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Neuroprotection of Thioredoxin1 in the Brain. 硫氧还蛋白1在脑中的神经保护作用。
IF 2.1 4区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230809145041
Roxana Noriega-Navarro, Ricardo J Martínez-Tapia, Juan L Osornio-Hernández, Lucia Landa-Navarro, Luis O Xinastle-Castillo, Abraham Landa, Luz Navarro

Thioredoxin1 (Trx1) is a ubiquitous antioxidant protein that regulates the cell's redox status. Trx1's thiol redox activity protects neurons from various physiological processes that cause neuronal damage and neurodegeneration, including oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. Several studies have found that direct or indirect Trx1 regulation has neuroprotective effects in the brain, protecting against, preventing, or delaying neurodegenerative processes or brain traumas. This review focuses on the term neuroprotection, Trx1 localization, and expression in the brain, as well as its modulation concerning its neuroprotective effect in both animal and clinical models of ischemia, hypoxia, hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.

硫氧还蛋白1(Trx1)是一种普遍存在的抗氧化蛋白,调节细胞的氧化还原状态。Trx1的巯基氧化还原活性保护神经元免受导致神经元损伤和神经退行性变的各种生理过程的影响,包括氧化应激、细胞凋亡和炎症。几项研究发现,直接或间接的Trx1调节对大脑具有神经保护作用,可以预防、预防或延迟神经退行性过程或脑创伤。这篇综述的重点是术语神经保护、Trx1在大脑中的定位和表达,以及它在缺血、缺氧、出血、创伤性脑损伤、癫痫、阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病的动物和临床模型中的神经保护作用的调节。
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引用次数: 0
Multiple Sensory Impairments in Relation to Cognitive Function: Two Nationwide Cross-sectional Studies. 多种感觉障碍与认知功能的关系:两项全国性的横断面研究。
IF 2.1 4区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230816090903
Binghan Wang, Hui Chen, Jie Shen, Wansi Zhong, Yan Zheng, Min Lou, Lusha Tong, Changzheng Yuan

Introduction: Sensory impairments (SIs, including visual, hearing, olfactory, and taste impairments) have been individually associated with age-related cognitive function. Little is known regarding their combined associations with cognitive function.

Methods: We included 2,931 participants (mean age of 69.1 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2011-2014) and 10,785 participants (mean age of 70.2 years) from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS, 2021). Status of visual, hearing, olfactory, and taste functions were self-reported in structured questionnaires. In NHANES, cognitive function was objectively measured by a battery of tests, including memory, verbal fluency, and processing speed. NHIS participants answered a single question about subjective cognitive complaints (SCC). We used regression models to assess the relation of the total number and the individual sensory impairments to z-scores of cognitive domains (linear regression) in NHANES and to SCC (logistic regression) in NHIS.

Results: A larger number of SI was related to poorer domain-specific cognitive function (all Ptrend <0.05), including memory (beta each additional SI = -0.12, 95% confidence interval: -0.17 to -0.08), verbal fluency (-0.05, -0.10 to -0.01), and processing speed (-0.13, -0.16 to -0.09). In NHIS, each additional SI was related to 96% higher odds of SCC. We also observed independent associations of sensory impairments (except olfactory impairment) with specific cognitive domains. In addition, each individual SI was associated with higher odds of SCC (the odds ratios ranged from 1.30 to 1.78).

Conclusion: A larger number of SI was related to worse cognitive function and higher odds of SCC.

引言:感觉障碍(包括视觉、听觉、嗅觉和味觉障碍)与年龄相关的认知功能单独相关。关于它们与认知功能的结合,目前知之甚少。方法:我们纳入了来自国家健康和营养检查调查(NHANES,2011-2014)的2931名参与者(平均年龄69.1岁)和来自国家健康访谈调查(NHIS,2021)的10785名参与者(均值70.2岁)。视觉、听觉、嗅觉和味觉功能的状态在结构化问卷中自我报告。在NHANES中,认知功能是通过一系列测试来客观衡量的,包括记忆力、语言流利性和处理速度。NHIS参与者回答了一个关于主观认知抱怨(SCC)的问题。我们使用回归模型来评估总数和个体感觉障碍与NHANES认知领域z评分(线性回归)和NHIS SCC(逻辑回归)的关系,言语流利度(-0.05,-0.10至-0.01)和处理速度(-0.13,-0.16至-0.09)。在NHIS中,每增加一个SI,SCC的几率就高出96%。我们还观察到感觉障碍(嗅觉障碍除外)与特定认知领域的独立关联。此外,每个个体的SI都与较高的SCC发生几率相关(比值比为1.30至1.78)。结论:大量的SI与较差的认知功能和较高的SCC发病几率有关。
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引用次数: 0
Disrupted Balance of Gray Matter Volume and Directed Functional Connectivity in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease. 轻度认知障碍和阿尔茨海默病患者灰质体积和定向功能连接的紊乱平衡。
IF 2.1 4区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230602144659
Yu Xiong, Chenghui Ye, Ruxin Sun, Ying Chen, Xiaochun Zhong, Jiaqi Zhang, Zhanhua Zhong, Hongda Chen, Min Huang

Background: Alterations in functional connectivity have been demonstrated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects cognitive function; however, directional information flow has never been analyzed.

