Ethanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of leaves of Erythrina indica (EI) were studied for its anthelmintic property against Pheritima Posthuma. The activity was assessed by the determination of time of paralysis and time of death of earth worms. Piperazine citrate (10mg/kg) was included as standard. All the three extracts exhibited good anthelmintic activity.
{"title":"Anthelmintic Activity Of Leaves Of Erythrina Indica Lam","authors":"M. Jesupillai, M. Palanivelu","doi":"10.5580/109c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/109c","url":null,"abstract":"Ethanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of leaves of Erythrina indica (EI) were studied for its anthelmintic property against Pheritima Posthuma. The activity was assessed by the determination of time of paralysis and time of death of earth worms. Piperazine citrate (10mg/kg) was included as standard. All the three extracts exhibited good anthelmintic activity.","PeriodicalId":107168,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125960372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The leaves of Ficus religiosa are used traditionally in the folklore for the treatment of various kinds of wounds. The present study was undertaken to verify the effect of hydro alcoholic extract of Ficus religiosa leaves on experimentally induced wounds in rats in excision wound, incision wound and burn wound models. A formulation of leaves extract was prepared in emulsifying ointment at a concentration of 5% & 10% and applied to the wounds. In the excision wound and the burn wound models the extract showed significant decrease in the period of epithelization and in wound contraction (50%). A significant increase in the breaking strength was observed in the incision wound model when compared to the control. The result suggests that leaf extract of Ficus religiosa (both 5% and 10%) applied topically possess dose dependent wound healing activity.
{"title":"Wound healing activity of the hydro alcoholic extract of Ficus religiosa leaves in rats","authors":"N. Nayeem, R. Rohini, S. M. Asdaq, A. Das","doi":"10.5580/696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/696","url":null,"abstract":"The leaves of Ficus religiosa are used traditionally in the folklore for the treatment of various kinds of wounds. The present study was undertaken to verify the effect of hydro alcoholic extract of Ficus religiosa leaves on experimentally induced wounds in rats in excision wound, incision wound and burn wound models. A formulation of leaves extract was prepared in emulsifying ointment at a concentration of 5% & 10% and applied to the wounds. In the excision wound and the burn wound models the extract showed significant decrease in the period of epithelization and in wound contraction (50%). A significant increase in the breaking strength was observed in the incision wound model when compared to the control. The result suggests that leaf extract of Ficus religiosa (both 5% and 10%) applied topically possess dose dependent wound healing activity.","PeriodicalId":107168,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123472591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Systematic reviews form a potential method for overcoming the barriers faced by clinicians when trying to access and interpret evidence to help in their practice. Clinical trials give the evidence regarding efficacy/safety or otherwise about a treatment model or medication. These studies need to be looked at with a perspective of creating evidence-based healthcare. Meta-analysis is a process of combining study results that can be used to draw conclusions about therapeutic effectiveness or otherwise.The aim of the study is to carry out the meta-analysis of 50 clinical trials for identifying the efficacy and safety of Cystone in urolithiasis. In all, 50 clinical studies done at various centers between 1954 and 2004 have been taken into account, which involved 3037 patients (Cystone: 1837 and others: 1200 of either sex). From each study, the demographic data of patients on entry was tabulated. The duration of treatment has varied from 2 weeks to 2 years and in most of the studies, except in pediatric patients, Cystone was used in the dose of 2 tablets thrice daily. Parameters such as size of renal calculi, clearance of calculi with reference to location of calculi, symptomatic relief and urinary excretion of stone forming constituents were
