Rochelle M Stiles, Vanessa C. K. Terrell, J. Maerz, M. Lannoo
Fitness attributes acquired in aquatic habitats by amphibians exhibiting complex life histories have been shown to cascade through terrestrial juveniles into adulthood, a phenomenon termed carry-over effects. We explored density-dependent fitness attributes and carry-over effects in Crawfish Frogs (Rana areolata) using a set of field enclosure experiments and a series of field data. Using field enclosures, we hypothesized that 1) at high densities, intraspecific competition would produce smaller Crawfish Frog juveniles that took longer to metamorphose; 2) at high densities, interspecific competition would also produce smaller Crawfish Frog juveniles that took longer to metamorphose; and 3) vertebrate (ambystomatid salamander) predation on Crawfish Frog larvae would reduce survivorship, but by releasing competition pressure would produce relatively larger tadpoles that metamorphosed earlier. Further, we hypothesized 4) that these enclosure results would apply to field data, and that fitness attributes in newly metamorphosed Crawfish Frogs would carry over to first-time breeding adults. Our results confirmed all four hypotheses. Specifically, in Crawfish Frogs, at high densities, both intra- and interspecific competition reduced size (length and mass) at metamorphosis (hypotheses 1 and 2), and predation reduced survivorship and increased size at metamorphosis (hypothesis 3). Finally, we observed density-dependent fitness effects on newly metamorphosed Crawfish Frog juvenile size (length and mass), and carry-over effects from the larval stage on juvenile survival, adult size, and breeding adult numbers (hypothesis 4). In the absence of predators, high densities of intra- and interspecific competitors had no effect on Crawfish Frog larval survivorship. We also present suggestive evidence for compensatory effects. We discuss the potential mechanisms underlying the patterns of these interactions, as well as the role of these relationships in informing management guidelines intended to ensure the future of this species of conservation concern.
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Ecology and Conservation of the Diamond-backed Terrapin. W. M. Roosenburg and V. S. Kennedy (Eds.). 2018. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9781421426266. 277 p. $79.95 (hardcover).—The Diamond-backed Terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) is not a freshwater turtle, and it is not a sea turtle. Truly a one-of-a-kind, the Diamond-backed Terrapin (hereafter, terrapin) is a brackish-water species that occupies a narrow strip of habitat along the Gulf of Mexico in the southern USA and Atlantic coastlines of the eastern USA, with an isolated population on the island of Bermuda. Along with being a habitat specialist, terrapins also have a colorful history and connection to people in the United States. Historically, this species was at the center of a culinary fad of the early 1900s for terrapin soup, while it is contemporarily connected with the coastal crab fisheries, where it is commonly taken as bycatch. The editors of the book, Willem Roosenburg and Vic Kennedy, are likely two of the best to tell this unique story, and they assembled 36 subject-area experts to craft 19 chapters about the species. Roosenburg has spent his career studying many aspects of the lives of terrapins, with his focusing on the status of populations in the Chesapeake Bay (a large estuary in the mid-Atlantic region of the northeastern USA bordered by the states of Maryland and Virginia), the impact of crab fisheries on terrapins, and the role of habitat restoration on species recovery. Kennedy has been vital to understanding the historical environment of the Chesapeake Bay and its fishery. Chapter 1, Introduction and History, provides an outline to the different sections of the book and introduces the reader to interesting aspects of the biology and ecology of terrapins. The author also poses some interesting questions for the reader to consider (e.g., if terrapins naturally dispersed to Bermuda, why aren’t they in Cuba? How did terrapins become one of the few tetrapods to inhabit brackish marshes?). Following the introduction, Part 1 of the book (Chapters 2–12) focuses on the Biology and Ecology of terrapins. Chapter 2 takes the reader through the numerous ways a researcher might capture, mark, and measure terrapins, while also providing methods for those who want to study their population and reproductive biology. This chapter also introduces other methods (e.g., molecular biology, tracking methods). While I appreciate the inclusion of this chapter and the myriad of ways to capture and study the species, it was an unexpected topic to start the book given the aforementioned colorful history of the species. In fact, this great history is not shared with the reader until Chapter 13, well after all the biology of the species is discussed. This is one organizational challenge I found with the book, and I will describe others later. The next three chapters detail the Evolutionary History and Paleontological Record (Chapter 3), Taxonomy (Chapter 4), and Molecular Ecology and Phylogeogra