Objective: This study aimed to determine changes in resting-state directional functional connectivity measured using a novel approach, granger causality density (GCD), in patients with AD, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and explore novel neuroimaging biomarkers for cognitive decline detection.

Methods: In this study, structural MRI, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, and neuropsychological data of 48 Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative participants were analyzed, comprising 16 patients with AD, 16 with MCI, and 16 normal controls. Volume-based morphometry (VBM) and GCD were used to calculate the voxel-based gray matter (GM) volumes and directed functional connectivity of the brain. We made full use of voxel-based between-group comparisons of VBM and GCD values to identify specific regions with significant alterations. In addition, Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted between directed functional connectivity and several clinical variables. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis related to classification was performed in combination with VBM and GCD.

Results: In patients with cognitive decline, abnormal VBM and GCD (involving inflow and outflow of GCD) were noted in default mode network (DMN)-related areas and the cerebellum. GCD in the DMN midline core system, hippocampus, and cerebellum was closely correlated with the Mini- Mental State Examination and Functional Activities Questionnaire scores. In the ROC analysis combining VBM with GCD, the neuroimaging biomarker in the cerebellum was optimal for the early detection of MCI, whereas the precuneus was the best in predicting cognitive decline progression and AD diagnosis.

Conclusion: Changes in GM volume and directed functional connectivity may reflect the mechanism of cognitive decline. This discovery could improve our understanding of the pathology of AD and MCI and provide available neuroimaging markers for the early detection, progression, and diagnosis of AD and MCI.

背景:阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种影响认知功能的年龄进行性神经退行性疾病,其功能连接发生了改变;然而,定向信息流从未被分析过。目的:本研究旨在确定AD和轻度认知障碍(MCI)患者静息状态定向功能连接的变化,并探索用于检测认知能力下降的新的神经影像学生物标志物。方法:在本研究中,分析了48名阿尔茨海默病神经成像倡议参与者的结构MRI、静息状态功能性磁共振成像和神经心理学数据,其中包括16名AD患者、16名MCI患者和16名正常对照。基于体积的形态计量学(VBM)和GCD用于计算基于体素的灰质(GM)体积和大脑的定向功能连接。我们充分利用基于体素的VBM和GCD值的组间比较来识别具有显著变化的特定区域。此外,在定向功能连接和几个临床变量之间进行了Pearson相关性分析。此外,结合VBM和GCD进行了与分类相关的受试者操作特征(ROC)分析。DMN中线核心系统、海马和小脑的GCD与迷你精神状态检查和功能活动问卷评分密切相关。在结合VBM和GCD的ROC分析中,小脑的神经成像生物标志物最适合早期检测MCI,而楔前叶最适合预测认知能力下降进展和AD诊断。结论:GM体积和定向功能连接的变化可能反映了认知能力下降的机制。这一发现可以提高我们对AD和MCI病理学的理解,并为AD和MCI的早期检测、进展和诊断提供可用的神经影像学标志物。
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引用次数: 0
Acupuncture Improves Synaptic Plasticity of SAMP8 Mice through the RhoA/ROCK Pathway. 针刺通过RhoA/ROCK通路改善SAMP8小鼠突触可塑性
IF 2.1 4区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230828095826
Bohong Kan, Zhengjia Dong, Zhenyu Tang, Lan Zhao, Zhen Li

Background: Studies have found synaptic plasticity damage to be an early marker of Alzheimer's disease (AD). RhoA/ROCK pathway is involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity. Acupuncture can significantly improve the cognitive state of AD.

Objective: We aimed to use modern biological technology to detect the changes in synaptic plasticity and RhoA/ROCK pathway in SAMP8 mice, as well as the intervention effect of acupuncture.

Methods: Morris water maze and electrophysiological techniques were used in vivo to detect the changes in spatial memory and LTP of mice. Golgi Cox staining and CASEVIEWER2.1 software were used to quantitatively analyze the changes in the morphology and number of dendritic spines in the hippocampus of mice. The activity of RhoA and ROCK2 in the hippocampus of mice was detected, respectively, by pull-down technique and ELISA. WB technique was used to detect the protein expression of ROCK2 and phosphorylation level of MLC2, LIMK2, and CRMP2 in the hippocampus of mice.

Results: The neurobehavior and synaptic plasticity of 8-month-old SAMP8 mice were found to be significantly impaired. Acupuncture could improve the spatial learning and memory ability of SAMP8 mice, and partially prevent the reduction in the number of spines on the secondary branches of the apical dendrites in the hippocampus and the attenuation of LTP. The RhoA/ROCK pathway was significantly activated in the hippocampus of 8-month-old SAMP8 mice, and acupuncture had an inhibitory effect on it.

Conclusion: Acupuncture can improve synaptic plasticity by inhibiting the abnormal activation of the RhoA/ROCK pathway, and improve the spatial learning and memory ability of AD, so as to achieve the purpose of treating AD.

