Pub Date : 2023-05-02DOI: 10.1007/s40135-023-00312-z
Christian Kim, Samantha Paul, Jose J. Echegaray
{"title":"Update on Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Uveitis","authors":"Christian Kim, Samantha Paul, Jose J. Echegaray","doi":"10.1007/s40135-023-00312-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40135-023-00312-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10836,"journal":{"name":"Current Ophthalmology Reports","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49618474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Belov, N. G. Zumbulidze, Amina I. Yusupova, F. Kasymov
BACKGROUND: Introduction and use of various tonometry methods can lead to misinterpretation of intraocular pressure results and influence the choice of treating approaches by ophthalmologist in a glaucoma patient. AIM: To compare pneumotonometry and rebound tonometry results with Maklakovs applanation tonometry and to develop corrections for their comparability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 75 patients. All subjects underwent Maklakov applanation tonometry (10 g) and pachymetry (Topcon SP-3000P). In 48 patients (94 eyes) of the 1st group, pneumotonometry (TONOREF II Nidek) was performed, and 27 patients of the 2nd group (52 eyes) underwent rebound tonometry (iCare IC-100). RESULTS: The mean difference in intraocular pressure level in the 1st group was 4.81 (p 0.001), and in the 2nd 0.98 mmHg (p = 0.399). Both methods pneumo- and rebound tonometry showed underestimated results with intraocular pressure less than 23.0 and 22.5 mmHg (respectively) relative to applanation tonometry and, conversely, overestimated intraocular pressure when these values were exceeded. A significant (p 0.001) strong (R2 = 0.86) relationship between applanation and rebound tonometry was obtained, which made it possible, using regression analysis, to develop a formula for recalculating results of iCare tonometry into those of Maklakov tonometry: PMaklakov = 0.40 PiCare + 13.44. CONCLUSIONS: Both pneumo- and rebound tonometry demonstrate adequate results of P0 with intraocular pressure below 23.0 and 22.5 mmHg (respectively) and overestimate the results when these values are exceeded. The developed formula allows converting the results of iCare tonometry into the values of the Maklakovs tonometry.
{"title":"Comparison and comparability of pneumotonometry and rebound tonometry results with Maklakov’s applanation tonometry","authors":"D. Belov, N. G. Zumbulidze, Amina I. Yusupova, F. Kasymov","doi":"10.17816/ov321245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ov321245","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Introduction and use of various tonometry methods can lead to misinterpretation of intraocular pressure results and influence the choice of treating approaches by ophthalmologist in a glaucoma patient. \u0000AIM: To compare pneumotonometry and rebound tonometry results with Maklakovs applanation tonometry and to develop corrections for their comparability. \u0000MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 75 patients. All subjects underwent Maklakov applanation tonometry (10 g) and pachymetry (Topcon SP-3000P). In 48 patients (94 eyes) of the 1st group, pneumotonometry (TONOREF II Nidek) was performed, and 27 patients of the 2nd group (52 eyes) underwent rebound tonometry (iCare IC-100). \u0000RESULTS: The mean difference in intraocular pressure level in the 1st group was 4.81 (p 0.001), and in the 2nd 0.98 mmHg (p = 0.399). Both methods pneumo- and rebound tonometry showed underestimated results with intraocular pressure less than 23.0 and 22.5 mmHg (respectively) relative to applanation tonometry and, conversely, overestimated intraocular pressure when these values were exceeded. A significant (p 0.001) strong (R2 = 0.86) relationship between applanation and rebound tonometry was obtained, which made it possible, using regression analysis, to develop a formula for recalculating results of iCare tonometry into those of Maklakov tonometry: PMaklakov = 0.40 PiCare + 13.44. \u0000CONCLUSIONS: Both pneumo- and rebound tonometry demonstrate adequate results of P0 with intraocular pressure below 23.0 and 22.5 mmHg (respectively) and overestimate the results when these values are exceeded. The developed formula allows converting the results of iCare tonometry into the values of the Maklakovs tonometry.","PeriodicalId":10836,"journal":{"name":"Current Ophthalmology Reports","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79417706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article describes a casuistic case of a long asymptomatic stay of a giant foreign body in the orbit and of its removal. Immediately after the injury and at primary surgical treatment, the foreign body was not diagnosed. The patient did not have any complaints for a long time, then gradually there was a periodic double vision when looking straight ahead, a dense formation under the eyebrow began to be revealed by palpation. The foreign body was successfully removed almost a year after the injury.