钻石背Terrapin的生态与保护。W.M.Roosenburg和V.S.Kennedy（编辑），2018。约翰·霍普金斯大学出版社。是9781421426266。277页79.95美元（精装本）--钻石背水龟（Malalemys terrpin）不是淡水龟，也不是海龟。钻石背Terrapin（以下简称Terrapin）是一种半咸水物种，在美国南部的墨西哥湾和美国东部的大西洋海岸线占据了一条狭窄的栖息地，在百慕大岛上有一个孤立的种群。作为一名栖息地专家，水龟也有着丰富多彩的历史和与美国人民的联系。从历史上看，该物种是20世纪初水龟汤烹饪时尚的中心，而在当代，它与沿海螃蟹渔业有关，在那里它通常被视为副渔获物。这本书的编辑Willem Roosenburg和Vic Kennedy可能是讲述这个独特故事的两位最佳编辑，他们召集了36位主题领域专家，编写了19章关于该物种的章节。Roosenburg的职业生涯研究了水龟生活的许多方面，重点研究了切萨皮克湾（美国东北部大西洋中部的一个大河口，与马里兰州和弗吉尼亚州接壤）的种群状况、螃蟹捕捞对水龟的影响，以及栖息地恢复对物种恢复的作用。肯尼迪对了解切萨皮克湾及其渔业的历史环境至关重要。第一章，引言和历史，概述了本书的不同部分，并向读者介绍了水龟生物学和生态学的有趣方面。作者还提出了一些有趣的问题供读者考虑（例如，如果水龟自然分散到百慕大，为什么它们不在古巴？水龟是如何成为少数栖息在半咸水沼泽中的四足动物之一的？）。在引言之后，本书的第一部分（第2-12章）重点介绍了水龟的生物学和生态学。第2章带读者了解研究人员捕捉、标记和测量水龟的多种方法，同时也为那些想研究水龟种群和生殖生物学的人提供了方法。本章还介绍了其他方法（如分子生物学、追踪方法）。虽然我很欣赏这一章的内容以及捕捉和研究该物种的无数方法，但鉴于上述丰富多彩的物种历史，这本书的开头是一个意想不到的话题。事实上，直到第13章，在讨论了所有物种的生物学之后，这段伟大的历史才与读者分享。这是我在书中发现的一个组织挑战，我稍后将描述其他挑战。接下来的三章详细介绍了该物种的进化史和古生物学记录（第3章）、分类学（第4章）以及分子生态学和系统地理学（第5章）。作者在第三章中提出了一些有趣的观点，特别是关于水龟的古生物学历史和记录尚待说明的观点。由于上第三纪的蝾螈在古生物学上研究不足，水龟的化石材料很可能已经存在于收藏品中，正在等待鉴定。第4章解释了该物种相对于其他水龟的分类地位，七个水龟亚种的历史描述，以及最近在百慕大描述的水龟的来源和分类（Davenport et al.，2005）。化石证据和辐射分析表明，百慕大的水龟是一种本土物种，在人类定居之前就已经存在于该岛上（即，早于人类从美国大陆迁移的年代；Parham等人，2008年）。本章还描述了物种的分子生态学（例如，种群之间的遗传差异），尽管分子生态学第（5）章紧随其后。由于分类学和遗传学现在紧密相连，编辑们应该选择一个完整的章节来回顾传统分类学和现代遗传学。作者在这两章中解释的最重要的故事是，在过去的50-60年里，我们对水龟分类学的理解发生了巨大的变化。从历史上看，该物种似乎被细分为比最近的分子研究所支持的更多的亚种（包括提名形式在内的七个），最近的分子工作只识别了四个基因组：东北大西洋、大西洋中部沿海、佛罗里达州和路易斯安那州/得克萨斯州（Hart等人，2014）。尽管这些章节包含了由不可思议的科学家撰写的大量信息，但材料有相当多的重叠和重复。
{"title":"BOOK REVIEWS","authors":"W. Selman, K. Conway","doi":"10.1643/CT2020012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CT2020012","url":null,"abstract":"Ecology and Conservation of the Diamond-backed Terrapin. W. M. Roosenburg and V. S. Kennedy (Eds.). 2018. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9781421426266. 277 p. $79.95 (hardcover).—The Diamond-backed Terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) is not a freshwater turtle, and it is not a sea turtle. Truly a one-of-a-kind, the Diamond-backed Terrapin (hereafter, terrapin) is a brackish-water species that occupies a narrow strip of habitat along the Gulf of Mexico in the southern USA and Atlantic coastlines of the eastern USA, with an isolated population on the island of Bermuda. Along with being a habitat specialist, terrapins also have a colorful history and connection to people in the United States. Historically, this species was at the center of a culinary fad of the early 1900s for terrapin soup, while it is contemporarily connected with the coastal crab fisheries, where it is commonly taken as bycatch. The editors of the book, Willem Roosenburg and Vic Kennedy, are likely two of the best to tell this unique story, and they assembled 36 subject-area experts to craft 19 chapters about the species. Roosenburg has spent his career studying many aspects of the lives of terrapins, with his focusing on the status of populations in the Chesapeake Bay (a large estuary in the mid-Atlantic region of the northeastern USA bordered by the states of Maryland and Virginia), the impact of crab fisheries on terrapins, and the role of habitat restoration on species recovery. Kennedy has been vital to understanding the historical environment of the Chesapeake Bay and its fishery. Chapter 1, Introduction and History, provides an outline to the different sections of the book and introduces the reader to interesting aspects of the biology and ecology of terrapins. The author also poses some interesting questions for the reader to consider (e.g., if terrapins naturally dispersed to Bermuda, why aren’t they in Cuba? How did terrapins become one of the few tetrapods to inhabit brackish marshes?). Following the introduction, Part 1 of the book (Chapters 2–12) focuses on the Biology and Ecology of terrapins. Chapter 2 takes the reader through the numerous ways a researcher might capture, mark, and measure terrapins, while also providing methods for those who want to study their population and reproductive biology. This chapter also introduces other methods (e.g., molecular biology, tracking methods). While I appreciate the inclusion of this chapter and the myriad of ways to capture and study the species, it was an unexpected topic to start the book given the aforementioned colorful history of the species. In fact, this great history is not shared with the reader until Chapter 13, well after all the biology of the species is discussed. This is one organizational challenge I found with the book, and I will describe others later. The next three chapters detail the Evolutionary History and Paleontological Record (Chapter 3), Taxonomy (Chapter 4), and Molecular Ecology and Phylogeogra","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":"108 1","pages":"434 - 438"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42120110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R