Matheus M. Suela, Cristhian R. Castro, Wilian R. Ribeiro, Patricio R. Munoz, Jugpreet Singh, Ali Sarkosh, Jonathan Crane, Luis Felipe V. Ferrão
Coffee ( Coffea L.) is a globally important crop, central to both agricultural economies and daily consumption patterns. Despite the importance, the recent decades revealed a concerning trend: coffee has become expensive and less consistently available, affecting both exporting countries and major importers. The United States exemplifies well this dynamic. As the world's largest consumer, the country relies heavily on stable international supply chains to support the internal market. Given this, ensuring the long‐term resilience of the coffee supply chain has become a priority for the US market, requiring innovative strategies. This study presents an initial assessment of the viability of cultivating Coffea arabica in the southern United States, with a focus on local production in South Florida. Our hypothesis is that coffee could serve as an alternative specialty crop under subtropical conditions when supported by appropriate management practices. The contributions of this study are threefold. First, we evaluated the yield potential of four main C. arabica cultivars and provided a preliminary assessment of the yield and quality of coffee produced in Florida. Second, we developed a preliminary economic model to examine coffee as a potential alternative crop, integrating agronomic performance, production costs, and revenue projections. Third, we outline the current goals, limitations, and challenges associated with establishing coffee production in Florida, including climatic constraints, market segmentation, soil characteristics, and management considerations. Collectively, these findings offer the first insights into the opportunities and challenges of domestic coffee production, providing a framework for supporting coffee as a sustainable crop for subtropical regions of the United States.
{"title":"First assessment of agronomical performance of Coffea arabica in the southern US conditions","authors":"Matheus M. Suela, Cristhian R. Castro, Wilian R. Ribeiro, Patricio R. Munoz, Jugpreet Singh, Ali Sarkosh, Jonathan Crane, Luis Felipe V. Ferrão","doi":"10.1002/csc2.70270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.70270","url":null,"abstract":"Coffee ( <jats:italic>Coffea</jats:italic> L.) is a globally important crop, central to both agricultural economies and daily consumption patterns. Despite the importance, the recent decades revealed a concerning trend: coffee has become expensive and less consistently available, affecting both exporting countries and major importers. The United States exemplifies well this dynamic. As the world's largest consumer, the country relies heavily on stable international supply chains to support the internal market. Given this, ensuring the long‐term resilience of the coffee supply chain has become a priority for the US market, requiring innovative strategies. This study presents an initial assessment of the viability of cultivating <jats:italic>Coffea arabica</jats:italic> in the southern United States, with a focus on local production in South Florida. Our hypothesis is that coffee could serve as an alternative specialty crop under subtropical conditions when supported by appropriate management practices. The contributions of this study are threefold. First, we evaluated the yield potential of four main <jats:italic>C. arabica</jats:italic> cultivars and provided a preliminary assessment of the yield and quality of coffee produced in Florida. Second, we developed a preliminary economic model to examine coffee as a potential alternative crop, integrating agronomic performance, production costs, and revenue projections. Third, we outline the current goals, limitations, and challenges associated with establishing coffee production in Florida, including climatic constraints, market segmentation, soil characteristics, and management considerations. Collectively, these findings offer the first insights into the opportunities and challenges of domestic coffee production, providing a framework for supporting coffee as a sustainable crop for subtropical regions of the United States.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147519308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lentil ( Lens culinaris Medikus) is a nutrient‐rich, cool‐season legume crop grown in many regions worldwide. In the United States, lentil has yet to be adapted to southeastern (SE) regions, where it can be grown as a winter crop. The objective of this research was to identify candidate lentil genotypes for adaptation to organic production in the SE United States, with emphasis on low disease severity and the ability to compete with weeds. To achieve this, 238 lentil genotypes were grown at two locations in South Carolina for 3 years using an alpha‐lattice design, followed by quantification of disease severity, plant height, canopy cover, days to flower (DTF), days to maturity (DTM), and lodging. Mixed model analysis of variance indicated significant differences among genotypes and genotype × environment for all six traits, but differences among environments were more nuanced. Broad‐sense heritability estimates were high for plant height, DTF, and DTM, but were moderate for disease and canopy cover, and low for lodging. Hierarchical cluster analysis of all traits × environments revealed two clusters of 29 lentil genotypes with low disease severity, high plant height and canopy, and low lodging. Further screening these clusters using threshold values for four traits (disease severity < 50%, plant height > 25 cm, canopy cover > 15%, and lodging < 35%) identified 10 lentil genotypes best suited for organic production. Further research is required to test these genotypes across multiple environments to better understand how they respond to the unique combination of abiotic and biotic conditions.