背景:研究发现突触可塑性损伤是阿尔茨海默病(AD)的早期标志。RhoA/ROCK通路参与突触可塑性的调节。针刺可显著改善AD患者的认知状态。目的:利用现代生物学技术检测SAMP8小鼠突触可塑性和RhoA/ROCK通路的变化,以及针刺的干预作用。方法:采用Morris水迷宫和电生理技术检测小鼠空间记忆和LTP的变化。采用高尔基Cox染色法和CASEVIEWER2.1软件定量分析小鼠海马树突棘形态和数量的变化。采用下拉法和ELISA法分别检测小鼠海马组织中RhoA和ROCK2的活性。WB技术检测小鼠海马组织中ROCK2蛋白表达及MLC2、LIMK2、CRMP2磷酸化水平。结果:8月龄SAMP8小鼠的神经行为和突触可塑性明显受损。针刺可提高SAMP8小鼠的空间学习记忆能力,部分阻止海马根尖树突次枝棘数减少和LTP的衰减。8月龄SAMP8小鼠海马RhoA/ROCK通路明显激活,针刺对其有抑制作用。结论:针刺可通过抑制RhoA/ROCK通路的异常激活来改善突触可塑性,提高AD的空间学习记忆能力,从而达到治疗AD的目的。
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引用次数: 0
Different Patterns of Locus Coeruleus MRI Alteration in Alzheimer's and Dementia with Lewy Bodies. 阿尔茨海默病和伴路易体痴呆蓝斑核磁共振改变的不同模式。
IF 2.1 4区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230721144603
Alessandro Galgani, Giovanni Palermo, Francesco Lombardo, Nicola Martini, Luca Bastiani, Andrea Vergallo, Luca Tommasini, Gabriele Bellini, Filippo Baldacci, Daniela Frosini, Gloria Tognoni, Marco Gesi, Filippo Cademartiri, Francesco Fornai, Nicola Pavese, Roberto Ceravolo, Filippo Sean Giorgi

Background: The integrity of Locus Coeruleus can be evaluated in vivo using specific Magnetic Resonance Imaging sequences. While this nucleus has been shown to be degenerated both in post-mortem and in vivo studies in Alzheimer's Disease, for other neurodegenerative dementias such as Dementia with Lewy Bodies this has only been shown ex-vivo.

Objective: To evaluate the integrity of the Locus Coeruleus through Magnetic Resonance Imaging in patients suffering from Dementia with Lewy Bodies and explore the possible differences with the Locus Coeruleus alterations occurring in Alzheimer's Dementia.

Methods: Eleven patients with Dementia with Lewy Bodies and 35 with Alzheimer's Dementia were recruited and underwent Locus Coeruleus Magnetic Resonance Imaging, along with 52 cognitively intact, age-matched controls. Images were analyzed applying an already developed template-based approach; Locus Coeruleus signal was expressed through the Locus Coeruleus Contrast Ratio parameter, and a locoregional analysis was performed.

Results: Both groups of patients showed significantly lower values of Locus Coeruleus Contrast Ratio when compared to controls. A different pattern of spatial involvement was found; patients affected by Dementia with Lewy bodies showed global and bilateral involvement of the Locus Coeruleus, whereas the alterations in Alzheimer's Dementia patients were more likely to be localized in the rostral part of the left nucleus.

Conclusions: Magnetic Resonance Imaging successfully detects widespread Locus Coeruleus degeneration in patients suffering from Dementia with Lewy Bodies. Further studies, in larger cohorts and in earlier stages of the disease, are needed to better disclose the potential diagnostic and prognostic role of this neuroradiological tool.

背景:蓝斑的完整性可以通过特定的磁共振成像序列在体内评估。虽然在阿尔茨海默病的死后和体内研究中,该核都被证明是退化的,但对于其他神经退行性痴呆,如路易体痴呆,这只在体外被证明。目的:通过磁共振成像评价伴路易体痴呆患者蓝斑的完整性,探讨其与阿尔茨海默氏痴呆患者蓝斑改变的可能差异。方法:招募11名伴路易体痴呆患者和35名阿尔茨海默氏痴呆患者,并与52名认知功能完整、年龄匹配的对照组一起进行蓝斑核磁共振成像。使用已经开发的基于模板的方法分析图像;通过蓝斑对比度参数表达蓝斑信号,并进行局部区域分析。结果:两组患者蓝斑对比值均明显低于对照组。他们发现了不同的空间介入模式;路易小体痴呆患者蓝斑区整体和双侧受累,而阿尔茨海默氏痴呆患者的改变更可能局限于左核吻侧。结论:磁共振成像可成功检测到路易体痴呆患者蓝斑变性的广泛存在。需要在更大的队列和疾病的早期阶段进行进一步的研究,以更好地揭示这种神经放射学工具的潜在诊断和预后作用。
{"title":"Different Patterns of Locus Coeruleus MRI Alteration in Alzheimer's and Dementia with Lewy Bodies.","authors":"Alessandro Galgani,&nbsp;Giovanni Palermo,&nbsp;Francesco Lombardo,&nbsp;Nicola Martini,&nbsp;Luca Bastiani,&nbsp;Andrea Vergallo,&nbsp;Luca Tommasini,&nbsp;Gabriele Bellini,&nbsp;Filippo Baldacci,&nbsp;Daniela Frosini,&nbsp;Gloria Tognoni,&nbsp;Marco Gesi,&nbsp;Filippo Cademartiri,&nbsp;Francesco Fornai,&nbsp;Nicola Pavese,&nbsp;Roberto Ceravolo,&nbsp;Filippo Sean Giorgi","doi":"10.2174/1567205020666230721144603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1567205020666230721144603","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The integrity of Locus Coeruleus can be evaluated in vivo using specific Magnetic Resonance Imaging sequences. While this nucleus has been shown to be degenerated both in post-mortem and in vivo studies in Alzheimer's Disease, for other neurodegenerative dementias such as Dementia with Lewy Bodies this has only been shown ex-vivo.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the integrity of the Locus Coeruleus through Magnetic Resonance Imaging in patients suffering from Dementia with Lewy Bodies and explore the possible differences with the Locus Coeruleus alterations occurring in Alzheimer's Dementia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eleven patients with Dementia with Lewy Bodies and 35 with Alzheimer's Dementia were recruited and underwent Locus Coeruleus Magnetic Resonance Imaging, along with 52 cognitively intact, age-matched controls. Images were analyzed applying an already developed template-based approach; Locus Coeruleus signal was expressed through the Locus Coeruleus Contrast Ratio parameter, and a locoregional analysis was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both groups of patients showed significantly lower values of Locus Coeruleus Contrast Ratio when compared to controls. A different pattern of spatial involvement was found; patients affected by Dementia with Lewy bodies showed global and bilateral involvement of the Locus Coeruleus, whereas the alterations in Alzheimer's Dementia patients were more likely to be localized in the rostral part of the left nucleus.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Magnetic Resonance Imaging successfully detects widespread Locus Coeruleus degeneration in patients suffering from Dementia with Lewy Bodies. Further studies, in larger cohorts and in earlier stages of the disease, are needed to better disclose the potential diagnostic and prognostic role of this neuroradiological tool.</p>","PeriodicalId":10810,"journal":{"name":"Current Alzheimer research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10480792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Kidney Yang Deficiency Syndrome Exacerbates Aβ25-35-Induced Pathological Changes, and Ginsenoside Re Ameliorates Synapse Lesions in Aβ25-35- Injected Rats with Kidney Yang Deficiency Syndrome. a - β25-35可加重肾阳虚证大鼠的病理改变,人参皂苷可改善a - β25-35注射后大鼠的突触损伤。
IF 2.1 4区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230512094230
Xia Jiang, Lin Chen, Qing Fu, Dan Li Ma, Xue Ting Liu, Xiao Yi Wang

