusion of this chapter and the myriad of ways to capture and study the species, it was an unexpected topic to start the book given the aforementioned colorful history of the species. In fact, this great history is not shared with the reader until Chapter 13, well after all the biology of the species is discussed. This is one organizational challenge I found with the book, and I will describe others later. The next three chapters detail the Evolutionary History and Paleontological Record (Chapter 3), Taxonomy (Chapter 4), and Molecular Ecology and Phylogeogra
钻石背Terrapin的生态与保护。W.M.Roosenburg和V.S.Kennedy（编辑），2018。约翰·霍普金斯大学出版社。是9781421426266。277页79.95美元（精装本）--钻石背水龟（Malalemys terrpin）不是淡水龟，也不是海龟。钻石背Terrapin（以下简称Terrapin）是一种半咸水物种，在美国南部的墨西哥湾和美国东部的大西洋海岸线占据了一条狭窄的栖息地，在百慕大岛上有一个孤立的种群。作为一名栖息地专家，水龟也有着丰富多彩的历史和与美国人民的联系。从历史上看，该物种是20世纪初水龟汤烹饪时尚的中心，而在当代，它与沿海螃蟹渔业有关，在那里它通常被视为副渔获物。这本书的编辑Willem Roosenburg和Vic Kennedy可能是讲述这个独特故事的两位最佳编辑，他们召集了36位主题领域专家，编写了19章关于该物种的章节。Roosenburg的职业生涯研究了水龟生活的许多方面，重点研究了切萨皮克湾（美国东北部大西洋中部的一个大河口，与马里兰州和弗吉尼亚州接壤）的种群状况、螃蟹捕捞对水龟的影响，以及栖息地恢复对物种恢复的作用。肯尼迪对了解切萨皮克湾及其渔业的历史环境至关重要。第一章，引言和历史，概述了本书的不同部分，并向读者介绍了水龟生物学和生态学的有趣方面。作者还提出了一些有趣的问题供读者考虑（例如，如果水龟自然分散到百慕大，为什么它们不在古巴？水龟是如何成为少数栖息在半咸水沼泽中的四足动物之一的？）。在引言之后，本书的第一部分（第2-12章）重点介绍了水龟的生物学和生态学。第2章带读者了解研究人员捕捉、标记和测量水龟的多种方法，同时也为那些想研究水龟种群和生殖生物学的人提供了方法。本章还介绍了其他方法（如分子生物学、追踪方法）。虽然我很欣赏这一章的内容以及捕捉和研究该物种的无数方法，但鉴于上述丰富多彩的物种历史，这本书的开头是一个意想不到的话题。事实上，直到第13章，在讨论了所有物种的生物学之后，这段伟大的历史才与读者分享。这是我在书中发现的一个组织挑战，我稍后将描述其他挑战。接下来的三章详细介绍了该物种的进化史和古生物学记录（第3章）、分类学（第4章）以及分子生态学和系统地理学（第5章）。作者在第三章中提出了一些有趣的观点，特别是关于水龟的古生物学历史和记录尚待说明的观点。由于上第三纪的蝾螈在古生物学上研究不足，水龟的化石材料很可能已经存在于收藏品中，正在等待鉴定。第4章解释了该物种相对于其他水龟的分类地位，七个水龟亚种的历史描述，以及最近在百慕大描述的水龟的来源和分类（Davenport et al.，2005）。化石证据和辐射分析表明，百慕大的水龟是一种本土物种，在人类定居之前就已经存在于该岛上（即，早于人类从美国大陆迁移的年代；Parham等人，2008年）。本章还描述了物种的分子生态学（例如，种群之间的遗传差异），尽管分子生态学第（5）章紧随其后。由于分类学和遗传学现在紧密相连，编辑们应该选择一个完整的章节来回顾传统分类学和现代遗传学。作者在这两章中解释的最重要的故事是，在过去的50-60年里，我们对水龟分类学的理解发生了巨大的变化。从历史上看，该物种似乎被细分为比最近的分子研究所支持的更多的亚种（包括提名形式在内的七个），最近的分子工作只识别了四个基因组：东北大西洋、大西洋中部沿海、佛罗里达州和路易斯安那州/得克萨斯州（Hart等人，2014）。尽管这些章节包含了由不可思议的科学家撰写的大量信息，但材料有相当多的重叠和重复。
{"title":"BOOK REVIEWS","authors":"W. Selman, K. Conway","doi":"10.1643/CT2020012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CT2020012","url":null,"abstract":"Ecology and Conservation of the Diamond-backed Terrapin. W. M. Roosenburg and V. S. Kennedy (Eds.). 2018. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9781421426266. 277 p. $79.95 (hardcover).—The Diamond-backed Terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) is not a freshwater turtle, and it is not a sea turtle. Truly a one-of-a-kind, the Diamond-backed Terrapin (hereafter, terrapin) is a brackish-water species that occupies a narrow strip of habitat along the Gulf of Mexico in the southern USA and Atlantic coastlines of the eastern USA, with an isolated population on the island of Bermuda. Along with being a habitat specialist, terrapins also have a colorful history and connection to people in the United States. Historically, this species was at the center of a culinary fad of the early 1900s for terrapin soup, while it is contemporarily connected with the coastal crab fisheries, where it is commonly taken as bycatch. The editors of the book, Willem Roosenburg and Vic Kennedy, are likely two of the best to tell this unique story, and they assembled 36 subject-area experts to craft 19 chapters about the species. Roosenburg has spent his career studying many aspects of the lives of terrapins, with his focusing on the status of populations in the Chesapeake Bay (a large estuary in the mid-Atlantic region of the northeastern USA bordered by the states of Maryland and Virginia), the impact of crab fisheries on terrapins, and the role of habitat restoration on species recovery. Kennedy has been vital to understanding the historical environment of the Chesapeake