Pub Date : 2025-12-06DOI: 10.1177/09637214251395678
Dedre Gentner, Kenneth Forbus
This article describes the structure-mapping engine (SME) and its relation to psychological theory and research. SME was created in 1986 as a simulation of structure-mapping theory (SMT) and is still in use, both on its own and as part of larger scale simulations such as CogSketch and Companion that capture analogy’s roles in other cognitive processing. Over the 4 decades since artificial intelligence (AI) first appeared, there has been continual interaction between AI research and human research. We begin by briefly reviewing SMT and the basic construction of SME. After comparing SME with other simulations, we then describe some specific contributions of SME to our understanding of human analogical processing. We close by proposing that these psychological models can become a new technology for AI.
{"title":"The Structure-Mapping Engine: A Multidecade Interaction Between Psychology and Artificial Intelligence","authors":"Dedre Gentner, Kenneth Forbus","doi":"10.1177/09637214251395678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214251395678","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes the structure-mapping engine (SME) and its relation to psychological theory and research. SME was created in 1986 as a simulation of structure-mapping theory (SMT) and is still in use, both on its own and as part of larger scale simulations such as CogSketch and Companion that capture analogy’s roles in other cognitive processing. Over the 4 decades since artificial intelligence (AI) first appeared, there has been continual interaction between AI research and human research. We begin by briefly reviewing SMT and the basic construction of SME. After comparing SME with other simulations, we then describe some specific contributions of SME to our understanding of human analogical processing. We close by proposing that these psychological models can become a new technology for AI.","PeriodicalId":10802,"journal":{"name":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1177/09637214251392861
C. Daryl Cameron, Alan R. Wagner, Martina Orlandi, Eliana Hadjiandreou, India G. Oates, Stephen Anderson
Several years ago, the world was stunned when the cute robot HitchBOT was destroyed. Does empathy for robots—sharing experiences and feeling compassion—make sense for humans? How do people empathize with robots, and what are the ethical and practical implications of doing so? How do people react when robots seem to be empathizing with them? In this review, we detail empirical work on empathy for robots, discuss the ethics of extending empathy toward robots, and consider how to engineer robots that elicit empathy. We then review empirical work on empathy received from robots to explore psychological, philosophical, and engineering implications. In our final section, we suggest how interactions with robots might cultivate human empathy. Can interactions with a robot build human empathy and help it to become more resilient and reliable?
{"title":"Empathy for and From Embodied Robots: An Interdisciplinary Review","authors":"C. Daryl Cameron, Alan R. Wagner, Martina Orlandi, Eliana Hadjiandreou, India G. Oates, Stephen Anderson","doi":"10.1177/09637214251392861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214251392861","url":null,"abstract":"Several years ago, the world was stunned when the cute robot HitchBOT was destroyed. Does empathy for robots—sharing experiences and feeling compassion—make sense for humans? How do people empathize with robots, and what are the ethical and practical implications of doing so? How do people react when robots seem to be empathizing <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">with</jats:italic> them? In this review, we detail empirical work on empathy for robots, discuss the ethics of extending empathy toward robots, and consider how to engineer robots that elicit empathy. We then review empirical work on empathy received <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">from</jats:italic> robots to explore psychological, philosophical, and engineering implications. In our final section, we suggest how interactions with robots might cultivate human empathy. Can interactions with a robot build human empathy and help it to become more resilient and reliable?","PeriodicalId":10802,"journal":{"name":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145673618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1177/09637214251391158
Mark Steyvers, Megan A. K. Peters
Metacognition—the capacity to monitor and evaluate one’s own knowledge and performance—is foundational to human decision-making, learning, and communication. As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly embedded in both high-stakes and widespread low-stakes contexts, it is important to assess whether, how, and to what extent they exhibit metacognitive abilities. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of LLMs’ metacognitive capacities, how they might be studied, and how they relate to our knowledge of metacognition in humans. We show that although humans and LLMs can sometimes appear quite aligned in their metacognitive capacities and behaviors, it is clear many differences remain; attending to these differences is important for enhancing the collaboration between humans and artificial intelligence. Last, we discuss how endowing future LLMs with more sensitive and more calibrated metacognition may also help them develop new capacities such as more efficient learning, self-direction, and curiosity.