Background: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) indicates that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered the consequence produced by Kidney Yang Deficiency Syndrome (KDS-Yang), which has similar clinical characteristics to glucocorticoid withdrawal syndrome. Ginsenoside Re (G-Re) has been found to ameliorate the symptoms and pathological impairments of AD. However, it's not clear whether G-Re could protect memory and synapse lesions against kidney deficiency dementia.

Methods: Subcutaneous injection of hydrocortisone for 14 days was used to produce KDS-Yang. On the 15th day, Aβ25-35 peptide was injected into the intracerebroventricular (icv) of KDS-Yang rats. Spine density was analyzed by Golgi staining and the ultrastructural morphology of the synapse was detected using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Western blot was used to examine the expression of pS396, pS404, Tau-5, tGSK-3β, pS9GSK-3β, Syt, Syn I, GluA1, GluN2B, PSD93, PSD95, β2-AR and pS346-b2-AR.

Results: Hyperphosphorylation of tau in Aβ25-35-injected rats with KDS-Yang was stronger than in Aβ25-35-injected rats at the sites of Ser396 and Ser404. G-Re improved spatial memory damage detected by Morris water-maze (MWM), enhanced spines density, the thickness of postsynaptic density (PSD) and increased the expression of Syt, Syn I, GluA1, GluN2B, PSD93 and PSD95. Moreover, GRe decreased the hyperphosphorylation of β2-AR at serine 346 in Aβ25-35-injected rats with KDS-Yang.

Conclusion: KDS-Yang might exacerbate AD pathological lesions. Importantly, G-Re is a potential ingredient for protecting against memory and synapse deficits in kidney deficiency dementia.