{"title":"Lentil genotypes potentially suitable for organic production in the southeastern United States","authors":"Mark Dempsey, William Bridges, Dil Thavarajah","doi":"10.1002/csc2.70272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.70272","url":null,"abstract":"Lentil ( <jats:italic>Lens culinaris</jats:italic> Medikus) is a nutrient‐rich, cool‐season legume crop grown in many regions worldwide. In the United States, lentil has yet to be adapted to southeastern (SE) regions, where it can be grown as a winter crop. The objective of this research was to identify candidate lentil genotypes for adaptation to organic production in the SE United States, with emphasis on low disease severity and the ability to compete with weeds. To achieve this, 238 lentil genotypes were grown at two locations in South Carolina for 3 years using an alpha‐lattice design, followed by quantification of disease severity, plant height, canopy cover, days to flower (DTF), days to maturity (DTM), and lodging. Mixed model analysis of variance indicated significant differences among genotypes and genotype × environment for all six traits, but differences among environments were more nuanced. Broad‐sense heritability estimates were high for plant height, DTF, and DTM, but were moderate for disease and canopy cover, and low for lodging. Hierarchical cluster analysis of all traits × environments revealed two clusters of 29 lentil genotypes with low disease severity, high plant height and canopy, and low lodging. Further screening these clusters using threshold values for four traits (disease severity < 50%, plant height > 25 cm, canopy cover > 15%, and lodging < 35%) identified 10 lentil genotypes best suited for organic production. Further research is required to test these genotypes across multiple environments to better understand how they respond to the unique combination of abiotic and biotic conditions.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":"105 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147519309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tatiana de Vilela de Souza Pessoa, Érika de Fátima de dos Santos, Jailton da Costa Carneiro, Pedro Crescêncio Souza Carneiro, Kaio Olimpio das Graças Dias, Juarez Campolina Machado
Climate change caused by fossil fuels has driven the search for bioenergy sources. Elephantgrass [ Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone] biomass is a promising alternative for diversifying the energy matrix. One of the main steps of a genetic breeding program is the selection of parents who will form the crossing block, and the use of diallel analysis is critical in this step. Therefore, this study aimed to use mixed linear models to analyze diallel crosses and estimate the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) of elephantgrass clones to select superior parents and hybrids for bioenergetic applications. Eleven parents were crossed in a diallel scheme, totaling 55 hybrid combinations, and evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The measured traits were dry biomass production (DBP), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and cellulose‐lignin (C:L) ratio. There was a significant effect of SCA, SCA × cut interaction, and permanent effect on DBP, and a significant effect of GCA on IVDMD and C:L. There was a predominance of genes with additive effects controlling IVDMD and C:L traits, and dominance and epistasis for DBP. The parents selected for biochemical conversion processes were Embrapa's Active Germplasm Bank of Elephantgrass (BAGCE) 38 and CNPGL 92‐38‐2. The parents selected for direct combustion of biomass were BRS Canará, BRS Capiaçu, and CNPGL 96‐27‐3. The hybrids BAGCE 21 × BAGCE 38, BAGCE 30 × CNPGL‐92‐38‐2, and BAGCE 38 × BRS Kurumi show potential for the production of dry biomass.