{"title":"A giant foreign body of the orbit. A clinical case","authors":"I. Filatova","doi":"10.17816/ov109283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ov109283","url":null,"abstract":"The article describes a casuistic case of a long asymptomatic stay of a giant foreign body in the orbit and of its removal. Immediately after the injury and at primary surgical treatment, the foreign body was not diagnosed. The patient did not have any complaints for a long time, then gradually there was a periodic double vision when looking straight ahead, a dense formation under the eyebrow began to be revealed by palpation. The foreign body was successfully removed almost a year after the injury.","PeriodicalId":10836,"journal":{"name":"Current Ophthalmology Reports","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81476514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Kiseleva, S. Saakyan, V. Makukhina, K. V. Lugovkina, S. Milash, N. F. Musova, Andrey A. Zharov
BACKGROUND: Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a noninvasive method of eye microcirculation evaluation. Few reports are published on the use of OCTA for anterior segment (AS) vessels analysis in healthy eyes and in conjunctival tumors, and their vascular characteristics are still not thoroughly investigated. These questions are of importance, as it is known that tumors vasculature is indicative of the patients vital prognosis. AIM: The aim of our study was to investigate the potential of AS-OCTA in evaluation of normal conjunctival vessels architecture as well as that in melanocytic neoplasms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 20 healthy volunteers (20 eyes) and 20 patients (20 eyes) with conjunctival nevi and melanomas were examined. AS optical coherence tomography (OCT) and AS-OCTA were performed. Scan analysis included qualitative assessment (vessels pattern, lumen, tortuosity) and quantitative assessment [perfusion density (PD, %) index]. Mean (MPD), maximum (MaxPD) and perifocal PD (PPD) were determined. RESULTS: In normal group, predominantly radial pattern of the vessels was revealed, their caliber remaining the same along their entire length; larger vessels were more often discovered in deep conjunctival layers. The lowest PD value (29.9%) was registered in the inferior conjunctival segment, and the highest (36.7%) in the nasal one. In the conjunctival tumors area tortuosity of the vessels, uneven vessels caliber along their length, and increase in the PD value were observed. Melanomas were characterized by an increase in the lace-like pattern and by presence of confluent pattern zones; MaxPD value was more than 50%. Significant difference was found between MPD values of normal conjunctiva and MPD values in conjunctival melanoma. CONCLUSIONS: AS-OCTA is an informative method for the visualization of vessels in normal conjunctiva and in conjunctival tumors. If the tumors vessels are unevenly distributed, MaxPD should be measured.