Bay and its fishery. Chapter 1, Introduction and History, provides an outline to the different sections of the book and introduces the reader to interesting aspects of the biology and ecology of terrapins. The author also poses some interesting questions for the reader to consider (e.g., if terrapins naturally dispersed to Bermuda, why aren’t they in Cuba? How did terrapins become one of the few tetrapods to inhabit brackish marshes?). Following the introduction, Part 1 of the book (Chapters 2–12) focuses on the Biology and Ecology of terrapins. Chapter 2 takes the reader through the numerous ways a researcher might capture, mark, and measure terrapins, while also providing methods for those who want to study their population and reproductive biology. This chapter also introduces other methods (e.g., molecular biology, tracking methods). While I appreciate the inclusion of this chapter and the myriad of ways to capture and study the species, it was an unexpected topic to start the book given the aforementioned colorful history of the species. In fact, this great history is not shared with the reader until Chapter 13, well after all the biology of the species is discussed. This is one organizational challenge I found with the book, and I will describe others later. The next three chapters detail the Evolutionary History and Paleontological Record (Chapter 3), Taxonomy (Chapter 4), and Molecular Ecology and Phylogeogra","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42120110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R ENNY KURNIA HADIATY was a leading international expert on the systematics of the freshwater fishes of Southeast Asia, especially those from her home country of Indonesia. For over three decades, she conducted research as a systematic ichthyologist at the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Research Center for Biology, which since the mid-1990s has been based in Cibinong, Java. As Head of the Ichthyology Laboratory and the Curator of the Fish Collection of the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB), she oversaw the collection of freshwater fishes that had once been housed in the historic Bogor Botanical Garden in Bogor, Java. Renny was born in Malang, East Java, on August 21, 1960. She received her undergraduate degree in biology in 1985 from The University of General Soedirman, Purwokerto, Central Java. In 1986, she joined the MZB. From that position she began her scientific studies of fish biodiversity throughout Indonesia. DW recounts development of her close association with Renny:
{"title":"Renny Kurnia Hadiaty (1960–2019)","authors":"L. Parenti, D. Wowor","doi":"10.1643/CT2020026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CT2020026","url":null,"abstract":"R ENNY KURNIA HADIATY was a leading international expert on the systematics of the freshwater fishes of Southeast Asia, especially those from her home country of Indonesia. For over three decades, she conducted research as a systematic ichthyologist at the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Research Center for Biology, which since the mid-1990s has been based in Cibinong, Java. As Head of the Ichthyology Laboratory and the Curator of the Fish Collection of the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB), she oversaw the collection of freshwater fishes that had once been housed in the historic Bogor Botanical Garden in Bogor, Java. Renny was born in Malang, East Java, on August 21, 1960. She received her undergraduate degree in biology in 1985 from The University of General Soedirman, Purwokerto, Central Java. In 1986, she joined the MZB. From that position she began her scientific studies of fish biodiversity throughout Indonesia. DW recounts development of her close association