Current Directions in Psychological Science最新文献

英文中文

Cognitive Control in Schizophrenia: Advances in Computational Approaches 精神分裂症的认知控制:计算方法的进展

1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Current Directions in Psychological Science

Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.1177/09637214231205220

Deanna M. Barch, Adam J. Culbreth, Julia M. Sheffield

Psychiatric research is undergoing significant advances in an emerging subspeciality of computational psychiatry, building on cognitive neuroscience research by expanding to neurocomputational modeling. Here, we illustrate some research trends in this domain using work on proactive cognitive control deficits in schizophrenia as an example. We provide a selective review of formal modeling approaches to understanding cognitive control deficits in psychopathology, focusing primarily on biologically plausible connectionist-level models as well as mathematical models that generate parameter estimates of putatively dissociable psychological or neural processes. We illustrate some of the advantages of these models in terms of understanding both cognitive control deficits in schizophrenia and the potential roles of effort and motivation. Further, we highlight critical future directions for this work, including a focus on establishing psychometric properties, additional work modeling psychotic symptoms and their interaction with cognitive control, and the need to expand both behavioral and neural modeling to samples that include individuals with different mental health conditions, allowing for the examination of dissociable neural or psychological substrates for seemingly similar cognitive impairments across disorders.

在认知神经科学研究的基础上，通过扩展到神经计算模型，精神病学研究正在经历一个新兴的计算精神病学亚专业的重大进展。在这里，我们以精神分裂症的主动认知控制缺陷为例，说明了这一领域的一些研究趋势。我们对理解精神病理学中认知控制缺陷的形式化建模方法进行了选择性回顾，主要关注生物学上可信的连接主义者水平模型以及产生假定可分离的心理或神经过程参数估计的数学模型。我们举例说明了这些模型在理解精神分裂症的认知控制缺陷以及努力和动机的潜在作用方面的一些优势。此外，我们强调了这项工作的关键未来方向，包括专注于建立心理测量特性，额外的工作建模精神病症状及其与认知控制的相互作用，以及需要将行为和神经建模扩展到包括具有不同心理健康状况的个体的样本，从而允许检查看似相似的认知障碍的可分离神经或心理基础。

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引用次数: 0

Social Anxiety From the Perspective of Affiliation and Status Systems: Intrapersonal Representations and the Dynamics of Interpersonal Interaction 从属与地位系统视角下的社交焦虑:人际表征与人际互动动态

1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Current Directions in Psychological Science

Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.1177/09637214231202488

Eva Gilboa-Schechtman, Jonathan D. Huppert, Rivkah Ginat-Frolich

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a highly prevalent and disabling disorder characterized by intrapersonal (self-related) and interpersonal (interaction-related) difficulties. We use the biobehavioral systems of affiliation and status as linchpins connecting intrapersonal and interpersonal bodies of knowledge to frame such difficulties. We suggest that the mismatch in self- and other perceptions contributes to misalignments in interaction patterns, such as reduced alignment (similarity-based complementarity or reciprocity) in affiliative contexts and enhanced alignment (contrastive complementarity) in status-related contexts. Such misaligned interaction patterns affect, in turn, self- and other perceptions of the interacting partners. In SAD, biased intrapersonal constructs and processes contribute to misaligned interpersonal dynamics, which in turn impact intrapersonal constructs, creating a vicious cycle. Future research should seek to combine individual-level and interaction-level data in affiliative and status-based contexts to enhance the understanding and treatment of SAD.

社交焦虑障碍(Social anxiety disorder, SAD)是一种非常普遍和致残的障碍，其特征是人际(自我相关)和人际(互动相关)困难。我们使用隶属关系和地位的生物行为系统作为连接人际和人际知识体的关键来构建这些困难。我们认为，自我认知和其他认知的不匹配导致了互动模式的错位，例如在从属环境中降低了一致性(基于相似性的互补性或互惠性)，而在与地位相关的环境中增强了一致性(对比互补性)。这种错位的互动模式反过来又影响了互动伙伴的自我和其他感知。在SAD中，有偏见的人际关系构念和过程导致人际动态失调，而人际动态失调反过来又影响人际关系构念，形成恶性循环。未来的研究应寻求结合个体水平和相互作用水平的数据在从属和地位为基础的背景下，以加强对SAD的理解和治疗。

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引用次数: 0

Dehumanization: Beyond the Intergroup to the Interpersonal 非人化:从群体间到人际关系

1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Current Directions in Psychological Science

Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.1177/09637214231204196

Gery C. Karantzas, Jeffry A. Simpson, Nick Haslam

Over the past two decades, there has been a significant shift in how dehumanization is conceptualized and studied. This shift has broadened the construct from the blatant denial of humanness to groups to include more subtle dehumanization within people’s interpersonal relationships. In this article, we focus on conceptual and empirical advances in the study of dehumanization in interpersonal relationships, with a particular focus on dehumanizing behaviors. In the first section, we describe the concept of interpersonal dehumanization. In the second section, we review social cognitive and behavioral research into interpersonal dehumanization. Within this section, we place special emphasis on the conceptualization and measurement of dehumanizing behaviors. We then propose a conceptual model of interpersonal dehumanization to guide future research. While doing so, we provide a novel review and integration of cutting-edge research on interpersonal dehumanization.

在过去的二十年里，在如何概念化和研究非人性化方面发生了重大转变。这种转变扩大了对人性的建构，从公然否认人性到群体，在人们的人际关系中包括更微妙的非人化。在这篇文章中，我们重点介绍了人际关系中非人化研究的概念和实证进展，特别关注非人化行为。在第一部分中，我们描述了人际非人化的概念。在第二部分中，我们回顾了人际非人化的社会认知和行为研究。在本节中，我们特别强调非人性化行为的概念化和测量。然后，我们提出了一个人际非人化的概念模型，以指导未来的研究。在此过程中，我们对人际非人性化的前沿研究进行了全新的回顾和整合。

引用次数: 0

Privacy Preferences and the Drive to Disclose 隐私偏好和披露的驱动力

1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Current Directions in Psychological Science

Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.1177/09637214231196097

Erin Carbone, George Loewenstein

The literature on privacy-related behaviors and preferences often frames disclosure as strategic—the result of a weighing of costs and benefits and a pursuit of instrumental benefits rather than as a goal in and of itself. In the present article, we summarize evidence supporting the view that disclosure can exhibit drive-like qualities and that this “drive to disclose” can, at times, overwhelm the motive to maintain privacy. We discuss implications of this perspective, highlighting ways in which recognizing the existence of a drive to disclose can inform privacy research and policy making.

关于隐私相关行为和偏好的文献通常将披露作为一种战略——权衡成本和收益的结果，以及对工具收益的追求，而不是将其本身作为一个目标。在本文中，我们总结了一些证据来支持这样一种观点，即披露可以表现出类似动机的特性，这种“披露的动机”有时会压倒维护隐私的动机。我们讨论了这一观点的含义，强调了认识到披露驱动的存在可以为隐私研究和政策制定提供信息的方式。

引用次数: 0

Romania’s Abandoned Children: The Effects of Early Profound Psychosocial Deprivation on the Course of Human Development 罗马尼亚的被遗弃儿童:早期深刻的社会心理剥夺对人类发展进程的影响

1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Current Directions in Psychological Science

Pub Date : 2023-10-27 DOI: 10.1177/09637214231201079

Charles A. Nelson, Nathan A. Fox, Charles H. Zeanah

Understanding the impact that early psychosocial neglect has on the course of human development has implications for the millions of children around the world who are living in contexts of adversity. In the United States, approximately 76% of cases reported to child protective services involve neglect; worldwide, there are more than 150 million orphaned or abandoned children, including 10.5 million orphaned because of COVID-19. In much of the world, children without primary caregivers are reared in institutional settings. We review two decades of research based on the only randomized controlled trial of foster care as an alternative to institutional care. We report that children randomly assigned to continued care as usual (institutional care) suffer from persistent deficits in social, cognitive, and emotional development and show evidence of disruptions in brain development. By contrast, children randomly assigned to foster care show improvements in most domains of functioning, although the degree of recovery is in part a function of how old they were when placed into foster care and the stability of that placement. These findings have important implications for understanding critical periods in human development as well as elucidate the power of the psychosocial environment in shaping multiple domains of human development.