背景:中医认为阿尔茨海默病(AD)是由肾阳虚证(KDS-Yang)引起的,其临床特征与糖皮质激素戒断综合征相似。人参皂苷Re (G-Re)已被发现可以改善AD的症状和病理损害。然而,尚不清楚G-Re是否能保护记忆和突触损伤免受肾缺乏性痴呆的侵害。方法:采用氢化可的松皮下注射14 d制备KDS-Yang。第15天,将Aβ25-35肽注射至KDS-Yang大鼠脑室内。采用高尔基染色法分析脊柱密度,透射电镜(TEM)观察突触超微结构形态。Western blot检测pS396、pS404、Tau-5、tGSK-3β、pS9GSK-3β、Syt、Syn I、GluA1、GluN2B、PSD93、PSD95、β2-AR、pS346-b2-AR的表达情况。结果:注射a β25-35的大鼠在Ser396和Ser404位点的过度磷酸化比注射a β25-35的大鼠强。G-Re可改善Morris水迷宫(MWM)检测的空间记忆损伤,增强脊髓密度和突触后密度(PSD)厚度,增加Syt、Syn I、GluA1、GluN2B、PSD93和PSD95的表达。此外,在注射a β25-35的KDS-Yang大鼠中,GRe降低了β2-AR在丝氨酸346处的过度磷酸化。结论:KDS-Yang可能加重AD的病理病变。重要的是,G-Re是防止肾缺乏性痴呆患者的记忆和突触缺陷的潜在成分。
{"title":"Kidney Yang Deficiency Syndrome Exacerbates Aβ<sub>25-35</sub>-Induced Pathological Changes, and Ginsenoside Re Ameliorates Synapse Lesions in Aβ<sub>25-35</sub>- Injected Rats with Kidney Yang Deficiency Syndrome.","authors":"Xia Jiang,&nbsp;Lin Chen,&nbsp;Qing Fu,&nbsp;Dan Li Ma,&nbsp;Xue Ting Liu,&nbsp;Xiao Yi Wang","doi":"10.2174/1567205020666230512094230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1567205020666230512094230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) indicates that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered the consequence produced by Kidney Yang Deficiency Syndrome (KDS-Yang), which has similar clinical characteristics to glucocorticoid withdrawal syndrome. Ginsenoside Re (G-Re) has been found to ameliorate the symptoms and pathological impairments of AD. However, it's not clear whether G-Re could protect memory and synapse lesions against kidney deficiency dementia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Subcutaneous injection of hydrocortisone for 14 days was used to produce KDS-Yang. On the 15th day, Aβ<sub>25-35</sub> peptide was injected into the intracerebroventricular (icv) of KDS-Yang rats. Spine density was analyzed by Golgi staining and the ultrastructural morphology of the synapse was detected using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Western blot was used to examine the expression of pS396, pS404, Tau-5, tGSK-3β, pS9GSK-3β, Syt, Syn I, GluA1, GluN2B, PSD93, PSD95, β<sub>2</sub>-AR and pS346-b<sub>2</sub>-AR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Hyperphosphorylation of tau in Aβ<sub>25-35</sub>-injected rats with KDS-Yang was stronger than in Aβ<sub>25-35</sub>-injected rats at the sites of Ser396 and Ser404. G-Re improved spatial memory damage detected by Morris water-maze (MWM), enhanced spines density, the thickness of postsynaptic density (PSD) and increased the expression of Syt, Syn I, GluA1, GluN2B, PSD93 and PSD95. Moreover, GRe decreased the hyperphosphorylation of β<sub>2</sub>-AR at serine 346 in Aβ<sub>25-35</sub>-injected rats with KDS-Yang.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>KDS-Yang might exacerbate AD pathological lesions. Importantly, G-Re is a potential ingredient for protecting against memory and synapse deficits in kidney deficiency dementia.</p>","PeriodicalId":10810,"journal":{"name":"Current Alzheimer research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9762306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cognitive Versus Hemorrhagic Onset in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy: Neuroimaging Features. 脑淀粉样血管病的认知与出血性发病:神经影像学特征。
IF 2.1 4区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230713151211
Perini Giulia, Cotta Ramusino Matteo, Farina Lisa Maria, Dal Fabbro Beatrice, Canavero Isabella, Picascia Marta, Muzic Shaun, Ballante Elena, Cavallini Anna, Pichiecchio Anna, Costa Alfredo

Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage and cognitive decline are typical clinical presentations of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA).

Objective: To determine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features differ between CAA with hemorrhagic versus cognitive onset.

Methods: In this retrospective study, sixty-one patients with CAA were classified by onset presentation of the disease: hemorrhage (n = 31) or cognitive decline (n = 30). The two groups were compared for MRI markers of small vessel disease, namely cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), cortical superficial siderosis, white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), enlarged perivascular spaces, cortical microinfarcts, and visual rating scales for cortical atrophy. In the patients with cognitive onset, further exploratory analyses investigated MRI markers according to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neuropsychological profiles.

Results: Patients with cognitive onset showed a higher prevalence of CMBs (p < 0.001), particularly in temporal (p = 0.015) and insular (p = 0.002) lobes, and a higher prevalence of WMHs (p = 0.012). Within the cognitive onset group, 12 out of 16 (75%) patients had an Alzheimer's disease (AD) CSF profile but did not differ in MRI markers from those without AD pathology. Patients with cognitive onset displayed a multidomain profile in 16 out of 23 (70%) cases; patients with this profile showed increased WMHs and CMBs in parietal lobes compared with the amnestic group (p = 0.002) and dysexecutive group (p = 0.032), respectively.

Conclusion: Higher burdens of WMHs and CMBs, especially in temporal and insular lobes, are associated with the cognitive onset of CAA. MRI markers could help to shed light on the clinical heterogeneity of the CAA spectrum and its underlying mechanisms.