with Renny:","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47307157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L ONG-time Field Museum Curator of Amphibians and Reptiles, DR. ROBERT ‘‘BOB’’ FREDERICK INGER, died on April 12, 2019, at the age of 98. He is survived by his wife of 29 years, Tan Fui Lian, his brother and his wife, Morton and Sharon, of Wellfleet, Massachusetts, and his nephew and nieces, Daniel, Rachel, and Miriam. He was predeceased by his first wife, Mary Lee (1918–1985), and his parents, Jacob and Anna. Bob was born in St. Louis on September 10, 1920 and listed his ancestry as Polish on a Field Museum position application in 1946. He came to Chicago to attend the University of Chicago in 1937, based on the recommendation of a curator at the St. Louis Zoological Park (Emerson, 1989). Bob received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1942. After serving in General Patton’s Army in World War II as a ground map maker, he returned to the University of Chicago and completed his Ph.D. in zoology in 1954 (Stewart and Emerson, 2002). Bob’s association of over 75 years with the Field Museum of Natural History began when he volunteered as an undergraduate in the early 1940s. He and another student, Philip Jason Clark (1920–1964), decided to volunteer in the Division of Amphibians and Reptiles. Instead of the projects that volunteers were usually given, Curator Karl P. Schmidt (1890–1957) engaged them in a study of scale reduction in snakes. They published the resulting papers in Copeia in 1942 (Emerson, 1989). Bob became a staff member of the Field Museum in early 1946, when he was hired as an assistant to Clifford H. Pope (1899–1974) in Amphibians and Reptiles for 50 hours each month at 75 cents an hour. He spent his spare time conducting his doctoral research, and he held this position until he was appointed Assistant Curator of Fishes in 1949. Bob then succeeded Clifford H. Pope as Curator of Amphibians and Reptiles on January 1, 1954. In 1966 and 1967, he took leave from the Museum to serve as Program Director for Environmental Biology for the National Science Foundation. He left Amphibians and Reptiles again from 1970 to 1977 to become Chairman of Scientific Programs for the Museum, and later, Assistant Director for Science and Education. During his tenure as Assistant Director, Bob revised the curatorial promotion, ranks, and tenure policies to align more with those in universities. His efforts had a profound impact on raising the stature of research at the Museum. In 1978, he returned to his curatorial position in Amphibians and Reptiles where he continued until retirement in September 1994. Appointed Curator Emeritus in 1995, he passionately continued his research and fieldwork. For decades after retirement, he was in his museum lab almost every weekday. Early in his Field Museum career, Bob began to specialize in the systematics, ecology, and zoogeography of the fish, amphibians, and reptiles of Southeast Asia. His interest in these groups was strongly influenced by Karl P. Schmidt and led to his life-long association with the Field Museum. The
{"title":"Robert Frederick Inger (1920–2019)","authors":"H. Voris, A. Resetar","doi":"10.1643/CT2020068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CT2020068","url":null,"abstract":"L ONG-time Field Museum Curator of Amphibians and Reptiles, DR. ROBERT ‘‘BOB’’ FREDERICK INGER, died on April 12, 2019, at the age of 98. He is survived by his wife of 29 years, Tan Fui Lian, his brother and his wife, Morton and Sharon, of Wellfleet, Massachusetts, and his nephew and nieces, Daniel, Rachel, and Miriam. He was predeceased by his first wife, Mary Lee (1918–1985), and his parents, Jacob and Anna. Bob was born in St. Louis on September 10, 1920 and