了解早期社会心理忽视对人类发展进程的影响，对全世界数百万生活在逆境中的儿童具有重要意义。在美国，向儿童保护服务机构报告的案件中约有76%涉及忽视;全世界有1.5亿多孤儿或被遗弃儿童，其中1050万儿童因COVID-19而成为孤儿。在世界许多地方，没有主要照料者的儿童是在机构环境中长大的。我们回顾了二十年来的研究，基于唯一的随机对照试验，寄养作为机构护理的替代方案。我们报告随机分配到继续照护(机构照护)的儿童在社会、认知和情感发展方面持续存在缺陷，并显示出大脑发育中断的证据。相比之下，被随机分配到寄养家庭的儿童在大多数功能领域都有所改善，尽管恢复的程度部分取决于他们被安置在寄养家庭时的年龄和安置的稳定性。这些发现对于理解人类发展的关键时期以及阐明社会心理环境在塑造人类发展的多个领域中的力量具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

When It Pays to Be Insincere: On the Benefits of Verbal Irony 当不真诚是值得的:论言语讽刺的好处

1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Current Directions in Psychological Science

Pub Date : 2023-10-27 DOI: 10.1177/09637214231205312

Valeria A. Pfeifer, Penny M. Pexman

Verbal irony is pervasive in social interaction, presumably because it can be used to achieve a number of communicative goals and effects. In general, verbal irony has a reputation for having negative effects, but in this article we present evidence for the cognitive, social, and emotional benefits of verbal irony and demonstrate the potential of this form of language to provide crucial psychological insights. The power of irony lies in its ability to create meaning that is in conflict with the literal meaning—thus altering our understanding of it and by doing so enhancing cognition, mediating emotions, or shaping social relationships.

言语反讽在社会交往中普遍存在，可能是因为它可以用来达到许多交际目的和效果。一般来说，言语讽刺有负面影响，但在这篇文章中，我们提出了言语讽刺在认知、社会和情感上的好处的证据，并展示了这种语言形式的潜力，为心理学提供了重要的见解。讽刺的力量在于它能够创造出与字面意义相冲突的意义，从而改变我们对它的理解，并通过这样做增强认知，调解情绪或塑造社会关系。

引用次数: 0

Rethinking Attentional Habits 重新思考注意力习惯

1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Current Directions in Psychological Science

Pub Date : 2023-10-13 DOI: 10.1177/09637214231191976

Tamara Giménez-Fernández, David Luque, David R. Shanks, Miguel A. Vadillo

Attentional habits acquired by visual statistical learning cause enduring biases toward specific locations. These habits, driven by recent search history, are thought to be independent of both goal-directed and stimulus-driven attentional mechanisms. This theoretical claim is based on three characteristics that these habits apparently exhibit, that is, they are inflexible, implicit, and efficient. We review methodological limitations in previous studies and briefly describe recent results that challenge this new framework. We conclude that it might be premature to assume that attentional habits are based on a special search history process that differs from the two traditionally recognized attentional mechanisms.

通过视觉统计学习获得的注意习惯会导致对特定位置的持久偏见。这些习惯是由最近的搜索历史驱动的，被认为独立于目标导向和刺激驱动的注意力机制。这一理论主张是基于这些习惯明显表现出的三个特征，即它们是不灵活的、含蓄的和高效的。我们回顾了以往研究方法的局限性，并简要描述了最近对这一新框架提出挑战的结果。我们的结论是，假设注意习惯是基于一种特殊的搜索历史过程，与传统上公认的两种注意机制不同，这可能还为时过早。

引用次数: 0

Ten things you should know about sign languages. 关于手语你应该知道的十件事。

IF 7.2 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Current Directions in Psychological Science

Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-15 DOI: 10.1177/09637214231173071

Karen Emmorey

The ten things you should know about sign languages are the following. 1) Sign languages have phonology and poetry. 2) Sign languages vary in their linguistic structure and family history, but share some typological features due to their shared biology (manual production). 3) Although there are many similarities between perceiving and producing speech and sign, the biology of language can impact aspects of processing. 4) Iconicity is pervasive in sign language lexicons and can play a role in language acquisition and processing. 5) Deaf and hard-of-hearing children are at risk for language deprivation. 6) Signers gesture when signing. 7) Sign language experience enhances some visual-spatial skills. 8) The same left hemisphere brain regions support both spoken and sign languages, but some neural regions are specific to sign language. 9) Bimodal bilinguals can code-blend, rather code-switch, which alters the nature of language control. 10) The emergence of new sign languages reveals patterns of language creation and evolution. These discoveries reveal how language modality does and does not affect language structure, acquisition, processing, use, and representation in the brain. Sign languages provide unique insights into human language that cannot be obtained by studying spoken languages alone.