背景:脑出血和认知能力下降是脑淀粉样血管病(CAA)的典型临床表现。目的:确定出血性CAA与认知性CAA的磁共振成像(MRI)特征是否不同。方法:在这项回顾性研究中,61例CAA患者根据发病表现进行分类:出血(n = 31)或认知能力下降(n = 30)。比较两组小血管疾病的MRI标志物,即脑微出血(CMBs)、皮质浅表性铁沉着、白质高信号(WMHs)、血管周围间隙扩大、皮质微梗死和皮质萎缩的视觉评分量表。在认知发病的患者中,进一步的探索性分析根据脑脊液(CSF)和神经心理学特征调查MRI标志物。结果:认知发病患者CMBs患病率较高(p < 0.001),尤其是颞叶(p = 0.015)和岛叶(p = 0.002), wmh患病率较高(p = 0.012)。在认知发病组中,16名患者中有12名(75%)患有阿尔茨海默病(AD) CSF谱,但MRI标记与无AD病理的患者没有差异。23例(70%)认知发病患者中有16例表现为多域特征;与遗忘组(p = 0.002)和执行障碍组(p = 0.032)相比,此组患者的顶叶wmh和CMBs分别增加。结论:较高的wmh和CMBs负担,特别是颞叶和岛叶,与CAA的认知发病有关。MRI标记物有助于揭示CAA谱的临床异质性及其潜在机制。
{"title":"Cognitive <i>Versus</i> Hemorrhagic Onset in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy: Neuroimaging Features.","authors":"Perini Giulia,&nbsp;Cotta Ramusino Matteo,&nbsp;Farina Lisa Maria,&nbsp;Dal Fabbro Beatrice,&nbsp;Canavero Isabella,&nbsp;Picascia Marta,&nbsp;Muzic Shaun,&nbsp;Ballante Elena,&nbsp;Cavallini Anna,&nbsp;Pichiecchio Anna,&nbsp;Costa Alfredo","doi":"10.2174/1567205020666230713151211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1567205020666230713151211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Intracerebral hemorrhage and cognitive decline are typical clinical presentations of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features differ between CAA with hemorrhagic <i>versus</i> cognitive onset.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective study, sixty-one patients with CAA were classified by onset presentation of the disease: hemorrhage (n = 31) or cognitive decline (n = 30). The two groups were compared for MRI markers of small vessel disease, namely cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), cortical superficial siderosis, white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), enlarged perivascular spaces, cortical microinfarcts, and visual rating scales for cortical atrophy. In the patients with cognitive onset, further exploratory analyses investigated MRI markers according to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neuropsychological profiles.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with cognitive onset showed a higher prevalence of CMBs (<i>p</i> < 0.001), particularly in temporal (<i>p</i> = 0.015) and insular (<i>p</i> = 0.002) lobes, and a higher prevalence of WMHs (<i>p</i> = 0.012). Within the cognitive onset group, 12 out of 16 (75%) patients had an Alzheimer's disease (AD) CSF profile but did not differ in MRI markers from those without AD pathology. Patients with cognitive onset displayed a multidomain profile in 16 out of 23 (70%) cases; patients with this profile showed increased WMHs and CMBs in parietal lobes compared with the amnestic group (<i>p</i> = 0.002) and dysexecutive group (<i>p</i> = 0.032), respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Higher burdens of WMHs and CMBs, especially in temporal and insular lobes, are associated with the cognitive onset of CAA. MRI markers could help to shed light on the clinical heterogeneity of the CAA spectrum and its underlying mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":10810,"journal":{"name":"Current Alzheimer research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10229582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Blood Neurofilament Light Chain in Different Types of Dementia. 不同类型痴呆的血神经丝轻链。
IF 2.1 4区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230601123123
Lihua Gu, Hao Shu, Yanjuan Wang, Pan Wang

Aims: The study aimed to evaluate diagnostic values of circulating neurofilament light chain (NFL) levels in different types of dementia.

Background: Previous studies reported inconsistent change of blood NFL for different types of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD).

Objective: Meta-analysis was conducted to summarize the results of studies evaluating diagnostic values of circulating NFL levels in different types of dementia to enhance the strength of evidence.

Methods: Articles evaluating change in blood NFL levels in dementia and published before July 2022 were searched on the following databases (PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Medline and Google Scholar). The computed results were obtained by using STATA 12.0 software.

Results: AD patients showed increased NFL concentrations in serum and plasma, compared to healthy controls (HC) (standard mean difference (SMD) = 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.48, 1.70, I2 = 97.4%, p < 0.001). In AD patients, higher NFL concentrations in serum and plasma were associated with reduced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ1-42, increased CSF t-tau, increased CSF p-tau, reduced Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and decreased memory. Additionally, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) showed elevated NFL concentrations in serum and plasma, compared to HC (SMD = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.18, 0.87, I2 = 93.8%, p < 0.001). However, in MCI, no significant association was found between NFL concentrations in serum, plasma and memory or visuospatial function. No significant difference was found between preclinical AD and HC (SMD = 0.18, 95% CI: -0.10, 0.47, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.438). FTD patients showed increased NFL concentrations in serum and plasma, compared to HC (SMD = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.72, 1.43, I2 = 83.3%, p < 0.001). Higher NFL concentrations in serum and plasma were associated with increased CSF NFL in FTD. Additionally, the pooled parameters calculated were as follows: sensitivity, 0.82 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.90); specificity, 0.91 (95% CI: 0.83, 0.96). CJD patients showed increased NFL concentrations in serum and plasma, compared to HC. No significant difference in NFL level in serum and plasma was shown between AD and FTD (SMD = -0.03, 95% CI: -0.77, 0.72, I2 = 83.3%, p = 0.003).

Conclusion: In conclusion, the study suggested abnormal blood NFL level in AD and MCI, but not in preclinical AD. FTD and CJD showed abnormal blood NFL levels.