{"title":"The use of optical coherence tomography angiography in differential diagnosis of conjunctival melanocytic tumors","authors":"T. Kiseleva, S. Saakyan, V. Makukhina, K. V. Lugovkina, S. Milash, N. F. Musova, Andrey A. Zharov","doi":"10.17816/ov173174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ov173174","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a noninvasive method of eye microcirculation evaluation. Few reports are published on the use of OCTA for anterior segment (AS) vessels analysis in healthy eyes and in conjunctival tumors, and their vascular characteristics are still not thoroughly investigated. These questions are of importance, as it is known that tumors vasculature is indicative of the patients vital prognosis. \u0000AIM: The aim of our study was to investigate the potential of AS-OCTA in evaluation of normal conjunctival vessels architecture as well as that in melanocytic neoplasms. \u0000MATERIALS AND METHODS: 20 healthy volunteers (20 eyes) and 20 patients (20 eyes) with conjunctival nevi and melanomas were examined. AS optical coherence tomography (OCT) and AS-OCTA were performed. Scan analysis included qualitative assessment (vessels pattern, lumen, tortuosity) and quantitative assessment [perfusion density (PD, %) index]. Mean (MPD), maximum (MaxPD) and perifocal PD (PPD) were determined. \u0000RESULTS: In normal group, predominantly radial pattern of the vessels was revealed, their caliber remaining the same along their entire length; larger vessels were more often discovered in deep conjunctival layers. The lowest PD value (29.9%) was registered in the inferior conjunctival segment, and the highest (36.7%) in the nasal one. In the conjunctival tumors area tortuosity of the vessels, uneven vessels caliber along their length, and increase in the PD value were observed. Melanomas were characterized by an increase in the lace-like pattern and by presence of confluent pattern zones; MaxPD value was more than 50%. Significant difference was found between MPD values of normal conjunctiva and MPD values in conjunctival melanoma. \u0000CONCLUSIONS: AS-OCTA is an informative method for the visualization of vessels in normal conjunctiva and in conjunctival tumors. If the tumors vessels are unevenly distributed, MaxPD should be measured.","PeriodicalId":10836,"journal":{"name":"Current Ophthalmology Reports","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73846899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BACKGROUND: Reducing scarring in the postoperative period is one of the main tasks of glaucoma surgery. AIM: To develop new modifications of sinustrabeculectomy in the surgical treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma normalizing and prolonging the outflow of aqueous humor along newly formed pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Surgical procedures were performed in 106 patients (109 eyes) with primary open-angle glaucoma of moderate and advanced stages, without any history of previous surgeries. Patients were divided into groups: 1a 25 patients (25 eyes) who underwent sinustrabeculectomy with the formation of grooves for the intramuscular fluid outflow, 1b 26 patients (28 eyes) who underwent of sinustrabeculectomy with scleral flap twisting, 1c 28 patients(29 eyes) who underwent sinustrabeculectomy with scleral flap stitching, and the control group 27 patients (27 eyes) who underwent routine sinustrabeculectomy. The follow-up duration was up to 24 months. RESULTS: In 1 month after surgery, the average level of intramuscular pressure was comparable and remained low in all groups. Complete compensation of intramuscular pressure in groups 1a, 1b and 1c was observed in 80%, 75% and 76% of cases; partial in 16%, 18% and 21% of cases; failure in 4%, 7% and 3% of cases, respectively. In the control group (2), complete hypotensive success was noted in 55% of cases; partial in 30% of cases; failure in 15% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Developed new methods of sinustrabeculectomy allow to obtain a prolonged hypotensive effect.
{"title":"The options of an individual approach to the modification of sinustrabeculectomy for hypotensive effect prolongation","authors":"Elena A. Suleiman, S. Petrov","doi":"10.17816/ov256670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ov256670","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Reducing scarring in the postoperative period is one of the main tasks of glaucoma surgery. \u0000AIM: To develop new modifications of sinustrabeculectomy in the surgical treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma normalizing and prolonging the outflow of aqueous humor along newly formed pathways. \u0000MATERIALS AND METHODS: Surgical procedures were performed in 106 patients (109 eyes) with primary open-angle glaucoma of moderate and advanced stages, without any history of previous surgeries. Patients were divided into groups: 1a 25 patients (25 eyes) who underwent sinustrabeculectomy with the formation of grooves for the intramuscular fluid outflow, 1b 26 patients (28 eyes) who underwent of sinustrabeculectomy with scleral flap twisting, 1c 28 patients(29 eyes) who underwent sinustrabeculectomy with scleral flap stitching, and the control group 27 patients (27 eyes) who underwent routine sinustrabeculectomy. The follow-up duration was up to 24 months. \u0000RESULTS: In 1 month after surgery, the average level of intramuscular pressure was comparable and remained low in all groups. Complete compensation of intramuscular pressure in groups 1a, 1b and 1c was observed in 80%, 75% and 76% of cases; partial in 16%, 18% and 21% of cases; failure in 4%, 7% and 3% of cases, respectively. In the control group (2), complete hypotensive success was noted in 55% of cases; partial in 30% of cases; failure in 15% of cases. \u0000CONCLUSIONS: Developed new methods of sinustrabeculectomy allow to obtain a prolonged hypotensive effect.","PeriodicalId":10836,"journal":{"name":"Current Ophthalmology Reports","volume":"205 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77460105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. V. Neroeva, M. Lagarkova, P. A. Ilyukhin, N. S. Izmailova, O. A. Utkina, P. Laktionov, V. Chernonosova, Anatoly E. Kharitonov
The article is devoted to the study of surgical methods of retinal pigment epithelium transplantation in experiment on rabbits. The history of retinal pigment epithelium transplantation is briefly characterized in the study. Characteristics of the methods used are presented, their limitations, possibilities, and requirements for implementation in practice are highlighted. The results of transplantation of suspension of retinal pigment epithelium cells differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSC-RPE) without and with the use of platelet-rich blood plasma (PRP) are also considered. According to the results of the analysis we have developed modified methods of IPSC-RPE cells transplantation in the experiment on rabbits, which allow to reduce the number of postoperative complications, which provides the best therapeutic effect. Prospects for further studies are associated with a comparative analysis of the proposed techniques in terms of cell survival at different terms, anatomical integration and functional efficiency in the dynamics.
