Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1177/09637214241301300
Nemanja Vaci, Bartosz Gula, Merim Bilalić
Establishing a causal relationship requires not only the presence of a factor of interest but also the demonstration that the relationship is absent when the factor is absent. Such ideal conditions are rare, especially in observational studies in which creating control conditions is inherently difficult. The COVID-19 pandemic, with its unparalleled disruptions, offers a unique opportunity to isolate causal effects and test previously impossible hypotheses. Here, we examine the home advantage (HA) in sports—a phenomenon in which teams generally perform better in front of their home fans—and how the pandemic-induced absence of fans offered a fortunate yet systematic change to typical conditions, serving as a natural experiment. Using a structural equation modeling approach and building a mediation model encompassing all relevant HA factors, we quantified the reduction in HA and elucidated the specific mechanisms behind it. The theory behind HA and the availability of measures for each factor before and during COVID-19 lockdowns enabled us to estimate all postulated pathways within a natural experimental context. The robust statistical framework used in our study offers a foundational model for integrating naturally occurring events that serve as control conditions into the analysis of various real-life phenomena.
{"title":"Covid-19 Pandemic as a Natural Experiment: The Case of Home Advantage in Sports","authors":"Nemanja Vaci, Bartosz Gula, Merim Bilalić","doi":"10.1177/09637214241301300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214241301300","url":null,"abstract":"Establishing a causal relationship requires not only the presence of a factor of interest but also the demonstration that the relationship is absent when the factor is absent. Such ideal conditions are rare, especially in observational studies in which creating control conditions is inherently difficult. The COVID-19 pandemic, with its unparalleled disruptions, offers a unique opportunity to isolate causal effects and test previously impossible hypotheses. Here, we examine the home advantage (HA) in sports—a phenomenon in which teams generally perform better in front of their home fans—and how the pandemic-induced absence of fans offered a fortunate yet systematic change to typical conditions, serving as a natural experiment. Using a structural equation modeling approach and building a mediation model encompassing all relevant HA factors, we quantified the reduction in HA and elucidated the specific mechanisms behind it. The theory behind HA and the availability of measures for each factor before and during COVID-19 lockdowns enabled us to estimate all postulated pathways within a natural experimental context. The robust statistical framework used in our study offers a foundational model for integrating naturally occurring events that serve as control conditions into the analysis of various real-life phenomena.","PeriodicalId":10802,"journal":{"name":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143031309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-21DOI: 10.1177/09637214241301290
Crystal L. Hoyt, Jeni L. Burnette
Beliefs about the changeable or stable nature of human attributes, that is, growth or fixed mindsets, act as fundamental frameworks guiding social perception. These mindsets are closely allied with other important beliefs that can be used to sustain and justify, or to mitigate, prejudicial attitudes. In this article, we review our program of research linking growth mindsets to prejudice. First, we present the double-edged-sword model, which outlines why growth mindsets can have the paradoxical effect of both increasing prejudice through blame and decreasing it by undermining social essentialism, defined as the categorization of individuals based on presumed inherent essences. Second, we present the stigma-reduction model, which outlines when growth mindsets serve to directly decrease prejudice. Third, we highlight the implications of this work for prejudice-reduction efforts, emphasizing the need for interventions that not only challenge personal-level beliefs but also seek to transform broader environments.
{"title":"How Mindsets Can Mitigate or Sustain Prejudice","authors":"Crystal L. Hoyt, Jeni L. Burnette","doi":"10.1177/09637214241301290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214241301290","url":null,"abstract":"Beliefs about the changeable or stable nature of human attributes, that is, growth or fixed mindsets, act as fundamental frameworks guiding social perception. These mindsets are closely allied with other important beliefs that can be used to sustain and justify, or to mitigate, prejudicial attitudes. In this article, we review our program of research linking growth mindsets to prejudice. First, we present the double-edged-sword model, which outlines why growth mindsets can have the paradoxical effect of both increasing prejudice through blame and decreasing it by undermining social essentialism, defined as the categorization of individuals based on presumed inherent essences. Second, we present the stigma-reduction model, which outlines when growth mindsets serve to directly decrease prejudice. Third, we highlight the implications of this work for prejudice-reduction efforts, emphasizing the need for interventions that not only challenge personal-level beliefs but also seek to transform broader environments.","PeriodicalId":10802,"journal":{"name":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142992301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-21DOI: 10.1177/09637214241297987
Patricia J. Bauer
A rich storehouse of semantic or world knowledge is a critical developmental and educational achievement. This article summarizes a research program that elucidates a productive or self-generative means of building this knowledge base, namely, self-derivation of knowledge through the integration of separate yet related episodes of new learning. The article highlights features of the research that lend authenticity to the findings, including focus on an important topic, samples that represent relevant target populations, stimuli that reflect the richness of the phenomenon, and descriptions and explanations of individual variability. The authenticity of the research stands to increase its impact and facilitates application of the results beyond the laboratory.