{"title":"Diallel analysis of elephantgrass clones for bioenergy production in a tropical environment","authors":"Tatiana de Vilela de Souza Pessoa, Érika de Fátima de dos Santos, Jailton da Costa Carneiro, Pedro Crescêncio Souza Carneiro, Kaio Olimpio das Graças Dias, Juarez Campolina Machado","doi":"10.1002/csc2.70273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.70273","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change caused by fossil fuels has driven the search for bioenergy sources. Elephantgrass [ <jats:italic>Cenchrus purpureus</jats:italic> (Schumach.) Morrone] biomass is a promising alternative for diversifying the energy matrix. One of the main steps of a genetic breeding program is the selection of parents who will form the crossing block, and the use of diallel analysis is critical in this step. Therefore, this study aimed to use mixed linear models to analyze diallel crosses and estimate the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) of elephantgrass clones to select superior parents and hybrids for bioenergetic applications. Eleven parents were crossed in a diallel scheme, totaling 55 hybrid combinations, and evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The measured traits were dry biomass production (DBP), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and cellulose‐lignin (C:L) ratio. There was a significant effect of SCA, SCA × cut interaction, and permanent effect on DBP, and a significant effect of GCA on IVDMD and C:L. There was a predominance of genes with additive effects controlling IVDMD and C:L traits, and dominance and epistasis for DBP. The parents selected for biochemical conversion processes were Embrapa's Active Germplasm Bank of Elephantgrass (BAGCE) 38 and CNPGL 92‐38‐2. The parents selected for direct combustion of biomass were BRS Canará, BRS Capiaçu, and CNPGL 96‐27‐3. The hybrids BAGCE 21 × BAGCE 38, BAGCE 30 × CNPGL‐92‐38‐2, and BAGCE 38 × BRS Kurumi show potential for the production of dry biomass.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147518910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Preharvest sprouting (PHS) is the germination of mature grains on the mother plant before harvest, which negatively impacts both the yield and baking/brewing quality of wheat ( Triticum aestivum ). PHS resistance is a complex quantitative trait influenced by numerous genes. Although gene pyramiding has effectively increased resistance, the combined effects of multiple genes have not been systematically analyzed. We shortlisted 35 germination‐related genes through homology searches and transcript profiling, then mined 16 public wheat genomes to locate functional single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertion/deletions. Kompetitive allele‐specific PCR assays were designed for 69 non‐synonymous candidate variants, and 11 reliably genotyped a panel of 113 cultivars and landraces. Four known functional markers were also verified, giving a 15‐marker set. Every assay was significantly associated with germination percentage (%G, p < 0.05), and favorable alleles acted additively: varieties carrying 10 or more resistant alleles germinated at less than 20%. The core haplotype TaOCO1_D_121 / TaPHS1_3A_222 (T:C) was especially stable, with mean %G falling from below 50% in F 4 progeny to below 20% in F 6 . Key three‐locus combinations including TaOCO1_D_121 / TaDFR_B_‐282 / TaMKK3_A_660 (T:C:G) and TaOCO1_D_121 / TaDFR_B_282 / TaDOG1_A_740 (T:C:C) reduced %G by up to 80% relative to the population mean. Using extreme‐phenotype subsets, the 20 lowest %G and 20 highest %G lines per population from two biparental recombinant inbred line populations (Huaqixiaomai × Yanfeng 168 and Huaqixiaomai × Chuanmai 23), we found that the tested marker combinations identify low‐germination lines across genetic backgrounds. These results clarify the genetic architecture of PHS resistance and provide a practical marker toolkit for pyramiding alleles in wheat breeding.