{"title":"Surgical methods of retinal pigment epithelium transplantation in rabbits in experiment","authors":"N. V. Neroeva, M. Lagarkova, P. A. Ilyukhin, N. S. Izmailova, O. A. Utkina, P. Laktionov, V. Chernonosova, Anatoly E. Kharitonov","doi":"10.17816/ov237101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ov237101","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the study of surgical methods of retinal pigment epithelium transplantation in experiment on rabbits. The history of retinal pigment epithelium transplantation is briefly characterized in the study. Characteristics of the methods used are presented, their limitations, possibilities, and requirements for implementation in practice are highlighted. The results of transplantation of suspension of retinal pigment epithelium cells differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSC-RPE) without and with the use of platelet-rich blood plasma (PRP) are also considered. According to the results of the analysis we have developed modified methods of IPSC-RPE cells transplantation in the experiment on rabbits, which allow to reduce the number of postoperative complications, which provides the best therapeutic effect. Prospects for further studies are associated with a comparative analysis of the proposed techniques in terms of cell survival at different terms, anatomical integration and functional efficiency in the dynamics.","PeriodicalId":10836,"journal":{"name":"Current Ophthalmology Reports","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76921401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Svetlana S. Martirosyan, Ofelya B. Ginoyan, A. Hovakimyan, Diana R. Simonyan, Ilona K. Musheghyan
The Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) is the etiologic agent of one of the most common infectious diseases among children, chickenpox. In its recurrent form it may cause a far more devastating disease, Herpes zoster. The disease can be manifested as conjunctivitis, episcleritis, scleritis, keratitis, anterior uveitis. Chorioretinal lesions may occur in patients with immunosuppression. A 14-year-old male patient has been admitted to the Ophthalmologic center after S.V. Malayan with complaints of visual decrease, redness and pains. In the history of the patient the transferred chickenpox was marked a few months ago. By biomicroscopic and fundoscopic examination conjunctival hyperemia, corneal precipitates, severe inflammatory reaction in the anterior chamber, sectoral iris atrophy, posterior synechiae, yellow-white multifocal, peripheral lesions on the fundus of both eyes and pigmented macular scar in the right eye were found out. Laboratory tests showed high levels of anti-VZV IgG. Treatment was prescribed in the form of local instillations and subtenon injections, as well as antiviral tablets. As a result of treatment, remission of inflammatory process and improvement of visual acuity were registered. The specific characteristic of present case study is the description of single clinical manifestations of Herpes zoster, which are necessary to detect for correct and timely treatment.