{"title":"Self-Derivation Through Memory Integration: A Mechanism for Building Semantic Memory","authors":"Patricia J. Bauer","doi":"10.1177/09637214241297987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214241297987","url":null,"abstract":"A rich storehouse of semantic or world knowledge is a critical developmental and educational achievement. This article summarizes a research program that elucidates a productive or self-generative means of building this knowledge base, namely, self-derivation of knowledge through the integration of separate yet related episodes of new learning. The article highlights features of the research that lend authenticity to the findings, including focus on an important topic, samples that represent relevant target populations, stimuli that reflect the richness of the phenomenon, and descriptions and explanations of individual variability. The authenticity of the research stands to increase its impact and facilitates application of the results beyond the laboratory.","PeriodicalId":10802,"journal":{"name":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142992300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-19DOI: 10.1177/09637214241300111
Pooja G. Sidney, Daniel A. Scheibe, Lauren Zahrn, Kaitlyn G. I. Brown, Clarissa A. Thompson
There is a pressing need for feasible, scalable interventions that address children’s and adults’ math anxiety and result in enhanced math learning. In this article, we suggest a pathway toward intervention development. First, we consider what is known about the mechanisms of math anxiety. To treat math anxiety, we must understand both how and why math anxiety interferes with mathematical learning, thinking, and problem-solving. We then review current approaches to ameliorating math anxiety. Finally, we consider pathways of developing more effective and robust interventions for math anxiety across the lifespan. We highlight clinical approaches to math anxiety and advocate for a double-pronged approach to “break the cycle” of math anxiety transmission from adults to children.
{"title":"Developing Effective Interventions for Math Anxiety","authors":"Pooja G. Sidney, Daniel A. Scheibe, Lauren Zahrn, Kaitlyn G. I. Brown, Clarissa A. Thompson","doi":"10.1177/09637214241300111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214241300111","url":null,"abstract":"There is a pressing need for feasible, scalable interventions that address children’s and adults’ math anxiety and result in enhanced math learning. In this article, we suggest a pathway toward intervention development. First, we consider what is known about the mechanisms of math anxiety. To treat math anxiety, we must understand both how and why math anxiety interferes with mathematical learning, thinking, and problem-solving. We then review current approaches to ameliorating math anxiety. Finally, we consider pathways of developing more effective and robust interventions for math anxiety across the lifespan. We highlight clinical approaches to math anxiety and advocate for a double-pronged approach to “break the cycle” of math anxiety transmission from adults to children.","PeriodicalId":10802,"journal":{"name":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-18DOI: 10.1177/09637214241300107
Geoff G. Cole, Gustav Kuhn
During the past 20 years a number of articles have appeared within a field that has become known as the “science of magic.” This subdiscipline of psychology posits that the ancient art of conjuring can be used to develop psychological theories and knowledge, and more than 150 peer-reviewed articles have now been published. In the current article, we critically evaluate what can be considered as the three central tenets of the discipline: that the methods used in magic can be incorporated within experimental research, that magicians have particular insight into human cognition and behavior, and that the deconstruction of magic tricks can uncover novel psychological principles and mechanisms. We also discuss the problem that secrecy in conjuring creates for experimentalists and posit several recommendations that future scientists of magic might want to consider.