{"title":"The pyramiding effect of seed germination genes confers resistance to preharvest sprouting in wheat","authors":"Xiaojiang Guo, Luo Yang, Zhongwei Yuan, Zhe Li, Ling Li, Mengping Cheng, Maolian Li, Huixue Dong, Qian Chen, Caihong Shen, Songtao Wang, Jirui Wang","doi":"10.1002/csc2.70269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.70269","url":null,"abstract":"Preharvest sprouting (PHS) is the germination of mature grains on the mother plant before harvest, which negatively impacts both the yield and baking/brewing quality of wheat ( <jats:italic>Triticum aestivum</jats:italic> ). PHS resistance is a complex quantitative trait influenced by numerous genes. Although gene pyramiding has effectively increased resistance, the combined effects of multiple genes have not been systematically analyzed. We shortlisted 35 germination‐related genes through homology searches and transcript profiling, then mined 16 public wheat genomes to locate functional single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertion/deletions. Kompetitive allele‐specific PCR assays were designed for 69 non‐synonymous candidate variants, and 11 reliably genotyped a panel of 113 cultivars and landraces. Four known functional markers were also verified, giving a 15‐marker set. Every assay was significantly associated with germination percentage (%G, <jats:italic>p </jats:italic> < 0.05), and favorable alleles acted additively: varieties carrying 10 or more resistant alleles germinated at less than 20%. The core haplotype TaOCO1_D_121 / TaPHS1_3A_222 (T:C) was especially stable, with mean %G falling from below 50% in F <jats:sub>4</jats:sub> progeny to below 20% in F <jats:sub>6</jats:sub> . Key three‐locus combinations including <jats:italic>TaOCO1_D_121</jats:italic> / <jats:italic>TaDFR_B_‐282</jats:italic> / <jats:italic>TaMKK3_A_660</jats:italic> (T:C:G) and <jats:italic>TaOCO1_D_121</jats:italic> / <jats:italic>TaDFR_B_282</jats:italic> / <jats:italic>TaDOG1_A_740</jats:italic> (T:C:C) reduced %G by up to 80% relative to the population mean. Using extreme‐phenotype subsets, the 20 lowest %G and 20 highest %G lines per population from two biparental recombinant inbred line populations (Huaqixiaomai × Yanfeng 168 and Huaqixiaomai × Chuanmai 23), we found that the tested marker combinations identify low‐germination lines across genetic backgrounds. These results clarify the genetic architecture of PHS resistance and provide a practical marker toolkit for pyramiding alleles in wheat breeding.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147518911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Di Wu, Xiaoxiang Zhang, Wei Jiang, Xujiang Wu, Junchan Wang, Hui Wang, Lulu Shou, Ling Wang, Hongya Wu, Wenjing Hu
This study demonstrates that vitamin E suppresses deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) kernels. Following the cloning of HGGT (a key gene for vitamin E biosynthesis) and development of insertion‐deletion markers IndHggt1 and IndHggt2, we found that cultivars carrying the favorable allele exhibited significantly reduced toxin levels ( p < 0.05) in 31 wheat varieties. Further validation in a natural population comprising 113 commercial cultivars, landraces, and breeding lines revealed that under non‐inoculated conditions, genotypes with the favorable allele exhibited 76.5% lower DON content and 37.9% higher vitamin E levels in kernels. Following inoculation, DON content decreased by 51.3% ( p < 0.01), with a 49.7% reduction in the toxin accumulation rate. Three elite germplasms (YM18, YM33, and SM3) high combining vitamin E, low DON accumulation, and disease resistance were identified. Twenty‐two hybrid crosses were produced from YM33 and YM18 as parental lines. Eight lines derived from eight combinations were confirmed to harbor the favorable allele of HGGT . Six of these exhibited desirable disease resistance alongside superior agronomic performance, serving as valuable genetic resources. This research provides functional markers and germplasm resources for pyramiding breeding aimed at enhancing DON resistance and nutritional vitamin E content.