{"title":"Metacognition and Uncertainty Communication in Humans and Large Language Models","authors":"Mark Steyvers, Megan A. K. Peters","doi":"10.1177/09637214251391158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214251391158","url":null,"abstract":"Metacognition—the capacity to monitor and evaluate one’s own knowledge and performance—is foundational to human decision-making, learning, and communication. As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly embedded in both high-stakes and widespread low-stakes contexts, it is important to assess whether, how, and to what extent they exhibit metacognitive abilities. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of LLMs’ metacognitive capacities, how they might be studied, and how they relate to our knowledge of metacognition in humans. We show that although humans and LLMs can sometimes appear quite aligned in their metacognitive capacities and behaviors, it is clear many differences remain; attending to these differences is important for enhancing the collaboration between humans and artificial intelligence. Last, we discuss how endowing future LLMs with more sensitive and more calibrated metacognition may also help them develop new capacities such as more efficient learning, self-direction, and curiosity.","PeriodicalId":10802,"journal":{"name":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145545726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-08DOI: 10.1177/09637214251386047
Zac E. Imel, Torrey Creed, Brent Kious, Tim Althoff, Dana Atzil-Slonim, Vivek Srikumar
Psychotherapy is a conversational intervention that has relied on humans to manage its implementation. Improvements in conversational artificial intelligence (AI) have accompanied speculation on how technologies might automate components of psychotherapy, most often the replacement of human therapists. However, there is a spectrum of opportunities for human collaboration with autonomous systems in psychotherapy, including evaluation, documentation, training, and assistance. Clarity about what is being automated is necessary to understand the affordances and limitations of specific technologies. In this article we present a framework for categories of autonomous systems in psychotherapy as a guidepost for empirical and ethical inquiry. Categories include scripted or rule-based conversations; collaborative systems in which humans are evaluated by, supervise, or are assisted by AI; and agents that generate interventions. These categories highlight considerations for key stakeholders as psychotherapy moves from unmediated human-to-human conversation to various forms of automation.
{"title":"A Framework for Automation in Psychotherapy","authors":"Zac E. Imel, Torrey Creed, Brent Kious, Tim Althoff, Dana Atzil-Slonim, Vivek Srikumar","doi":"10.1177/09637214251386047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214251386047","url":null,"abstract":"Psychotherapy is a conversational intervention that has relied on humans to manage its implementation. Improvements in conversational artificial intelligence (AI) have accompanied speculation on how technologies might automate components of psychotherapy, most often the replacement of human therapists. However, there is a spectrum of opportunities for human collaboration with autonomous systems in psychotherapy, including evaluation, documentation, training, and assistance. Clarity about what is being automated is necessary to understand the affordances and limitations of specific technologies. In this article we present a framework for categories of autonomous systems in psychotherapy as a guidepost for empirical and ethical inquiry. Categories include scripted or rule-based conversations; collaborative systems in which humans are evaluated by, supervise, or are assisted by AI; and agents that generate interventions. These categories highlight considerations for key stakeholders as psychotherapy moves from unmediated human-to-human conversation to various forms of automation.","PeriodicalId":10802,"journal":{"name":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145472994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-25DOI: 10.1177/09637214251381193
Catherine A. Hartley, Susan L. Benear, Aaron S. Heller
Across myriad real-world contexts, people encounter the challenge of learning to take actions that bring about desirable outcomes. The theoretical framework of reinforcement learning proposes formal algorithms through which agents learn from experience to make rewarding choices. These formal models capture many aspects of reward-guided human behavior in controlled laboratory contexts. Here, we suggest that the algorithms and the constructs (i.e., states, actions, and rewards) formalized within reinforcement-learning theory can be operationally defined and extended to additionally account for learning in complex natural environments. We discuss several recent examples of empirical studies that provide evidence of signatures of reinforcement learning across diverse human behaviors in everyday environments.
{"title":"Signatures of Reinforcement Learning in Natural Behavior","authors":"Catherine A. Hartley, Susan L. Benear, Aaron S. Heller","doi":"10.1177/09637214251381193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214251381193","url":null,"abstract":"Across myriad real-world contexts, people encounter the challenge of learning to take actions that bring about desirable outcomes. The theoretical framework of reinforcement learning proposes formal algorithms through which agents learn from experience to make rewarding choices. These formal models capture many aspects of reward-guided human behavior in controlled laboratory contexts. Here, we suggest that the algorithms and the constructs (i.e., states, actions, and rewards) formalized within reinforcement-learning theory can be operationally defined and extended to additionally account for learning in complex natural environments. We discuss several recent examples of empirical studies that provide evidence of signatures of reinforcement learning across diverse human behaviors in everyday environments.","PeriodicalId":10802,"journal":{"name":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145397493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-22DOI: 10.1177/09637214251380214
Christopher P. Fagundes, E. Lydia Wu-Chung, Cobi J. Heijnen
The biopsychosocial model (BPSM) has guided psychological science for decades by emphasizing the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors in health. Despite its influence, the model has been critiqued for lacking mechanistic specificity, particularly in clarifying how psychosocial factors translate into cellular and molecular processes. Mitochondria, once viewed mainly as energy producers, are now understood to shape immune signaling, stress responses, and neural functioning. Emerging evidence shows that mitochondrial processes are sensitive to psychosocial influences such as chronic stress, trauma, and social connection, with downstream effects on inflammation and disease risk. We highlight findings that support these links while noting areas in which evidence remains preliminary, including possible feedback from mitochondrial changes to psychosocial processes. We also review interventions such as physical activity, mindfulness, and social support that may enhance mitochondrial function. This article positions mitochondria as one promising biological bridge between mind and body, offering a testable extension of the BPSM and identifying opportunities for psychologists to advance this emerging field.