ENNY KURNIA HADIATY was a leading international expert on the systematics of the freshwater fishes of Southeast Asia, especially those from her home country of Indonesia. For over three decades, she conducted research as a systematic ichthyologist at the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Research Center for Biology, which since the mid-1990s has been based in Cibinong, Java. As Head of the Ichthyology Laboratory and the Curator of the Fish Collection of the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB), she oversaw the collection of freshwater fishes that had once been housed in the historic Bogor Botanical Garden in Bogor, Java. Renny was born in Malang, East Java, on August 21, 1960. She received her undergraduate degree in biology in 1985 from The University of General Soedirman, Purwokerto, Central Java. In 1986, she joined the MZB. From that position she began her scientific studies of fish biodiversity throughout Indonesia. DW recounts development of her close association with Renny:
{"title":"Renny Kurnia Hadiaty (1960–2019)","authors":"L. Parenti, D. Wowor","doi":"10.1643/CT2020026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CT2020026","url":null,"abstract":"R ENNY KURNIA HADIATY was a leading international expert on the systematics of the freshwater fishes of Southeast Asia, especially those from her home country of Indonesia. For over three decades, she conducted research as a systematic ichthyologist at the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Research Center for Biology, which since the mid-1990s has been based in Cibinong, Java. As Head of the Ichthyology Laboratory and the Curator of the Fish Collection of the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB), she oversaw the collection of freshwater fishes that had once been housed in the historic Bogor Botanical Garden in Bogor, Java. Renny was born in Malang, East Java, on August 21, 1960. She received her undergraduate degree in biology in 1985 from The University of General Soedirman, Purwokerto, Central Java. In 1986, she joined the MZB. From that position she began her scientific studies of fish biodiversity throughout Indonesia. DW recounts development of her close association with Renny:","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":"108 1","pages":"430 - 433"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47307157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L ONG-time Field Museum Curator of Amphibians and Reptiles, DR. ROBERT ‘‘BOB’’ FREDERICK INGER, died on April 12, 2019, at the age of 98. He is survived by his wife of 29 years, Tan Fui Lian, his brother and his wife, Morton and Sharon, of Wellfleet, Massachusetts, and his nephew and nieces, Daniel, Rachel, and Miriam. He was predeceased by his first wife, Mary Lee (1918–1985), and his parents, Jacob and Anna. Bob was born in St. Louis on September 10, 1920 and listed his ancestry as Polish on a Field Museum position application in 1946. He came to Chicago to attend the University of Chicago in 1937, based on the recommendation of a curator at the St. Louis Zoological Park (Emerson, 1989). Bob received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1942. After serving in General Patton’s Army in World War II as a ground map maker, he returned to the University of Chicago and completed his Ph.D. in zoology in 1954 (Stewart and Emerson, 2002). Bob’s association of over 75 years with the Field Museum of Natural History began when he volunteered as an undergraduate in the early 1940s. He and another student, Philip Jason Clark (1920–1964), decided to volunteer in the Division of Amphibians and Reptiles. Instead of the projects that volunteers were usually given, Curator Karl P. Schmidt (1890–1957) engaged them in a study of scale reduction in snakes. They published the resulting papers in Copeia in 1942 (Emerson, 1989). Bob became a staff member of the Field Museum in early 1946, when he was hired as an assistant to Clifford H. Pope (1899–1974) in Amphibians and Reptiles for 50 hours each month at 75 cents an hour. He spent his spare time conducting his doctoral research, and he held this position until he was appointed Assistant Curator of Fishes in 1949. Bob then succeeded Clifford H. Pope as Curator of Amphibians and Reptiles on January 1, 1954. In 1966 and 1967, he took leave from the Museum to serve as Program Director for Environmental Biology for the National Science Foundation. He left Amphibians and Reptiles again from 1970 to 1977 to become Chairman of Scientific Programs for the Museum, and later, Assistant Director for Science and Education. During his tenure as Assistant Director, Bob revised the curatorial promotion, ranks, and tenure policies to align more with those in universities. His efforts had a profound impact on raising the stature of research at the Museum. In 1978, he returned to his curatorial position in Amphibians and Reptiles where he continued until retirement in September 1994. Appointed Curator Emeritus in 1995, he passionately continued his research and fieldwork. For decades after retirement, he was in his museum lab almost every weekday. Early in his Field Museum career, Bob began to specialize in the systematics, ecology, and zoogeography of the fish, amphibians, and reptiles of Southeast Asia. His interest in these groups was strongly influenced by Karl P. Schmidt and led to his life-long association with the Field Museum. The