目的:探讨循环神经丝轻链(NFL)水平对不同类型痴呆的诊断价值。背景:以往的研究报道了不同类型痴呆的血液NFL变化不一致,包括阿尔茨海默病(AD)、额颞叶痴呆(FTD)、帕金森病痴呆(PDD)、克雅氏病(CJD)和路易体痴呆(LBD)。目的:通过荟萃分析,总结评价循环NFL水平对不同类型痴呆诊断价值的研究结果,以增强证据的强度。方法:在以下数据库(PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Medline和Google Scholar)中检索2022年7月之前发表的评估痴呆患者血液NFL水平变化的文章。计算结果采用STATA 12.0软件进行计算。结果:与健康对照(HC)相比,AD患者血清和血浆中NFL浓度升高(标准均差(SMD) = 1.09, 95%可信区间(CI): 0.48, 1.70, I2 = 97.4%, p < 0.001)。在AD患者中,血清和血浆中较高的NFL浓度与脑脊液(CSF) Aβ1-42减少、CSF t-tau升高、CSF p-tau升高、迷你精神状态检查(MMSE)减少和记忆力下降相关。此外,与HC相比,轻度认知障碍(MCI)患者血清和血浆中NFL浓度升高(SMD = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.18, 0.87, I2 = 93.8%, p < 0.001)。然而,在MCI中,血清、血浆中NFL浓度与记忆或视觉空间功能之间没有显著关联。临床前AD与HC之间无显著差异(SMD = 0.18, 95% CI: -0.10, 0.47, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.438)。与HC相比,FTD患者血清和血浆中NFL浓度升高(SMD = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.72, 1.43, I2 = 83.3%, p < 0.001)。FTD患者血清和血浆中NFL浓度升高与CSF NFL升高相关。此外,计算的合并参数如下:敏感性,0.82 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.90);特异性为0.91 (95% CI: 0.83, 0.96)。与HC相比,CJD患者血清和血浆中NFL浓度升高。AD和FTD患者血清和血浆NFL水平无显著差异(SMD = -0.03, 95% CI: -0.77, 0.72, I2 = 83.3%, p = 0.003)。结论:本研究提示AD和MCI患者血NFL水平异常,而临床前AD患者血NFL水平异常。FTD和CJD表现为血NFL水平异常。
{"title":"Blood Neurofilament Light Chain in Different Types of Dementia.","authors":"Lihua Gu,&nbsp;Hao Shu,&nbsp;Yanjuan Wang,&nbsp;Pan Wang","doi":"10.2174/1567205020666230601123123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1567205020666230601123123","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>The study aimed to evaluate diagnostic values of circulating neurofilament light chain (NFL) levels in different types of dementia.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Previous studies reported inconsistent change of blood NFL for different types of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Meta-analysis was conducted to summarize the results of studies evaluating diagnostic values of circulating NFL levels in different types of dementia to enhance the strength of evidence.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Articles evaluating change in blood NFL levels in dementia and published before July 2022 were searched on the following databases (PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Medline and Google Scholar). The computed results were obtained by using STATA 12.0 software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>AD patients showed increased NFL concentrations in serum and plasma, compared to healthy controls (HC) (standard mean difference (SMD) = 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.48, 1.70, I<sup>2</sup> = 97.4%, <i>p</i> < 0.001). In AD patients, higher NFL concentrations in serum and plasma were associated with reduced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ<sub>1-42</sub>, increased CSF t-tau, increased CSF p-tau, reduced Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and decreased memory. Additionally, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) showed elevated NFL concentrations in serum and plasma, compared to HC (SMD = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.18, 0.87, I<sup>2</sup> = 93.8%, <i>p</i> < 0.001). However, in MCI, no significant association was found between NFL concentrations in serum, plasma and memory or visuospatial function. No significant difference was found between preclinical AD and HC (SMD = 0.18, 95% CI: -0.10, 0.47, I<sup>2</sup> = 0.0%, <i>p</i> = 0.438). FTD patients showed increased NFL concentrations in serum and plasma, compared to HC (SMD = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.72, 1.43, I<sup>2</sup> = 83.3%, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Higher NFL concentrations in serum and plasma were associated with increased CSF NFL in FTD. Additionally, the pooled parameters calculated were as follows: sensitivity, 0.82 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.90); specificity, 0.91 (95% CI: 0.83, 0.96). CJD patients showed increased NFL concentrations in serum and plasma, compared to HC. No significant difference in NFL level in serum and plasma was shown between AD and FTD (SMD = -0.03, 95% CI: -0.77, 0.72, I<sup>2</sup> = 83.3%, <i>p</i> = 0.003).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, the study suggested abnormal blood NFL level in AD and MCI, but not in preclinical AD. FTD and CJD showed abnormal blood NFL levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":10810,"journal":{"name":"Current Alzheimer research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10230595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Innovative Discoveries in Neurosurgical Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Narrative Review. 神经外科治疗神经退行性疾病的创新发现:述评。
IF 2.1 4区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230911125646
Matthew C Findlay, Majid Khan, Mrinmoy Kundu, Chase M Johansen, Brandon Lucke-Wold

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) encapsulate conditions in which neural cell populations are perpetually degraded and nervous system function destroyed. Generally linked to increased age, the proportion of patients diagnosed with a NDD is growing as human life expectancies rise. Traditional NDD therapies and surgical interventions have been limited. However, recent breakthroughs in understanding disease pathophysiology, improved drug delivery systems, and targeted pharmacologic agents have allowed innovative treatment approaches to treat NDDs. A common denominator for administering these new treatment options is the requirement for neurosurgical skills. In the present narrative review, we highlight exciting and novel preclinical and clinical discoveries being integrated into NDD care. We also discuss the traditional role of neurosurgery in managing these neurodegenerative conditions and emphasize the critical role of neurosurgery in effectuating these newly developed treatments.