{"title":"What Can Conjuring Tell Us About Cognition? The Future of the Science of Magic","authors":"Geoff G. Cole, Gustav Kuhn","doi":"10.1177/09637214241300107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214241300107","url":null,"abstract":"During the past 20 years a number of articles have appeared within a field that has become known as the “science of magic.” This subdiscipline of psychology posits that the ancient art of conjuring can be used to develop psychological theories and knowledge, and more than 150 peer-reviewed articles have now been published. In the current article, we critically evaluate what can be considered as the three central tenets of the discipline: that the methods used in magic can be incorporated within experimental research, that magicians have particular insight into human cognition and behavior, and that the deconstruction of magic tricks can uncover novel psychological principles and mechanisms. We also discuss the problem that secrecy in conjuring creates for experimentalists and posit several recommendations that future scientists of magic might want to consider.","PeriodicalId":10802,"journal":{"name":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142848907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-06DOI: 10.1177/09637214241287171
Daphne Bavelier, C. Shawn Green
A growing body of research documents the positive impact that action video game play has on a range of cognitive skills. Such a result, in which training on one task promotes a broad variety of benefits, is a rarity in the cognitive training domain. Instead, the more typical result is that training on one task promotes benefits on that task alone with only limited transfer to untrained tasks. We have proposed that action video game play promotes broad generalization by first enhancing attentional control abilities. This in turn allows for more information to be accrued as one experiences a new task and thus faster learning of that new task. Possible theoretical and practical considerations of such a view are discussed.
{"title":"Learning and Transfer: A Perspective From Action Video Game Play","authors":"Daphne Bavelier, C. Shawn Green","doi":"10.1177/09637214241287171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214241287171","url":null,"abstract":"A growing body of research documents the positive impact that action video game play has on a range of cognitive skills. Such a result, in which training on one task promotes a broad variety of benefits, is a rarity in the cognitive training domain. Instead, the more typical result is that training on one task promotes benefits on that task alone with only limited transfer to untrained tasks. We have proposed that action video game play promotes broad generalization by first enhancing attentional control abilities. This in turn allows for more information to be accrued as one experiences a new task and thus faster learning of that new task. Possible theoretical and practical considerations of such a view are discussed.","PeriodicalId":10802,"journal":{"name":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142789881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-06DOI: 10.1177/09637214241286861
James M. Gold, Steven J. Luck
People with schizophrenia suffer from hallucinations and delusions as well as from significant cognitive impairments. Working memory is a critical resource for many complex cognitive operations and is a critical area of impairment in schizophrenia. Here we present our hyperfocusing hypothesis, which suggests that an overly narrow and intense focusing of attention may underlie the working memory deficits seen in schizophrenia. The hyperfocusing hypothesis also provides an account of some areas of surprisingly intact cognitive performance also seen in people with schizophrenia.
{"title":"Abnormalities in Attention and Working Memory in Schizophrenia: The Hyperfocusing Hypothesis","authors":"James M. Gold, Steven J. Luck","doi":"10.1177/09637214241286861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214241286861","url":null,"abstract":"People with schizophrenia suffer from hallucinations and delusions as well as from significant cognitive impairments. Working memory is a critical resource for many complex cognitive operations and is a critical area of impairment in schizophrenia. Here we present our hyperfocusing hypothesis, which suggests that an overly narrow and intense focusing of attention may underlie the working memory deficits seen in schizophrenia. The hyperfocusing hypothesis also provides an account of some areas of surprisingly intact cognitive performance also seen in people with schizophrenia.","PeriodicalId":10802,"journal":{"name":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142789880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-04DOI: 10.1177/09637214241297667
Pim Cuijpers
The prevention of depressive disorders may be an important way to reduce the disease burden. All three types of prevention (universal, selective, and indicated) have potential but also have important limitations. Increasing evidence suggests that universal prevention, aimed at a population, may have no impact on the incidence of depression. Selective prevention, aimed at high-risk groups, is probably effective but may be mostly helpful for those who already have problems. Indicated prevention, aimed at people with depressive symptoms but no disorder, is also probably effective, but uptake is very low. Innovation in the field is very much needed, including well-powered and longitudinal trials aimed at important determinants, such as poor parenting, interparental conflict, and family instability, but also inequalities, social status, and migration.