{"title":"Vitamin E suppresses deoxynivalenol accumulation in wheat via a favorable HGGT allele: From marker development to germplasm screening and breeding utilization","authors":"Di Wu, Xiaoxiang Zhang, Wei Jiang, Xujiang Wu, Junchan Wang, Hui Wang, Lulu Shou, Ling Wang, Hongya Wu, Wenjing Hu","doi":"10.1002/csc2.70276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.70276","url":null,"abstract":"This study demonstrates that vitamin E suppresses deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation in wheat ( <jats:italic>Triticum aestivum</jats:italic> L.) kernels. Following the cloning of <jats:italic>HGGT</jats:italic> (a key gene for vitamin E biosynthesis) and development of insertion‐deletion markers IndHggt1 and IndHggt2, we found that cultivars carrying the favorable allele exhibited significantly reduced toxin levels ( <jats:italic>p <</jats:italic> 0.05) in 31 wheat varieties. Further validation in a natural population comprising 113 commercial cultivars, landraces, and breeding lines revealed that under non‐inoculated conditions, genotypes with the favorable allele exhibited 76.5% lower DON content and 37.9% higher vitamin E levels in kernels. Following inoculation, DON content decreased by 51.3% ( <jats:italic>p <</jats:italic> 0.01), with a 49.7% reduction in the toxin accumulation rate. Three elite germplasms (YM18, YM33, and SM3) high combining vitamin E, low DON accumulation, and disease resistance were identified. Twenty‐two hybrid crosses were produced from YM33 and YM18 as parental lines. Eight lines derived from eight combinations were confirmed to harbor the favorable allele of <jats:italic>HGGT</jats:italic> . Six of these exhibited desirable disease resistance alongside superior agronomic performance, serving as valuable genetic resources. This research provides functional markers and germplasm resources for pyramiding breeding aimed at enhancing DON resistance and nutritional vitamin E content.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147519310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Camila Ichazo, Marco D. Goyzueta, Zachary T. Brym, William D. Hammond, Barry L. Tillman
Generation of loose shelled kernels (LSK) during peanut harvest increases the probability of seed exposure to aflatoxin‐producing Aspergillus spp. fungi; therefore, LSK are a risk factor for aflatoxin contamination. This study investigated the impact of various genotypic pod and seed physical characteristics on generation of LSK. During 2022 and 2023 in Marianna, FL, a randomized complete block design with a split plot treatment arrangement evaluated nine advanced genotypes, which varied in hull thickness and pod/seed size, and harvest timing. LSK percentage and seed and hull characteristics were measured after harvest, and a subsample was collected for grading. In general, genotypes with thicker hulls and smaller seeds produced fewer LSK. However, genotypes with thicker hulls alone and independent of seed size had lower LSK compared to genotypes with thinner hulls. Similarly, genotypes with seed weight of around 62 g per 100 seed or less had lower LSK than genotypes with larger seed. The genotype that combined small seed with thick hulls had the lowest LSK of all genotypes. Thin hull is a prerequisite for higher grades in peanut, and grade determines the market value of the crop. Therefore, breeding for genotypes with thicker hulls would require a change in how the peanut crop is valued with a clear tradeoff in the value gained due to reduction in aflatoxin risk from lower LSK and the value lost in grade caused by a higher proportion of hulls versus edible peanuts (total sound mature kernels). Correlation and regression analyses were conducted to explore this tradeoff biologically and to help inform breeding efforts to select genotypes that minimize LSK risk.