{"title":"Robert Frederick Inger (1920–2019)","authors":"H. Voris, A. Resetar","doi":"10.1643/CT2020068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CT2020068","url":null,"abstract":"L ONG-time Field Museum Curator of Amphibians and Reptiles, DR. ROBERT ‘‘BOB’’ FREDERICK INGER, died on April 12, 2019, at the age of 98. He is survived by his wife of 29 years, Tan Fui Lian, his brother and his wife, Morton and Sharon, of Wellfleet, Massachusetts, and his nephew and nieces, Daniel, Rachel, and Miriam. He was predeceased by his first wife, Mary Lee (1918–1985), and his parents, Jacob and Anna. Bob was born in St. Louis on September 10, 1920 and listed his ancestry as Polish on a Field Museum position application in 1946. He came to Chicago to attend the University of Chicago in 1937, based on the recommendation of a curator at the St. Louis Zoological Park (Emerson, 1989). Bob received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1942. After serving in General Patton’s Army in World War II as a ground map maker, he returned to the University of Chicago and completed his Ph.D. in zoology in 1954 (Stewart and Emerson, 2002). Bob’s association of over 75 years with the Field Museum of Natural History began when he volunteered as an undergraduate in the early 1940s. He and another student, Philip Jason Clark (1920–1964), decided to volunteer in the Division of Amphibians and Reptiles. Instead of the projects that volunteers were usually given, Curator Karl P. Schmidt (1890–1957) engaged them in a study of scale reduction in snakes. They published the resulting papers in Copeia in 1942 (Emerson, 1989). Bob became a staff member of the Field Museum in early 1946, when he was hired as an assistant to Clifford H. Pope (1899–1974) in Amphibians and Reptiles for 50 hours each month at 75 cents an hour. He spent his spare time conducting his doctoral research, and he held this position until he was appointed Assistant Curator of Fishes in 1949. Bob then succeeded Clifford H. Pope as Curator of Amphibians and Reptiles on January 1, 1954. In 1966 and 1967, he took leave from the Museum to serve as Program Director for Environmental Biology for the National Science Foundation. He left Amphibians and Reptiles again from 1970 to 1977 to become Chairman of Scientific Programs for the Museum, and later, Assistant Director for Science and Education. During his tenure as Assistant Director, Bob revised the curatorial promotion, ranks, and tenure policies to align more with those in universities. His efforts had a profound impact on raising the stature of research at the Museum. In 1978, he returned to his curatorial position in Amphibians and Reptiles where he continued until retirement in September 1994. Appointed Curator Emeritus in 1995, he passionately continued his research and fieldwork. For decades after retirement, he was in his museum lab almost every weekday. Early in his Field Museum career, Bob began to specialize in the systematics, ecology, and zoogeography of the fish, amphibians, and reptiles of Southeast Asia. His interest in these groups was strongly influenced by Karl P. Schmidt and led to his life-long association with the Field Museum. The","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":"108 1","pages":"426 - 429"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48720133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Birindelli, B. F. Melo, Luís R. Ribeiro‐Silva, D. Diniz, Cláudio Oliveira
A new species of Hypomasticus is described from the Rio de Contas, a coastal drainage of eastern Brazil, and its phylogenetic position is proposed based on molecular data. The new species is diagnosed among Anostomidae by possessing a downturned mouth with compressed teeth arranged side by side, 37 or 38 lateral-line scales, three scale series between the dorsal-fin origin and the lateral line and between the lateral line and the pelvic-fin origin, and 12 scale rows around the caudal peduncle. Mitochondrial DNA sequences provide evidence that the new species is closely related to H. mormyrops, H. thayeri, H. copelandii, and H. steindachneri, a clade of species endemic to coastal drainages of eastern Brazil. These results combined with a previous phylogeny support the reallocation of the latter two species from Leporinus to Hypomasticus . The new species is herein considered to be Endangered under the IUCN criteria, due to a small Extent of Occurrence, severely fragmented population, and continued decline of area, extent, and quality of habitat.