listed his ancestry as Polish on a Field Museum position application in 1946. He came to Chicago to attend the University of Chicago in 1937, based on the recommendation of a curator at the St. Louis Zoological Park (Emerson, 1989). Bob received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1942. After serving in General Patton’s Army in World War II as a ground map maker, he returned to the University of Chicago and completed his Ph.D. in zoology in 1954 (Stewart and Emerson, 2002). Bob’s association of over 75 years with the Field Museum of Natural History began when he volunteered as an undergraduate in the early 1940s. He and another student, Philip Jason Clark (1920–1964), decided to volunteer in the Division of Amphibians and Reptiles. Instead of the projects that volunteers were usually given, Curator Karl P. Schmidt (1890–1957) engaged them in a study of scale reduction in snakes. They published the resulting papers in Copeia in 1942 (Emerson, 1989). Bob became a staff member of the Field Museum in early 1946, when he was hired as an assistant to Clifford H. Pope (1899–1974) in Amphibians and Reptiles for 50 hours each month at 75 cents an hour. He spent his spare time conducting his doctoral research, and he held this position until he was appointed Assistant Curator of Fishes in 1949. Bob then succeeded Clifford H. Pope as Curator of Amphibians and Reptiles on January 1, 1954. In 1966 and 1967, he took leave from the Museum to serve as Program Director for Environmental Biology for the National Science Foundation. He left Amphibians and Reptiles again from 1970 to 1977 to become Chairman of Scientific Programs for the Museum, and later, Assistant Director for Science and Education. During his tenure as Assistant Director, Bob revised the curatorial promotion, ranks, and tenure policies to align more with those in universities. His efforts had a profound impact on raising the stature of research at the Museum. In 1978, he returned to his curatorial position in Amphibians and Reptiles where he continued until retirement in September 1994. Appointed Curator Emeritus in 1995, he passionately continued his research and fieldwork. For decades after retirement, he was in his museum lab almost every weekday. Early in his Field Museum career, Bob began to specialize in the systematics, ecology, and zoogeography of the fish, amphibians, and reptiles of Southeast Asia. His interest in these groups was strongly influenced by Karl P. Schmidt and led to his life-long association with the Field Museum. The","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48720133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Birindelli, B. F. Melo, Luís R. Ribeiro‐Silva, D. Diniz, Cláudio Oliveira
A new species of Hypomasticus is described from the Rio de Contas, a coastal drainage of eastern Brazil, and its phylogenetic position is proposed based on molecular data. The new species is diagnosed among Anostomidae by possessing a downturned mouth with compressed teeth arranged side by side, 37 or 38 lateral-line scales, three scale series between the dorsal-fin origin and the lateral line and between the lateral line and the pelvic-fin origin, and 12 scale rows around the caudal peduncle. Mitochondrial DNA sequences provide evidence that the new species is closely related to H. mormyrops, H. thayeri, H. copelandii, and H. steindachneri, a clade of species endemic to coastal drainages of eastern Brazil. These results combined with a previous phylogeny support the reallocation of the latter two species from Leporinus to Hypomasticus . The new species is herein considered to be Endangered under the IUCN criteria, due to a small Extent of Occurrence, severely fragmented population, and continued decline of area, extent, and quality of habitat.