{"title":"Impact of Hull thickness, seed weight, and total sound mature kernels on generation of loose shelled kernels during peanut harvest","authors":"Camila Ichazo, Marco D. Goyzueta, Zachary T. Brym, William D. Hammond, Barry L. Tillman","doi":"10.1002/csc2.70274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.70274","url":null,"abstract":"Generation of loose shelled kernels (LSK) during peanut harvest increases the probability of seed exposure to aflatoxin‐producing <jats:italic>Aspergillus</jats:italic> spp. fungi; therefore, LSK are a risk factor for aflatoxin contamination. This study investigated the impact of various genotypic pod and seed physical characteristics on generation of LSK. During 2022 and 2023 in Marianna, FL, a randomized complete block design with a split plot treatment arrangement evaluated nine advanced genotypes, which varied in hull thickness and pod/seed size, and harvest timing. LSK percentage and seed and hull characteristics were measured after harvest, and a subsample was collected for grading. In general, genotypes with thicker hulls and smaller seeds produced fewer LSK. However, genotypes with thicker hulls alone and independent of seed size had lower LSK compared to genotypes with thinner hulls. Similarly, genotypes with seed weight of around 62 g per 100 seed or less had lower LSK than genotypes with larger seed. The genotype that combined small seed with thick hulls had the lowest LSK of all genotypes. Thin hull is a prerequisite for higher grades in peanut, and grade determines the market value of the crop. Therefore, breeding for genotypes with thicker hulls would require a change in how the peanut crop is valued with a clear tradeoff in the value gained due to reduction in aflatoxin risk from lower LSK and the value lost in grade caused by a higher proportion of hulls versus edible peanuts (total sound mature kernels). Correlation and regression analyses were conducted to explore this tradeoff biologically and to help inform breeding efforts to select genotypes that minimize LSK risk.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147519240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Winnyfred Amongi, Stanley Tamusange Nkalubo, Mildred Ochwo‐Ssemakula, Arfang Badji, Thomas Lapaka Odong, Ephraim Nuwamanya, Phineas Tukamuhabwe, Alfred Ozimati, Isaac Onziga Dramadri, Karen Cichy, Clare Mukankusi
Common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a nutritionally dense and widely cultivated legume that serves as a major source of protein, minerals, and dietary fiber for millions of people, particularly in sub‐Saharan Africa and Latin America. However, its production and utilization are constrained by biotic and abiotic stresses, prolonged cooking time, and the presence of bioactive compounds that limit iron bioavailability. Traditional breeding to improve these traits is slow and often yields limited progress. This study used genotyping‐by‐sequencing on 427 bean genotypes to explore the genetic basis of key nutritional and yield traits: iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), bioactive compounds, cooking time (COOKT, in minutes), hydration coefficient (HC), seed coat color, and yield. Through multi‐locus quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis and structural equation modeling, the study identified 82 QTLs across all 11 chromosomes, including regions on Pv02 (where Pv is Phaseolus vulgaris chromosome), Pv05, and Pv11 that influence both Fe and Zn. Shared genomic regions were also found for Zn‐HC, COOKT‐HC, and yield‐polyphenols. Nine QTLs that may be involved in multiple traits indicate pleiotropic effects, though only two were beneficial across all. However, incorporating these markers into multi‐trait genomic prediction models did not significantly improve prediction accuracy. The model based solely on the genomic relationship matrix achieved the best performance. These findings highlight the complex genetic architecture of key traits and the necessity of customizing genomic prediction strategies to specific breeding objectives.