{"title":"Psychological Science at the Cellular Level: Mitochondria’s Role in Health and Behavior","authors":"Christopher P. Fagundes, E. Lydia Wu-Chung, Cobi J. Heijnen","doi":"10.1177/09637214251380214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214251380214","url":null,"abstract":"The biopsychosocial model (BPSM) has guided psychological science for decades by emphasizing the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors in health. Despite its influence, the model has been critiqued for lacking mechanistic specificity, particularly in clarifying how psychosocial factors translate into cellular and molecular processes. Mitochondria, once viewed mainly as energy producers, are now understood to shape immune signaling, stress responses, and neural functioning. Emerging evidence shows that mitochondrial processes are sensitive to psychosocial influences such as chronic stress, trauma, and social connection, with downstream effects on inflammation and disease risk. We highlight findings that support these links while noting areas in which evidence remains preliminary, including possible feedback from mitochondrial changes to psychosocial processes. We also review interventions such as physical activity, mindfulness, and social support that may enhance mitochondrial function. This article positions mitochondria as one promising biological bridge between mind and body, offering a testable extension of the BPSM and identifying opportunities for psychologists to advance this emerging field.","PeriodicalId":10802,"journal":{"name":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145397913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-22DOI: 10.1177/09637214251382083
Dirk U. Wulff, Rui Mata
Psychology has long struggled with conceptual redundancy, particularly in the form of “jingle-jangle fallacies,” in which different constructs share the same label or the same construct is described using different terms. This lack of conceptual clarity has hindered cumulative knowledge and comparability across studies and subfields. We propose that large language models can help address this issue by placing constructs into a shared semantic space, enabling the systematic mapping of conceptual overlap and clarification of taxonomies and generating clearer construct definitions. Although automation plays a crucial role, we argue that meaningful progress requires a coordinated, community-wide effort, combining computational advances with expert deliberation. Our approach provides a pathway toward greater conceptual clarity in psychology, fostering a more unified and rigorous framework for the discipline.
{"title":"Escaping the Jingle-Jangle Jungle: Increasing Conceptual Clarity in Psychology Using Large Language Models","authors":"Dirk U. Wulff, Rui Mata","doi":"10.1177/09637214251382083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214251382083","url":null,"abstract":"Psychology has long struggled with conceptual redundancy, particularly in the form of “jingle-jangle fallacies,” in which different constructs share the same label or the same construct is described using different terms. This lack of conceptual clarity has hindered cumulative knowledge and comparability across studies and subfields. We propose that large language models can help address this issue by placing constructs into a shared semantic space, enabling the systematic mapping of conceptual overlap and clarification of taxonomies and generating clearer construct definitions. Although automation plays a crucial role, we argue that meaningful progress requires a coordinated, community-wide effort, combining computational advances with expert deliberation. Our approach provides a pathway toward greater conceptual clarity in psychology, fostering a more unified and rigorous framework for the discipline.","PeriodicalId":10802,"journal":{"name":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145397912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-22DOI: 10.1177/09637214251382089
Ying-yi Hong, Letitia Lee, Andrea Soledad Matos
Globalization has brought unprecedented opportunities for individuals to be exposed to or interact with elements or people from different cultures. Recent research has examined how multicultural experiences could impact human psychology. Borrowing from this literature, this article discusses some key ways in which people adapt and respond to multicultural exposure through the acquisition and application of cultural knowledge (the multicultural mind) and development of cultural identities (the multicultural self). Multicultural exposure allows individuals to acquire and gain fluency in multiple cultural knowledge systems, enhancing cognitive flexibility and creativity and reducing prejudice. At the same time, as individuals amass multicultural experiences, they need to negotiate their multiple identities, forming different representations of them. Although individuals may display exclusionary responses when perceiving a threat toward their culture, a secure attachment to their culture can act as a safe haven that mitigates such threat. We discuss collectivization of multicultural experiences as a future research direction.