{"title":"A New Species of Hypomasticus from Eastern Brazil Based on Morphological and Molecular Data (Characiformes, Anostomidae)","authors":"J. Birindelli, B. F. Melo, Luís R. Ribeiro‐Silva, D. Diniz, Cláudio Oliveira","doi":"10.1643/CI-19-335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CI-19-335","url":null,"abstract":"A new species of Hypomasticus is described from the Rio de Contas, a coastal drainage of eastern Brazil, and its phylogenetic position is proposed based on molecular data. The new species is diagnosed among Anostomidae by possessing a downturned mouth with compressed teeth arranged side by side, 37 or 38 lateral-line scales, three scale series between the dorsal-fin origin and the lateral line and between the lateral line and the pelvic-fin origin, and 12 scale rows around the caudal peduncle. Mitochondrial DNA sequences provide evidence that the new species is closely related to H. mormyrops, H. thayeri, H. copelandii, and H. steindachneri, a clade of species endemic to coastal drainages of eastern Brazil. These results combined with a previous phylogeny support the reallocation of the latter two species from Leporinus to Hypomasticus . The new species is herein considered to be Endangered under the IUCN criteria, due to a small Extent of Occurrence, severely fragmented population, and continued decline of area, extent, and quality of habitat.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41880458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Allison R. Litmer, M. Freake, Christopher M. Murray
Amphibians are currently facing widespread population declines, primarily due to the introduction of anthropogenic stressors, which have the potential to alter ecosystem dynamics and elicit long-term physiological responses resulting in overall population declines. Population assessments typically rely upon genomics, demography, and geographic isolation; however, when physiological parameters are included, mechanistic explanations for population declines can be determined. Rapid population assessments that can be related to specific microhabitat characteristics for management purposes can be achieved by implementing a chronic stress proxy, such as neutrophil: lymphocyte (N:L) ratios. As a long-lived habitat specialist, facing dramatic population declines with state and federally protected populations, the Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) is a good candidate species for applying N:L ratios to assess population vulnerability and habitat quality. This study used N:L ratios as a proxy of chronic stress among Hellbender populations to determine environmental variables potentially correlated with chronic stress. Additionally, comparisons of N:L ratios were made among Hellbender populations to examine applicability of this method for assessing among-population differences. Of the microhabitat variables assessed, high conductivity, low pH, and low dissolved oxygen correlated with elevated N:L ratios. In addition, N:L ratios differed significantly among Hellbender populations, which suggests the utility of N:L ratios as an indicator of population-level differences. Specifically, where traditional methods lack the ability to detect concerns, physiological assessment suggested certain populations may be of concern in regard to experiencing chronic stress. Including physiological parameters in viability and vulnerability assessments more frequently, such as the one described here, can provide evidence of population concerns earlier than traditional methods, and allow for better management strategy by elucidating specific environmental variables contributing to stress.
{"title":"Neutrophil: Lymphocyte Ratios as a Measure of Chronic Stress in Populations of the Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) across a Habitat Quality Gradient","authors":"Allison R. Litmer, M. Freake, Christopher M. Murray","doi":"10.1643/CP-19-265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CP-19-265","url":null,"abstract":"Amphibians are currently facing widespread population declines, primarily due to the introduction of anthropogenic stressors, which have the potential to alter ecosystem dynamics and elicit long-term physiological responses resulting in overall population declines. Population assessments typically rely upon genomics, demography, and geographic isolation; however, when physiological parameters are included, mechanistic explanations for population declines can be determined. Rapid population assessments that can be related to specific microhabitat characteristics for management purposes can be achieved by implementing a chronic stress proxy, such as neutrophil: lymphocyte (N:L) ratios. As a long-lived habitat specialist, facing dramatic population declines with state and federally protected populations, the Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) is a good candidate species for applying N:L ratios to assess population vulnerability and habitat quality. This study used N:L ratios as a proxy of chronic stress among Hellbender populations to determine environmental variables potentially correlated with chronic stress. Additionally, comparisons of N:L ratios were made among Hellbender populations to examine applicability of this method for assessing among-population differences. Of the microhabitat variables assessed, high conductivity, low pH, and low dissolved oxygen correlated with elevated N:L ratios. In addition, N:L ratios differed significantly among Hellbender populations, which suggests the utility of N:L ratios as an indicator of population-level differences. Specifically, where traditional methods lack the ability to detect concerns, physiological assessment suggested certain populations may be of concern in regard to experiencing chronic stress. Including physiological parameters in viability and vulnerability assessments more frequently, such as the one described here, can provide evidence of population concerns earlier than traditional methods, and allow for better management strategy by elucidating specific environmental variables contributing to stress.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42783159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：