{"title":"A clinical case of multifocal chorioretinitis associated with Herpes zoster","authors":"Svetlana S. Martirosyan, Ofelya B. Ginoyan, A. Hovakimyan, Diana R. Simonyan, Ilona K. Musheghyan","doi":"10.17816/ov108827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ov108827","url":null,"abstract":"The Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) is the etiologic agent of one of the most common infectious diseases among children, chickenpox. In its recurrent form it may cause a far more devastating disease, Herpes zoster. The disease can be manifested as conjunctivitis, episcleritis, scleritis, keratitis, anterior uveitis. Chorioretinal lesions may occur in patients with immunosuppression. \u0000A 14-year-old male patient has been admitted to the Ophthalmologic center after S.V. Malayan with complaints of visual decrease, redness and pains. In the history of the patient the transferred chickenpox was marked a few months ago. By biomicroscopic and fundoscopic examination conjunctival hyperemia, corneal precipitates, severe inflammatory reaction in the anterior chamber, sectoral iris atrophy, posterior synechiae, yellow-white multifocal, peripheral lesions on the fundus of both eyes and pigmented macular scar in the right eye were found out. Laboratory tests showed high levels of anti-VZV IgG. Treatment was prescribed in the form of local instillations and subtenon injections, as well as antiviral tablets. As a result of treatment, remission of inflammatory process and improvement of visual acuity were registered. The specific characteristic of present case study is the description of single clinical manifestations of Herpes zoster, which are necessary to detect for correct and timely treatment.","PeriodicalId":10836,"journal":{"name":"Current Ophthalmology Reports","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79028054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Traumatic brain injury can cause various pathological conditions both in the eyeball and in the cranial cavity. The presented clinical case demonstrates the features of differential diagnosis of direct carotid-cavernous fistula and secondary post-traumatic glaucoma. Direct carotid-cavernous fistula is the formation of a communication between the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus and the discharge of arterial blood into it. The first symptom of a carotid-cavernous fistula is a pulsating noise in the head and above the eye. The manifest signs in the clinical picture are the signs of obstruction of venous outflow from the eye and the orbit: proptosis, eyelid edema and chemosis, congestive redness of the eye, varicose subcutaneous veins of the eyelids, as well as dilated ophthalmic vein visualized by ultrasound of the orbit, ophthalmic hypertension, oculomotor disorders, state of the fundus. The clinical picture in patients with secondary post-traumatic contusion glaucoma, in addition to an increase in intraocular pressure, is characterized by the presence of a congestive redness of the eye, changes in the cornea from mild superficial opacities to more dense ones, luxation or subluxation of the lens into the anterior chamber or vitreous, destruction of the vitreous or intraocular hemorrhage. The similarity of clinical manifestations of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula and secondary post-traumatic glaucoma can cause difficulties in differential diagnosis.
{"title":"Features of differential diagnosis of direct carotid-cavernous fistula. Clinical case","authors":"T. V. Tabashnikova, N. K. Serova, S. Yakovlev","doi":"10.17816/ov112530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ov112530","url":null,"abstract":"Traumatic brain injury can cause various pathological conditions both in the eyeball and in the cranial cavity. The presented clinical case demonstrates the features of differential diagnosis of direct carotid-cavernous fistula and secondary post-traumatic glaucoma. Direct carotid-cavernous fistula is the formation of a communication between the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus and the discharge of arterial blood into it. The first symptom of a carotid-cavernous fistula is a pulsating noise in the head and above the eye. The manifest signs in the clinical picture are the signs of obstruction of venous outflow from the eye and the orbit: proptosis, eyelid edema and chemosis, congestive redness of the eye, varicose subcutaneous veins of the eyelids, as well as dilated ophthalmic vein visualized by ultrasound of the orbit, ophthalmic hypertension, oculomotor disorders, state of the fundus. The clinical picture in patients with secondary post-traumatic contusion glaucoma, in addition to an increase in intraocular pressure, is characterized by the presence of a congestive redness of the eye, changes in the cornea from mild superficial opacities to more dense ones, luxation or subluxation of the lens into the anterior chamber or vitreous, destruction of the vitreous or intraocular hemorrhage. The similarity of clinical manifestations of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula and secondary post-traumatic glaucoma can cause difficulties in differential diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":10836,"journal":{"name":"Current Ophthalmology Reports","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78592066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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