关于手语，你应该知道的十件事如下。1）手语有音韵学和诗歌。2）手语在语言结构和家族史上各不相同，但由于其共同的生物学（手工制作），它们有一些共同的类型学特征。3）尽管感知和产生语音和手势之间有很多相似之处，但语言生物学可以影响处理的各个方面。4）象似性普遍存在于手语词典中，在语言习得和加工中发挥着重要作用。5）聋人和重听儿童有语言被剥夺的风险。6）签名者在签名时做手势。7）手语经验增强了一些视觉空间技能。8）相同的左半球大脑区域同时支持口语和手语，但有些神经区域是手语特有的。9）双模态双语者可以进行代码混合，而不是代码转换，这改变了语言控制的性质。10）新手语的出现揭示了语言创造和进化的模式。这些发现揭示了语言模态如何影响和不影响语言结构、习得、处理、使用和在大脑中的表现。手语为人类语言提供了独特的见解，而仅靠研究口语是无法获得的。

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引用次数: 1

The cascading development of visual attention in infancy: Learning to look and looking to learn. 婴儿视觉注意的级联发展:学习看和看学习

IF 7.2 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Current Directions in Psychological Science

Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1177/09637214231178744

Lisa M Oakes

The development of visual attention in infancy is typically indexed by where and how long infants look, focusing on changes in alerting, orienting, or attentional control. However, visual attention and looking are both complex systems that are multiply determined. Moreover, infants' visual attention, looking, and learning are intimately connected. Infants learn to look, reflecting cascading effects of changes in attention, the visual system and motor control, as well as the information infants learn about the world around them. Furthermore infants' looking behavior provides the input infants use to perceive and learn about the world. Thus, infants look to learn about the world around them. A deeper understanding of development will be gained by appreciating the cascading effects of changes across these intertwined domains.

婴儿视觉注意力的发展通常是通过婴儿看的地方和看的时间来衡量的，主要集中在警觉、定向或注意力控制方面的变化。然而，视觉注意和注视都是多重决定的复杂系统。此外，婴儿的视觉注意、观看和学习是密切相关的。婴儿学会看，反映了注意力、视觉系统和运动控制变化的级联效应，以及婴儿对周围世界的信息学习。此外，婴儿的注视行为提供了婴儿用来感知和学习世界的输入。因此，婴儿希望了解他们周围的世界。通过欣赏这些相互交织的领域之间变化的级联效应，将获得对发展的更深层次的理解。

引用次数: 0

What’s Next? Advances and Challenges in Understanding How Environmental Predictability Shapes the Development of Cognitive Control 接下来是什么?了解环境可预测性如何塑造认知控制发展的进展与挑战

1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Current Directions in Psychological Science

Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI: 10.1177/09637214231199102

Yuko Munakata, Diego Placido, Winnie Zhuang

Forming predictions about what will happen next in the world happens early in development, without instruction, and across species. Some environments support more accurate predictions. These more predictable environments also support what appear to be positive developmental trajectories, including increases in cognitive control over thoughts and actions. Such consequences of predictable environments have broad-reaching implications for society and have been explained across ecological, psychological, computational, and neural frameworks. However, many challenges remain in understanding the effects of environmental predictability, including adaptive responses to unpredictable environments and the mechanisms underlying the effects of predictable environments on developmental trajectories. Future work addressing different dimensions of predictability—across timescales, locations, actions, people, and outcomes—and their interactions will advance the ability to understand, predict, and support developmental trajectories.

对世界下一步会发生什么的预测发生在发育早期，没有指导，而且是跨物种的。有些环境支持更准确的预测。这些更可预测的环境也支持似乎是积极的发展轨迹，包括对思想和行为的认知控制的增加。可预测环境的这些后果对社会有着广泛的影响，并已在生态学、心理学、计算学和神经学框架中得到解释。然而，在理解环境可预测性的影响方面仍存在许多挑战，包括对不可预测环境的适应性反应以及可预测环境对发育轨迹影响的潜在机制。未来研究可预测性的不同维度——跨越时间尺度、地点、行动、人员和结果——以及它们之间的相互作用，将提高理解、预测和支持发展轨迹的能力。

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全部化学•材料生命科学医学物理工程技术环境•农林材料科学地球科学法学管理学化学环境科学与生态学计算机科学教育学经济学农林科学人文科学生物学数学物理与天体物理心理学综合性期刊其他工业工程理学历史学农学文学信息工程

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