神经退行性疾病(ndd)是指神经细胞群不断退化,神经系统功能被破坏的一种疾病。通常与年龄增长有关,随着人类预期寿命的增加,诊断为NDD的患者比例也在增加。传统的NDD治疗和手术干预是有限的。然而,最近在了解疾病病理生理学、改进的药物输送系统和靶向药物方面的突破,使治疗ndd的创新治疗方法成为可能。实施这些新治疗方案的共同点是对神经外科技能的要求。在目前的叙述回顾中,我们强调了令人兴奋的和新颖的临床前和临床发现被整合到NDD治疗中。我们还讨论了神经外科在处理这些神经退行性疾病中的传统作用,并强调了神经外科在实现这些新发展的治疗方法中的关键作用。
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引用次数: 0
Pharmacological Attributes of Fenugreek with Special Reference to Alzheimer's Disease. 胡芦巴对阿尔茨海默病的药理作用。
IF 2.1 4区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230525154300
Himanshi Varshney, Yasir Hasan Siddique

Background: An annual plant, Fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum-graecum L.) has well-known health care benefits in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine. Its leaves and seeds have alkaloids, amino acids, caumarins, flavonoids, saponins, and other bioactive components. Various pharmacological properties such as antioxidants, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic have been attributed to fenugreek. Trigonelline, diosgenin, and 4- hydroxyisoleucine have shown neuroprotection against Alzheimer's disease, and the extract have also been reported to act as an anti-depressant, anti-anxiety, and also regulate cognitive functions. This review highlights various studies carried out on animals as well as on humans for the protective effect against Alzheimer's disease.

Methods: The data presented in this review is taken from popular search engines, viz, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. This review highlights the studies and clinical trials performed to show the protective effect of Fenugreek on neurodegenerative diseases with special reference to AD from 2005 to 2023.

Results: Fenugreek improves cognitive deficits by Nrf2-mediated antioxidative pathway and provides neuroprotection against amyloid-beta-induced mitochondria dysfunction. It enhances SOD and catalase activities and scavenges reactive oxygen species to protect the cellular organelle from oxidative stress. It normalizes the tubulin protein and improved axonal growth by regulating nerve growth factors. Fenugreek can also influence metabolism.

Discussion: Fenugreek significantly improves the pathological symptoms of neurodegenerative disease, especially AD and can be used as a therapeutic agent to control disease conditions as evidenced by the review of the literature.

背景:一年生植物葫芦巴(Trigonellafoenum-graecum L.)在阿育吠陀医学和中医中具有众所周知的保健作用。它的叶子和种子含有生物碱、氨基酸、豆黄素、类黄酮、皂苷和其他生物活性成分。胡芦巴具有抗氧化剂、降血糖和降血脂等多种药理特性。葫芦巴碱、薯蓣皂苷元和4-羟基异亮氨酸已显示出抗阿尔茨海默病的神经保护作用,据报道,其提取物还具有抗抑郁、抗焦虑和调节认知功能的作用。这篇综述重点介绍了在动物和人类身上进行的各种研究,以预防阿尔茨海默病。方法:本综述中的数据来自流行的搜索引擎,即Google Scholar、PubMed和Scopus。本文综述了2005年至2023年胡芦巴对神经退行性疾病(特别是AD)的保护作用的研究和临床试验。结果:胡芦巴通过nrf2介导的抗氧化途径改善认知缺陷,并对淀粉样蛋白诱导的线粒体功能障碍提供神经保护。提高SOD和过氧化氢酶活性,清除活性氧,保护细胞器免受氧化应激。它通过调节神经生长因子使微管蛋白正常化,促进轴突生长。胡芦巴还能影响新陈代谢。讨论:文献综述表明,胡芦巴能显著改善神经退行性疾病,尤其是AD的病理症状,可作为控制疾病病情的治疗剂。
{"title":"Pharmacological Attributes of Fenugreek with Special Reference to Alzheimer's Disease.","authors":"Himanshi Varshney,&nbsp;Yasir Hasan Siddique","doi":"10.2174/1567205020666230525154300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1567205020666230525154300","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>An annual plant, Fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum-graecum L.) has well-known health care benefits in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine. Its leaves and seeds have alkaloids, amino acids, caumarins, flavonoids, saponins, and other bioactive components. Various pharmacological properties such as antioxidants, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic have been attributed to fenugreek. Trigonelline, diosgenin, and 4- hydroxyisoleucine have shown neuroprotection against Alzheimer's disease, and the extract have also been reported to act as an anti-depressant, anti-anxiety, and also regulate cognitive functions. This review highlights various studies carried out on animals as well as on humans for the protective effect against Alzheimer's disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The data presented in this review is taken from popular search engines, viz, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. This review highlights the studies and clinical trials performed to show the protective effect of Fenugreek on neurodegenerative diseases with special reference to AD from 2005 to 2023.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fenugreek improves cognitive deficits by Nrf2-mediated antioxidative pathway and provides neuroprotection against amyloid-beta-induced mitochondria dysfunction. It enhances SOD and catalase activities and scavenges reactive oxygen species to protect the cellular organelle from oxidative stress. It normalizes the tubulin protein and improved axonal growth by regulating nerve growth factors. Fenugreek can also influence metabolism.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Fenugreek significantly improves the pathological symptoms of neurodegenerative disease, especially AD and can be used as a therapeutic agent to control disease conditions as evidenced by the review of the literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":10810,"journal":{"name":"Current Alzheimer research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9850660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Current Alzheimer research
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