{"title":"Evaluation of efficacy and safety of a herbal formulation Cystone in the management of urolithiasis: Meta-analysis of 50 clinical studies","authors":"Dilip Karamakar, P. Patki","doi":"10.5580/15ea","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/15ea","url":null,"abstract":"Systematic reviews form a potential method for overcoming the barriers faced by clinicians when trying to access and interpret evidence to help in their practice. Clinical trials give the evidence regarding efficacy/safety or otherwise about a treatment model or medication. These studies need to be looked at with a perspective of creating evidence-based healthcare. Meta-analysis is a process of combining study results that can be used to draw conclusions about therapeutic effectiveness or otherwise.The aim of the study is to carry out the meta-analysis of 50 clinical trials for identifying the efficacy and safety of Cystone in urolithiasis. In all, 50 clinical studies done at various centers between 1954 and 2004 have been taken into account, which involved 3037 patients (Cystone: 1837 and others: 1200 of either sex). From each study, the demographic data of patients on entry was tabulated. The duration of treatment has varied from 2 weeks to 2 years and in most of the studies, except in pediatric patients, Cystone was used in the dose of 2 tablets thrice daily. Parameters such as size of renal calculi, clearance of calculi with reference to location of calculi, symptomatic relief and urinary excretion of stone forming constituents were","PeriodicalId":107168,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126626003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Enicostemma hyssopifolium (EH), Eugenia jumbolana (EJ), Tinospora cordifolia (TC), Gymnema sylvestre (GS), and Trigonella foenum (TF) are traditional antidiabetic medicinal plant used in India. An everted rat gut sac technique was used to investigate the effect of aqueous extracts of these plants on kinetic parameters of D (+) glucose. Everted guts were mounted in a gut sac bath and aqueous extracts were added to the mucosal medium at varying substrate concentrations. Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and maximal velocity (Vmax) were calculated in the presence and absence of drug. It was observed that aqueous extract of EJ, TC, GS and TF significantly reduced Vmax of D (+)-glucose uptake by 40.09, 28.67, 83.67 and 34.5 μM hr -1 respectively, whereas Km remained unaltered suggested a non-competitive type of inhibition was present.
{"title":"A Kinetic Study for In-vitro Intestinal Uptake of Monosaccharide across Rat Everted Gut Sacs In the Presence of Some Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants","authors":"Mayurkumar B. Patel, S. Mishra","doi":"10.5580/1a54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1a54","url":null,"abstract":"Enicostemma hyssopifolium (EH), Eugenia jumbolana (EJ), Tinospora cordifolia (TC), Gymnema sylvestre (GS), and Trigonella foenum (TF) are traditional antidiabetic medicinal plant used in India. An everted rat gut sac technique was used to investigate the effect of aqueous extracts of these plants on kinetic parameters of D (+) glucose. Everted guts were mounted in a gut sac bath and aqueous extracts were added to the mucosal medium at varying substrate concentrations. Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and maximal velocity (Vmax) were calculated in the presence and absence of drug. It was observed that aqueous extract of EJ, TC, GS and TF significantly reduced Vmax of D (+)-glucose uptake by 40.09, 28.67, 83.67 and 34.5 μM hr -1 respectively, whereas Km remained unaltered suggested a non-competitive type of inhibition was present.","PeriodicalId":107168,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115050824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Eluwa, N. B. Idumesaro, Moses B. Ekong, A. O. Akpantah, T. Ekanem
Rauwolfia vomitoria is a natural medicinal herb which has been used over the years for the treatment of hypertension and mental disorders. The effect of aqueous extract of R.vomitoria root bark on the cyto-architecture of the cerebellum and neurobehaviour of adult male Wistar rats was studied. Fifteen adult male Wistar rats weighing between 150g and 170g were used for this study. They were divided into three groups, A, B and C of five rats each. Groups A and B were the experimental groups, while group C was the control. Oral doses of 600mg/kg and 500mg/kg body weight of the extract was administered to the rats in groups A and B respectively for seven days, while the control received distilled water. On the eight day, neurobehaviour test using the 'open field' was carried out and the animals were subsequently sacrificed. There were reductions in body weight in the experimental groups compared to the control. The neurobehaviour test showed reduced locomotion and exploratory activities in the experimental groups compared to the control and, histological result showed distortions of the cerebellar cells and layers of the experimental groups compared to the control. The extract affects the cerebellar cytoarchitecture and neurobehaviour. Thus the use of the drug should be limited to management of a diseased condition.