{"title":"A New Species of Hypomasticus from Eastern Brazil Based on Morphological and Molecular Data (Characiformes, Anostomidae)","authors":"J. Birindelli, B. F. Melo, Luís R. Ribeiro‐Silva, D. Diniz, Cláudio Oliveira","doi":"10.1643/CI-19-335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CI-19-335","url":null,"abstract":"A new species of Hypomasticus is described from the Rio de Contas, a coastal drainage of eastern Brazil, and its phylogenetic position is proposed based on molecular data. The new species is diagnosed among Anostomidae by possessing a downturned mouth with compressed teeth arranged side by side, 37 or 38 lateral-line scales, three scale series between the dorsal-fin origin and the lateral line and between the lateral line and the pelvic-fin origin, and 12 scale rows around the caudal peduncle. Mitochondrial DNA sequences provide evidence that the new species is closely related to H. mormyrops, H. thayeri, H. copelandii, and H. steindachneri, a clade of species endemic to coastal drainages of eastern Brazil. These results combined with a previous phylogeny support the reallocation of the latter two species from Leporinus to Hypomasticus . The new species is herein considered to be Endangered under the IUCN criteria, due to a small Extent of Occurrence, severely fragmented population, and continued decline of area, extent, and quality of habitat.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":"108 1","pages":"416 - 425"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41880458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Allison R. Litmer, M. Freake, Christopher M. Murray
Amphibians are currently facing widespread population declines, primarily due to the introduction of anthropogenic stressors, which have the potential to alter ecosystem dynamics and elicit long-term physiological responses resulting in overall population declines. Population assessments typically rely upon genomics, demography, and geographic isolation; however, when physiological parameters are included, mechanistic explanations for population declines can be determined. Rapid population assessments that can be related to specific microhabitat characteristics for management purposes can be achieved by implementing a chronic stress proxy, such as neutrophil: lymphocyte (N:L) ratios. As a long-lived habitat specialist, facing dramatic population declines with state and federally protected populations, the Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) is a good candidate species for applying N:L ratios to assess population vulnerability and habitat quality. This study used N:L ratios as a proxy of chronic stress among Hellbender populations to determine environmental variables potentially correlated with chronic stress. Additionally, comparisons of N:L ratios were made among Hellbender populations to examine applicability of this method for assessing among-population differences. Of the microhabitat variables assessed, high conductivity, low pH, and low dissolved oxygen correlated with elevated N:L ratios. In addition, N:L ratios differed significantly among Hellbender populations, which suggests the utility of N:L ratios as an indicator of population-level differences. Specifically, where traditional methods lack the ability to detect concerns, physiological assessment suggested certain populations may be of concern in regard to experiencing chronic stress. Including physiological parameters in viability and vulnerability assessments more frequently, such as the one described here, can provide evidence of population concerns earlier than traditional methods, and allow for better management strategy by elucidating specific environmental variables contributing to stress.