{"title":"Multicultural Experiences: Impacts on the Mind and Self","authors":"Ying-yi Hong, Letitia Lee, Andrea Soledad Matos","doi":"10.1177/09637214251382089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214251382089","url":null,"abstract":"Globalization has brought unprecedented opportunities for individuals to be exposed to or interact with elements or people from different cultures. Recent research has examined how multicultural experiences could impact human psychology. Borrowing from this literature, this article discusses some key ways in which people adapt and respond to multicultural exposure through the acquisition and application of cultural knowledge (the multicultural mind) and development of cultural identities (the multicultural self). Multicultural exposure allows individuals to acquire and gain fluency in multiple cultural knowledge systems, enhancing cognitive flexibility and creativity and reducing prejudice. At the same time, as individuals amass multicultural experiences, they need to negotiate their multiple identities, forming different representations of them. Although individuals may display exclusionary responses when perceiving a threat toward their culture, a secure attachment to their culture can act as a safe haven that mitigates such threat. We discuss collectivization of multicultural experiences as a future research direction.","PeriodicalId":10802,"journal":{"name":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145397915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-06DOI: 10.1177/09637214251360738
June Gruber, Cassondra Lyman, Chloe Plaisance, Jonathan Rottenberg
Conventional research on people with psychological disorders is negatively focused, concentrating on what is aberrant and harmful about psychopathology. Characterizing patterns of emotional and behavioral disturbances has helped illuminate the origins of psychopathology and led to useful treatments. Yet we argue that the conventional approach to psychopathology is factually incomplete and may also inadvertently perpetuate the deeply entrenched stigma surrounding mental disorders. In this article, we make the case for considering the positive experiences of people with psychopathology—silver linings—and integrating them into psychopathology research. In our research agenda for studying silver linings in psychopathology (SLIP), we acknowledge that psychopathology may afford individuals both sources of difficulty and opportunities for positive transformation. We illustrate SLIP in cognitive, social, and resilience domains. We close by considering implications for future research promoting a more balanced conceptualization of psychological disorders and mental well-being.
{"title":"Silver Linings in Psychological Disorders: An Agenda for Research and Social Change","authors":"June Gruber, Cassondra Lyman, Chloe Plaisance, Jonathan Rottenberg","doi":"10.1177/09637214251360738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214251360738","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional research on people with psychological disorders is negatively focused, concentrating on what is aberrant and harmful about psychopathology. Characterizing patterns of emotional and behavioral disturbances has helped illuminate the origins of psychopathology and led to useful treatments. Yet we argue that the conventional approach to psychopathology is factually incomplete and may also inadvertently perpetuate the deeply entrenched stigma surrounding mental disorders. In this article, we make the case for considering the positive experiences of people with psychopathology—silver linings—and integrating them into psychopathology research. In our research agenda for studying silver linings in psychopathology (SLIP), we acknowledge that psychopathology may afford individuals both sources of difficulty and opportunities for positive transformation. We illustrate SLIP in cognitive, social, and resilience domains. We close by considering implications for future research promoting a more balanced conceptualization of psychological disorders and mental well-being.","PeriodicalId":10802,"journal":{"name":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145009029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-04DOI: 10.1177/09637214251369722
Lauren B. Alloy, Robin Nusslock
Adolescence is an “age of risk” for the emergence of depression. Despite its prevalence and public-health significance, there are major unanswered questions regarding the mechanisms contributing to depression’s etiology and surge in adolescence. Separate lines of research have investigated the roles of inflammation and low reward responsiveness in depression, and recent evidence suggests bidirectional associations between inflammation and reward responsiveness. In this article, we review this evidence, present an integrated immuno-reward model of adolescent depression (specifically, motivational and somatic symptoms of depression), and discuss the role of stress and early adversity in amplifying immune-reward interactions. We end with implications of the immuno-reward model for future research, early identification of at-risk adolescents, intervention, and public-health policy.
{"title":"An Integrated Immuno-Reward Model of Adolescent Depression: Theory, Evidence, and Implications","authors":"Lauren B. Alloy, Robin Nusslock","doi":"10.1177/09637214251369722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214251369722","url":null,"abstract":"Adolescence is an “age of risk” for the emergence of depression. Despite its prevalence and public-health significance, there are major unanswered questions regarding the mechanisms contributing to depression’s etiology and surge in adolescence. Separate lines of research have investigated the roles of inflammation and low reward responsiveness in depression, and recent evidence suggests bidirectional associations between inflammation and reward responsiveness. In this article, we review this evidence, present an integrated immuno-reward model of adolescent depression (specifically, motivational and somatic symptoms of depression), and discuss the role of stress and early adversity in amplifying immune-reward interactions. We end with implications of the immuno-reward model for future research, early identification of at-risk adolescents, intervention, and public-health policy.","PeriodicalId":10802,"journal":{"name":"Current Directions in Psychological Science","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144995361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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