{"title":"Effect Of Aqueous Extract Of Rauwolfia Vomitoria Root Bark On The Cytoarchitecture Of The Cerebellum And Neurobehaviour Of Adult Male Wistar Rats","authors":"M. Eluwa, N. B. Idumesaro, Moses B. Ekong, A. O. Akpantah, T. Ekanem","doi":"10.5580/45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/45","url":null,"abstract":"Rauwolfia vomitoria is a natural medicinal herb which has been used over the years for the treatment of hypertension and mental disorders. The effect of aqueous extract of R.vomitoria root bark on the cyto-architecture of the cerebellum and neurobehaviour of adult male Wistar rats was studied. Fifteen adult male Wistar rats weighing between 150g and 170g were used for this study. They were divided into three groups, A, B and C of five rats each. Groups A and B were the experimental groups, while group C was the control. Oral doses of 600mg/kg and 500mg/kg body weight of the extract was administered to the rats in groups A and B respectively for seven days, while the control received distilled water. On the eight day, neurobehaviour test using the 'open field' was carried out and the animals were subsequently sacrificed. There were reductions in body weight in the experimental groups compared to the control. The neurobehaviour test showed reduced locomotion and exploratory activities in the experimental groups compared to the control and, histological result showed distortions of the cerebellar cells and layers of the experimental groups compared to the control. The extract affects the cerebellar cytoarchitecture and neurobehaviour. Thus the use of the drug should be limited to management of a diseased condition.","PeriodicalId":107168,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121925873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Tiwari, Amitabh Singh, U. P. Singh, S. Maurya, Mandavi Singh
Legumes represent one of the most important food components to cover the basic proteins and energy requirements for the health of human beings. The secondary metabolites of legumes reveal valuable medicinal properties. Among the secondary metabolites, phenolic acids have greater importance. Analysis of phenolic acids in pea (Pisum sativum) and three varieties of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) seeds and their different preparations consumed commonly in India was done through High Performances Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). In total nine phenolic acids, viz., ferulic, gallic, chlorogenic, O-coumaric, cinnamic, vanillic, caffeic, tannic acids and salicylic acid could be identified on the basis of their retention time with standard compounds and co-chromatography. Several preparations of seeds of both the legumes were made for the analysis of phenolic acids. Maximum amount of gallic and tannic acids was observed in dried mature pea seeds. Maximum caffeic acid was found in boiled mature seeds of pea while ferulic acid in immature pea seed extract in distilled water for 24 h while vanillic acid was found maximum in similar extract. Three varieties of chickpea were taken, viz., Kabuli, Radhey and Avarodhi. In chickpea maximum gallic acid was observed in seeds boiled in distilled water while maximum tannic acid was observed in seeds of Kabuli variety fried with salt. Maximum caffeic acid was observed in Radhey (chickpea) seeds soaked in distilled water for 24 h while ferulic and salicylic acids in dried Radhey seeds (crushed in 80% ethanol) and vanillic acid was found maximum in fried Kabuli variety of chickpea without salt. O-coumaric acid was observed maximum in Avarodhi (chickpea) seeds soaked in distilled water.
{"title":"Chromatographical analysis of Phenolic acids in different preparations of pea (Pisum sativum) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum)","authors":"P. Tiwari, Amitabh Singh, U. P. Singh, S. Maurya, Mandavi Singh","doi":"10.5580/622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/622","url":null,"abstract":"Legumes represent one of the most important food components to cover the basic proteins and energy requirements for the health of human beings. The secondary metabolites of legumes reveal valuable medicinal properties. Among the secondary metabolites, phenolic acids have greater importance. Analysis of phenolic acids in pea (Pisum sativum) and three varieties of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) seeds and their different preparations consumed commonly in India was done through High Performances Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). In total nine phenolic acids, viz., ferulic, gallic, chlorogenic, O-coumaric, cinnamic, vanillic, caffeic, tannic acids and salicylic acid could be identified on the basis of their retention time with standard compounds and co-chromatography. Several preparations of seeds of both the legumes were made for the analysis of phenolic acids. Maximum amount of gallic and tannic acids was observed in dried mature pea seeds. Maximum caffeic acid was found in boiled mature seeds of pea while ferulic acid in immature pea seed extract in distilled water for 24 h while vanillic acid was found maximum in similar extract. Three varieties of chickpea were taken, viz., Kabuli, Radhey and Avarodhi. In chickpea maximum gallic acid was observed in seeds boiled in distilled water while maximum tannic acid was observed in seeds of Kabuli variety fried with salt. Maximum caffeic acid was observed in Radhey (chickpea) seeds soaked in distilled water for 24 h while ferulic and salicylic acids in dried Radhey seeds (crushed in 80% ethanol) and vanillic acid was found maximum in fried Kabuli variety of chickpea without salt. O-coumaric acid was observed maximum in Avarodhi (chickpea) seeds soaked in distilled water.","PeriodicalId":107168,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122077859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Micheal, Olaniyan M. Folaranmi, Oladejo Deborah Ajoke, Azeez Gafar Olatunji, A. Oluwole, Adeleke D. Adewumi
This study investigates the efficacy of ginger (Zingiber officinale), garlic (Allium sativum) and both plants combined in rats infected with Kleibsiella pneumoniae. The rats were treated with the plant extracts after symptoms of pneumonia infection were noticed in all the groups; the treatment lasted for seven consecutive days. The average weight gains in the post-administration were: in garlic, ginger, mixture (males), mixture (females) and control were 27.0g,-36.2g, 6.0g, 38.8g and 78.8g respectively. There was a significant reduction in packed cell volume (PCV) in all the groups except in females injected with mixture compared with the control. Also, garlic treated rats showed a significant decrease in total white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophils but an increase in lymphocytes as against to what was observed in the other groups.All the rats in ginger group died with symptoms of pneumonia before seven days after the administration while two rats died in males treated with mixture. No death was however recorded in the other groups.