{"title":"Neutrophil: Lymphocyte Ratios as a Measure of Chronic Stress in Populations of the Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) across a Habitat Quality Gradient","authors":"Allison R. Litmer, M. Freake, Christopher M. Murray","doi":"10.1643/CP-19-265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CP-19-265","url":null,"abstract":"Amphibians are currently facing widespread population declines, primarily due to the introduction of anthropogenic stressors, which have the potential to alter ecosystem dynamics and elicit long-term physiological responses resulting in overall population declines. Population assessments typically rely upon genomics, demography, and geographic isolation; however, when physiological parameters are included, mechanistic explanations for population declines can be determined. Rapid population assessments that can be related to specific microhabitat characteristics for management purposes can be achieved by implementing a chronic stress proxy, such as neutrophil: lymphocyte (N:L) ratios. As a long-lived habitat specialist, facing dramatic population declines with state and federally protected populations, the Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) is a good candidate species for applying N:L ratios to assess population vulnerability and habitat quality. This study used N:L ratios as a proxy of chronic stress among Hellbender populations to determine environmental variables potentially correlated with chronic stress. Additionally, comparisons of N:L ratios were made among Hellbender populations to examine applicability of this method for assessing among-population differences. Of the microhabitat variables assessed, high conductivity, low pH, and low dissolved oxygen correlated with elevated N:L ratios. In addition, N:L ratios differed significantly among Hellbender populations, which suggests the utility of N:L ratios as an indicator of population-level differences. Specifically, where traditional methods lack the ability to detect concerns, physiological assessment suggested certain populations may be of concern in regard to experiencing chronic stress. Including physiological parameters in viability and vulnerability assessments more frequently, such as the one described here, can provide evidence of population concerns earlier than traditional methods, and allow for better management strategy by elucidating specific environmental variables contributing to stress.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":"108 1","pages":"403 - 415"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42783159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Page, J. Pfeiffer, S. Suksri, Z. Randall, David A. Boyd
Analyses of morphological and molecular data from recently collected specimens of Nemacheilus from Cambodia, Malaysia, and Thailand indicate that N. pallidus is a junior synonym of N. masyae, and an undescribed species of Nemacheilus occurs in large tributaries of the Mekong River in Thailand. The new species, described herein, is small—with a maximum-known standard length of 28.6 mm—and has a distinctive color pattern of dusky black bars along the side of the body that cross over the back and join the bars on the other side. Molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that the new species is most closely related to N. masyae , which reaches a much larger size—to 66.2 mm SL—and otherwise is easily distinguished from the new species. The new species is known from the Songkhram and Mun river drainages in Thailand and appears to be restricted to the Khorat Plateau ecoregion of the Mekong River basin. Nemacheilus masyae occurs throughout mainland southeast Asia, including in the Chao Phraya, Mae Klong, Mekong, and coastal drainages of the Malay Peninsula.
{"title":"Variation in the Arrow Loach, Nemacheilus masyae (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae), in Mainland Southeast Asia with Description of a New Species","authors":"L. Page, J. Pfeiffer, S. Suksri, Z. Randall, David A. Boyd","doi":"10.1643/CI-19-305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CI-19-305","url":null,"abstract":"Analyses of morphological and molecular data from recently collected specimens of Nemacheilus from Cambodia, Malaysia, and Thailand indicate that N. pallidus is a junior synonym of N. masyae, and an undescribed species of Nemacheilus occurs in large tributaries of the Mekong River in Thailand. The new species, described herein, is small—with a maximum-known standard length of 28.6 mm—and has a distinctive color pattern of dusky black bars along the side of the body that cross over the back and join the bars on the other side. Molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that the new species is most closely related to N. masyae , which reaches a much larger size—to 66.2 mm SL—and otherwise is easily distinguished from the new species. The new species is known from the Songkhram and Mun river drainages in Thailand and appears to be restricted to the Khorat Plateau ecoregion of the Mekong River basin. Nemacheilus masyae occurs throughout mainland southeast Asia, including in the Chao Phraya, Mae Klong, Mekong, and coastal drainages of the Malay Peninsula.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":"10 2","pages":"392 - 402"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41301708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Konvalina, J. W. Stanley, S. Trauth, M. Plummer
Vast differences in available resources between habitats can have profound influences on aspects of an organism's life history, such as reproductive investment. Our study investigated how differences in nutrient availability affect sperm size in Diamond-backed Watersnakes (Nerodia rhombifer). We compared body size and sperm morphometrics between two populations with differing nutrient availability: a naturally occurring lake and a commercial fish farm. We hypothesized that prey availability affects sperm morphometrics. Our null hypothesis was that there would be no significant difference in sperm morphometrics between populations, whereas our alternative hypothesis was that the snakes from the fish farm would have significantly longer sperm. We measured total sperm length, sperm head length, sperm tail length, and snout–vent length (SVL). We then used two-tailed t-tests and AIC model selection to test our hypotheses. SVL was not correlated with sperm size. Furthermore, none of the sperm morphometrics were significantly different between the two populations. Finally, a nearly 1:1 correlation between sperm tail length and total sperm length was found. AIC model selection corroborated these results by choosing only sperm head length and sperm tail length as significant predictors of total sperm length. This is the first published study to explicitly compare sperm morphometrics between two populations of the same snake species. Additional studies of this nature are required to corroborate whether lack of significant differences in sperm morphometrics among snake populations are common.