{"title":"Preventing the Onset of Depressive Disorders: State of the Art and Future Directions","authors":"Pim Cuijpers","doi":"10.1177/09637214241297667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214241297667","url":null,"abstract":"The prevention of depressive disorders may be an important way to reduce the disease burden. All three types of prevention (universal, selective, and indicated) have potential but also have important limitations. Increasing evidence suggests that universal prevention, aimed at a population, may have no impact on the incidence of depression. Selective prevention, aimed at high-risk groups, is probably effective but may be mostly helpful for those who already have problems. Indicated prevention, aimed at people with depressive symptoms but no disorder, is also probably effective, but uptake is very low. Innovation in the field is very much needed, including well-powered and longitudinal trials aimed at important determinants, such as poor parenting, interparental conflict, and family instability, but also inequalities, social status, and migration.","PeriodicalId":10802,"journal":{"name":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-24DOI: 10.1177/09637214241283182
Seanna Leath, Lauren Mims, Sheretta Butler-Barnes
Anti-blackness remains endemic to the U.S. social order. As such, scholars have used theories of anti-blackness to contextualize the harm and violence that many Black youth experience in school settings. In the current article, we discuss the psychological framework of radical healing for communities of color and the Community Healing and Resistance Through Storytelling framework to highlight how schools and educational systems can be reenvisioned to support Black students’ identities, well-being, and humanity. We review how the underlying psychological principles across these healing frameworks (i.e., critical consciousness, cultural authenticity and self-knowledge, collective memory, justice, community resistance, and radical hope) can be leveraged to promote positive academic, social, and psychological outcomes among Black youth. More broadly, we discuss how these principles can be used to center the humanity and brilliance of Black children and address the structurally embedded anti-blackness in education.
{"title":"Addressing Anti-Blackness in Education Through Psychological Approaches to Racial and Radical Healing","authors":"Seanna Leath, Lauren Mims, Sheretta Butler-Barnes","doi":"10.1177/09637214241283182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214241283182","url":null,"abstract":"Anti-blackness remains endemic to the U.S. social order. As such, scholars have used theories of anti-blackness to contextualize the harm and violence that many Black youth experience in school settings. In the current article, we discuss the psychological framework of radical healing for communities of color and the Community Healing and Resistance Through Storytelling framework to highlight how schools and educational systems can be reenvisioned to support Black students’ identities, well-being, and humanity. We review how the underlying psychological principles across these healing frameworks (i.e., critical consciousness, cultural authenticity and self-knowledge, collective memory, justice, community resistance, and radical hope) can be leveraged to promote positive academic, social, and psychological outcomes among Black youth. More broadly, we discuss how these principles can be used to center the humanity and brilliance of Black children and address the structurally embedded anti-blackness in education.","PeriodicalId":10802,"journal":{"name":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","volume":"255 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142694113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-19DOI: 10.1177/09637214241280907
Bertram Gawronski, Lea S. Nahon, Nyx L. Ng
Recent years have seen a surge in research on why people fall for misinformation and what can be done about it. Drawing on a framework that conceptualizes truth judgments of true and false information as a signal-detection problem, the current article identifies three inaccurate assumptions in the public and scientific discourse about misinformation: (1) People are bad at discerning true from false information, (2) partisan bias is not a driving force in judgments of misinformation, and (3) gullibility to false information is the main factor underlying inaccurate beliefs. Counter to these assumptions, we argue that (1) people are quite good at discerning true from false information, (2) partisan bias in responses to true and false information is pervasive and strong, and (3) skepticism against belief-incongruent true information is much more pronounced than gullibility to belief-congruent false information. These conclusions have significant implications for person-centered misinformation interventions to tackle inaccurate beliefs.
{"title":"Debunking Three Myths About Misinformation","authors":"Bertram Gawronski, Lea S. Nahon, Nyx L. Ng","doi":"10.1177/09637214241280907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214241280907","url":null,"abstract":"Recent years have seen a surge in research on why people fall for misinformation and what can be done about it. Drawing on a framework that conceptualizes truth judgments of true and false information as a signal-detection problem, the current article identifies three inaccurate assumptions in the public and scientific discourse about misinformation: (1) People are bad at discerning true from false information, (2) partisan bias is not a driving force in judgments of misinformation, and (3) gullibility to false information is the main factor underlying inaccurate beliefs. Counter to these assumptions, we argue that (1) people are quite good at discerning true from false information, (2) partisan bias in responses to true and false information is pervasive and strong, and (3) skepticism against belief-incongruent true information is much more pronounced than gullibility to belief-congruent false information. These conclusions have significant implications for person-centered misinformation interventions to tackle inaccurate beliefs.","PeriodicalId":10802,"journal":{"name":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142673912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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