{"title":"Effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and garlic (Allium sativum L.) on rats infected with Kleibsiella pneumoniae","authors":"A. Micheal, Olaniyan M. Folaranmi, Oladejo Deborah Ajoke, Azeez Gafar Olatunji, A. Oluwole, Adeleke D. Adewumi","doi":"10.5580/27c2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/27c2","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the efficacy of ginger (Zingiber officinale), garlic (Allium sativum) and both plants combined in rats infected with Kleibsiella pneumoniae. The rats were treated with the plant extracts after symptoms of pneumonia infection were noticed in all the groups; the treatment lasted for seven consecutive days. The average weight gains in the post-administration were: in garlic, ginger, mixture (males), mixture (females) and control were 27.0g,-36.2g, 6.0g, 38.8g and 78.8g respectively. There was a significant reduction in packed cell volume (PCV) in all the groups except in females injected with mixture compared with the control. Also, garlic treated rats showed a significant decrease in total white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophils but an increase in lymphocytes as against to what was observed in the other groups.All the rats in ginger group died with symptoms of pneumonia before seven days after the administration while two rats died in males treated with mixture. No death was however recorded in the other groups.","PeriodicalId":107168,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130331365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Embalming has been of immense importance as a means of preserving the dead in many cultures globally. This has been done for thousands of years for religious and social reasons. The ancient Egypt developed embalming to the greatest extent through the process of mummification. This study involves extensive internet search and review of journalinternet articles. The objective is to access the trends in the development of embalming methods from ancient to the present; and its importance to the Nigerian situation. Embalming techniques evolved from accumulation of centuries of trial and error as well as research and invention. The ancient methods evolved by trial and error. In the renaissance period the embalming techniques became more refined as a result of scientific research and invention in medicine. Modern day embalming got established during the American civil wars following discoveries in medicine. In Nigeria, even though there is paucity of literature on embalming, evidence exists that traditional embalming is still in practice in the rural settings. The essential purpose of embalming is preservation of the body to permit planned burial and prevention of infection.
{"title":"Trends In The Development Of Embalming Methods","authors":"J. Ezugworie, C. Anibeze, F. Ozoemena","doi":"10.5580/29b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/29b","url":null,"abstract":"Embalming has been of immense importance as a means of preserving the dead in many cultures globally. This has been done for thousands of years for religious and social reasons. The ancient Egypt developed embalming to the greatest extent through the process of mummification. This study involves extensive internet search and review of journalinternet articles. The objective is to access the trends in the development of embalming methods from ancient to the present; and its importance to the Nigerian situation. Embalming techniques evolved from accumulation of centuries of trial and error as well as research and invention. The ancient methods evolved by trial and error. In the renaissance period the embalming techniques became more refined as a result of scientific research and invention in medicine. Modern day embalming got established during the American civil wars following discoveries in medicine. In Nigeria, even though there is paucity of literature on embalming, evidence exists that traditional embalming is still in practice in the rural settings. The essential purpose of embalming is preservation of the body to permit planned burial and prevention of infection.","PeriodicalId":107168,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126198735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Traditional embalming or preservation of the dead is always for a reason or reasons. In some cultures these reasons were documented, while in others as in Nigeria there had been no documentation. The objective is to find and document the reasons for traditional embalming amongst Igbos of southeast Nigeria. A descriptive survey was carried out among five thousand two hundred and fifty Igbo elders from five hundred and twenty five communities randomly chosen from five Igbo speaking states of southeast, Nigeria using a checklist form – a descriptive assessment form scale for the oral interviewer.The main reason for Igbo traditional embalming was timing of burial found in one hundred and ninety four (371) communities. In one hundred ten (21%) communities, befitting burial rite was a reason settlement of affairs of the dead featured as a reason in 102 communities (19.5%); while desire to keeping in touch with the dead, in fifty three (10%) communities. In eighteen (3.5%) communities investigation of cause of death was a reason. Cheapness of the traditional method and unavailability of modern embalming method, each was found as a reason in thirteen (2.5%) communities. In eleven (2%) communities, religion was a reason, while in five (1%) communities, sanitation and transportation were reasons for the traditional embalming. Reasons for Igbo traditional embalming are, to a large extent, same with other ancient cultures. The study also found that Igbo’s still practice traditional embalming for its cheapness and availability of modern embalming methods.