{"title":"No Sperm Morphometric Differences between Two Populations of Diamond-backed Watersnakes (Nerodia rhombifer) with Varying Resource Availability","authors":"J. Konvalina, J. W. Stanley, S. Trauth, M. Plummer","doi":"10.1643/CG-17-692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CG-17-692","url":null,"abstract":"Vast differences in available resources between habitats can have profound influences on aspects of an organism's life history, such as reproductive investment. Our study investigated how differences in nutrient availability affect sperm size in Diamond-backed Watersnakes (Nerodia rhombifer). We compared body size and sperm morphometrics between two populations with differing nutrient availability: a naturally occurring lake and a commercial fish farm. We hypothesized that prey availability affects sperm morphometrics. Our null hypothesis was that there would be no significant difference in sperm morphometrics between populations, whereas our alternative hypothesis was that the snakes from the fish farm would have significantly longer sperm. We measured total sperm length, sperm head length, sperm tail length, and snout–vent length (SVL). We then used two-tailed t-tests and AIC model selection to test our hypotheses. SVL was not correlated with sperm size. Furthermore, none of the sperm morphometrics were significantly different between the two populations. Finally, a nearly 1:1 correlation between sperm tail length and total sperm length was found. AIC model selection corroborated these results by choosing only sperm head length and sperm tail length as significant predictors of total sperm length. This is the first published study to explicitly compare sperm morphometrics between two populations of the same snake species. Additional studies of this nature are required to corroborate whether lack of significant differences in sperm morphometrics among snake populations are common.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":"108 1","pages":"376 - 380"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43806630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new species of Hyphessobrycon from a tributary of the Rio Paru do Oeste (Rio Trombetas basin), at the lower Amazon basin draining the Guiana Shield region in Pará State, Brazil, is described. The new species presents a unique combination of an irregularly-shaped humeral blotch, a broad diffuse midlateral stripe, and a roughly triangular caudal peduncle blotch. The new species is herein included in the Hyphessobrycon agulha species-group, and comparisons with species belonging to this group and to a similar-looking non-congener, Hemigrammus bellottii, are presented.
描述了巴西帕拉州圭亚那地盾区下游亚马逊盆地Rio Paru do Oeste（Rio Trombetas盆地）支流Hyphessobrycon的一个新种。新物种呈现出一种独特的组合，包括不规则形状的肱骨斑点、宽的弥漫性中侧条纹和大致三角形的尾柄斑点。本文将该新物种纳入Hyphessobrycon agulha物种群，并将其与属于该群的物种以及长相相似的非同源物种——贝洛蒂半球赤眼蜂进行了比较。
{"title":"A New Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) from the Guiana Shield in Northern Brazil","authors":"T. C. Faria, F. Lima, W. B. Wosiacki","doi":"10.1643/CI-19-311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CI-19-311","url":null,"abstract":"A new species of Hyphessobrycon from a tributary of the Rio Paru do Oeste (Rio Trombetas basin), at the lower Amazon basin draining the Guiana Shield region in Pará State, Brazil, is described. The new species presents a unique combination of an irregularly-shaped humeral blotch, a broad diffuse midlateral stripe, and a roughly triangular caudal peduncle blotch. The new species is herein included in the Hyphessobrycon agulha species-group, and comparisons with species belonging to this group and to a similar-looking non-congener, Hemigrammus bellottii, are presented.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":"108 1","pages":"369 - 375"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1643/CI-19-311","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45661314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. J. Oswald, Emily Spinks, Garrett S. Duktig, Justin S. Baker, Marc R. Kibbey, Brian Zimmerman, H. Tucker, C. Boucher, D. Cincotta, W. Starnes, A. Kiss, Jeremy J. Wright, D. Carlson, M. Bangs, M. Roberts, J. Quattro
Legacies of ancient riverine systems are often manifest in patterns of genetic diversity within aquatic species. The ancient Teays River, a principal drainage of the eastern United States, engaged in several ephemeral connections with neighboring palaeodrainages prior to and during the Pleistocene, when cyclical glacial advance and retreat reconfigured the region's fluvial systems. This study assayed DNA-sequence diversity at one mitochondrial (mtDNA) and three single-copy nuclear DNA (scnDNA) loci from the Tonguetied Minnow (Exoglossum laurae), a species distributed as four disjunct populations, one each within the Upper Great Miami, Upper Allegheny, Upper Genesee, and New rivers. Mitochondrial DNA variation revealed that the New River harbors the highest diversity (h = 0.73) and that the Tonguetied Minnow is composed of two ancient lineages, a Teays River lineage and a Pittsburgh River lineage. Analyses of the scnDNA loci revealed sharing of alleles among populations of E. laurae and between the Tonguetied Minnow and its only congener, the Cutlip Minnow (E. maxillingua), sampled from the Roanoke and Potomac rivers. The probability of interspecific hybridization in the New and Upper Genesee rivers was estimated as 0.16 and 0.34, respectively, but it is likely that some degree of incomplete lineage sorting contributed to these estimates. Probabilities of interspecific hybridization for Cutlip Minnow were 0.62 and 0.65, for the Roanoke and Potomac rivers, respectively, and might reflect ancient hybridization resulting from stream capture events involving these drainages by the Teays River. Management strategies should focus on maintaining the security of the Pittsburgh River lineage in the Upper Great Miami and Upper Allegheny River drainages. Finally, insights into the Tonguetied Minnow's rather convoluted taxonomic history are few, but genetic variation is inconsistent with subspecies status for Tonguetied Minnow in the Upper Great Miami River drainage.