{"title":"Critical apprasial of reasons for traditional embalming among igbos in the southeast nigeria","authors":"J. Ezugworie, C. Anibeze, F. Akpuaka","doi":"10.5580/1fea","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1fea","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional embalming or preservation of the dead is always for a reason or reasons. In some cultures these reasons were documented, while in others as in Nigeria there had been no documentation. The objective is to find and document the reasons for traditional embalming amongst Igbos of southeast Nigeria. A descriptive survey was carried out among five thousand two hundred and fifty Igbo elders from five hundred and twenty five communities randomly chosen from five Igbo speaking states of southeast, Nigeria using a checklist form – a descriptive assessment form scale for the oral interviewer.The main reason for Igbo traditional embalming was timing of burial found in one hundred and ninety four (371) communities. In one hundred ten (21%) communities, befitting burial rite was a reason settlement of affairs of the dead featured as a reason in 102 communities (19.5%); while desire to keeping in touch with the dead, in fifty three (10%) communities. In eighteen (3.5%) communities investigation of cause of death was a reason. Cheapness of the traditional method and unavailability of modern embalming method, each was found as a reason in thirteen (2.5%) communities. In eleven (2%) communities, religion was a reason, while in five (1%) communities, sanitation and transportation were reasons for the traditional embalming. Reasons for Igbo traditional embalming are, to a large extent, same with other ancient cultures. The study also found that Igbo’s still practice traditional embalming for its cheapness and availability of modern embalming methods.","PeriodicalId":107168,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134103962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Valproic acid is simple branched chain carboxylic acid used in epilepsy. Valproic acid derivatives like acid chloride and amide were prepared by the reaction of valproic acid with thionyl chloride and ammonia. These acid chloride derivatives were reacted with hydrazine hydrate to give the corresponding hydrazides. These hydrazides were reacted with formaldehyde and different secondary amines to give substituted derivatives. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated on the basis of analytical and spectral data. The compounds synthesized were then screened for anticonvulsant activity. Various studies were conducted on development of various prodrugs and derivatives of valproic acid. The present study showed that all synthesized amide derivatives (RDG1...RDG8) except RDG2 were more active than sodium valproate in chemical induced model as well as MES model. Amongst all the derivatives RDG3 was found to be more effective than even valpromide.
{"title":"Synthesis of Valproic acid derivatives and their evaluation for anticonvulsant activity","authors":"N. Upmanyu, S. Gupta, J. Grover, P. Mishra","doi":"10.5580/a87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/a87","url":null,"abstract":"Valproic acid is simple branched chain carboxylic acid used in epilepsy. Valproic acid derivatives like acid chloride and amide were prepared by the reaction of valproic acid with thionyl chloride and ammonia. These acid chloride derivatives were reacted with hydrazine hydrate to give the corresponding hydrazides. These hydrazides were reacted with formaldehyde and different secondary amines to give substituted derivatives. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated on the basis of analytical and spectral data. The compounds synthesized were then screened for anticonvulsant activity. Various studies were conducted on development of various prodrugs and derivatives of valproic acid. The present study showed that all synthesized amide derivatives (RDG1...RDG8) except RDG2 were more active than sodium valproate in chemical induced model as well as MES model. Amongst all the derivatives RDG3 was found to be more effective than even valpromide.","PeriodicalId":107168,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133712496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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