古代河流系统的遗产往往表现为水生物种的遗传多样性模式。古提斯河是美国东部的主要河流，在更新世之前和更新世期间，它与邻近的古河流有过几次短暂的联系，当时周期性的冰川前进和后退重新配置了该地区的河流系统。本研究分析了舌结鲦鱼(Exoglossum laurae)的一个线粒体(mtDNA)和三个单拷贝核DNA (scnDNA)位点的DNA序列多样性，舌结鲦鱼(Exoglossum laurae)是一个分布在大迈阿密河上游、阿勒格尼河上游、Genesee河上游和新河流域的四个不相连种群。线粒体DNA变异表明，新河拥有最高的多样性(h = 0.73)，舌系鲦鱼由两个古老的谱系组成，一个Teays河谱系和一个匹兹堡河谱系。对scnDNA位点的分析显示，在laurae种群中，以及在Roanoke河和Potomac河取样的舌纹米诺与其唯一的同系者Cutlip Minnow (E. maxillingua)之间，等位基因是共享的。据估计，新河和上Genesee河种间杂交的概率分别为0.16和0.34，但可能是某种程度上不完整的谱系分类导致了这些估计。在Roanoke河和Potomac河中，Cutlip Minnow的种间杂交概率分别为0.62和0.65，这可能反映了Teays河流域的河流捕获事件导致的古代杂交。管理策略应侧重于维护大迈阿密河上游和阿勒格尼河上游流域匹兹堡河流域的安全。最后，关于舌结米诺相当复杂的分类历史的见解很少，但是遗传变异与大迈阿密河上游流域舌结米诺的亚种地位不一致。
{"title":"Drainage History, Evolution, and Conservation of Tonguetied Minnow (Exoglossum laurae), a Rare and Imperiled Teays River Endemic","authors":"K. J. Oswald, Emily Spinks, Garrett S. Duktig, Justin S. Baker, Marc R. Kibbey, Brian Zimmerman, H. Tucker, C. Boucher, D. Cincotta, W. Starnes, A. Kiss, Jeremy J. Wright, D. Carlson, M. Bangs, M. Roberts, J. Quattro","doi":"10.1643/CI-18-118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/CI-18-118","url":null,"abstract":"Legacies of ancient riverine systems are often manifest in patterns of genetic diversity within aquatic species. The ancient Teays River, a principal drainage of the eastern United States, engaged in several ephemeral connections with neighboring palaeodrainages prior to and during the Pleistocene, when cyclical glacial advance and retreat reconfigured the region's fluvial systems. This study assayed DNA-sequence diversity at one mitochondrial (mtDNA) and three single-copy nuclear DNA (scnDNA) loci from the Tonguetied Minnow (Exoglossum laurae), a species distributed as four disjunct populations, one each within the Upper Great Miami, Upper Allegheny, Upper Genesee, and New rivers. Mitochondrial DNA variation revealed that the New River harbors the highest diversity (h = 0.73) and that the Tonguetied Minnow is composed of two ancient lineages, a Teays River lineage and a Pittsburgh River lineage. Analyses of the scnDNA loci revealed sharing of alleles among populations of E. laurae and between the Tonguetied Minnow and its only congener, the Cutlip Minnow (E. maxillingua), sampled from the Roanoke and Potomac rivers. The probability of interspecific hybridization in the New and Upper Genesee rivers was estimated as 0.16 and 0.34, respectively, but it is likely that some degree of incomplete lineage sorting contributed to these estimates. Probabilities of interspecific hybridization for Cutlip Minnow were 0.62 and 0.65, for the Roanoke and Potomac rivers, respectively, and might reflect ancient hybridization resulting from stream capture events involving these drainages by the Teays River. Management strategies should focus on maintaining the security of the Pittsburgh River lineage in the Upper Great Miami and Upper Allegheny River drainages. Finally, insights into the Tonguetied Minnow's rather convoluted taxonomic history are few, but genetic variation is inconsistent with subspecies status for Tonguetied Minnow in the Upper Great Miami River drainage.","PeriodicalId":10701,"journal":{"name":"Copeia","volume":"108 1","pages":"381 - 391"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46783765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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