{"title":"Genomics of iron and zinc concentration, iron bioavailability, and yield in common bean: Multi‐locus GWAS, structural equation modelling, candidate gene prioritization and genomic selection","authors":"Winnyfred Amongi, Stanley Tamusange Nkalubo, Mildred Ochwo‐Ssemakula, Arfang Badji, Thomas Lapaka Odong, Ephraim Nuwamanya, Phineas Tukamuhabwe, Alfred Ozimati, Isaac Onziga Dramadri, Karen Cichy, Clare Mukankusi","doi":"10.1002/csc2.70262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.70262","url":null,"abstract":"Common bean ( <jats:italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</jats:italic> L.) is a nutritionally dense and widely cultivated legume that serves as a major source of protein, minerals, and dietary fiber for millions of people, particularly in sub‐Saharan Africa and Latin America. However, its production and utilization are constrained by biotic and abiotic stresses, prolonged cooking time, and the presence of bioactive compounds that limit iron bioavailability. Traditional breeding to improve these traits is slow and often yields limited progress. This study used genotyping‐by‐sequencing on 427 bean genotypes to explore the genetic basis of key nutritional and yield traits: iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), bioactive compounds, cooking time (COOKT, in minutes), hydration coefficient (HC), seed coat color, and yield. Through multi‐locus quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis and structural equation modeling, the study identified 82 QTLs across all 11 chromosomes, including regions on Pv02 (where Pv is <jats:italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</jats:italic> chromosome), Pv05, and Pv11 that influence both Fe and Zn. Shared genomic regions were also found for Zn‐HC, COOKT‐HC, and yield‐polyphenols. Nine QTLs that may be involved in multiple traits indicate pleiotropic effects, though only two were beneficial across all. However, incorporating these markers into multi‐trait genomic prediction models did not significantly improve prediction accuracy. The model based solely on the genomic relationship matrix achieved the best performance. These findings highlight the complex genetic architecture of key traits and the necessity of customizing genomic prediction strategies to specific breeding objectives.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147519312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. R. Trumpp, J. C. B. Dubeux, J. Portuguez Acuña, I. L. Bretas, K. Oduor, L. M. D. Queiroz, M. Ruiz‐Moreno, L. E. Sollenberger, N. DiLorenzo, J. M. B. Vendramini
Grasslands are important terrestrial ecosystems that provide feed for livestock, support soil conservation and nutrient cycling, and store soil carbon (C). In many grazed grasslands, restricted nitrogen (N) inputs from fertilizers and minimal legume presence may constrain belowground biomass accumulation and soil C storage because of limited N. Our objective was to compare root–rhizome biomass and composition, root accumulation, and soil organic C (SOC) stocks for three grazed, year‐round forage systems based on bahiagrass ( Paspalum notatum Flügge). Systems included a bahiagrass monoculture during summer, overseeded with cool‐season grasses for winter, and receiving 224 kg N ha −1 year −1 (BG‐N [bahiagrass during the warm season overseeded with ryegrass‐oats mixtures during the cool season, with 224 kg N ha −1 divided equally in cool and warm seasons]); a bahiagrass monoculture during summer, overseeded with a cool‐season grass–legume mixture for winter, and receiving 34 kg N ha −1 year −1 (BG‐CL [bahiagrass (no N‐fertilized) during the warm season overseeded with ryegrass–oats–clovers mixture (34 kg N ha −1 ) during the cool season]); and a bahiagrass–rhizoma peanut ( Arachis glabrata Benth.) mixture during summer, overseeded with a cool‐season grass–legume mixture for winter, and receiving 34 kg N ha −1 year −1 (BG‐RP [bahiagrass and rhizoma peanut (no N‐fertilized) during the warm season overseeded with ryegrass–oats–clovers mixture (34 kg N ha −1 ) during the cool season]). This study assessed belowground responses and estimated decomposition dynamics during 2 years in a long‐term grazing system. During summer, BG‐RP had greater root–rhizome biomass (9770 kg OM ha −1 [where OM stands for organic matter]) than BG‐N (6230 kg OM ha −1 ) and BG‐CL (7320 kg OM ha −1 ). Greater root–rhizome mass in BG‐RP increased N (35%) and C (38%) stocks compared with BG‐N, but root–rhizome accumulation rate was not different among forage systems (14.5–15.9 and 15.6–22.6 kg OM ha −1 day −1 during cool and warm seasons, respectively). Nine years after imposing forage systems, SOC stocks (0–90 cm) had increased and were similar (104 Mg ha −1 ) across forage systems. Integrating legumes with limited N fertilizer application for 9 years resulted in similar SOC as heavily N‐fertilized, grass‐only systems.
草原是重要的陆地生态系统，为牲畜提供饲料，支持土壤保持和养分循环，并储存土壤碳(C)。在许多放牧草地中，由于氮素的限制，来自肥料的氮(N)输入和豆科植物的极少存在可能会限制地下生物量的积累和土壤C的储存。我们的目的是比较三种基于百海草（Paspalum notatum fl gge）的一年生放牧牧草系统的根际生物量和组成、根系积累和土壤有机C （SOC）储量。系统包括夏季百喜草单一栽培，冬季用冷季草过度播种，并获得224 kg N ha−1年−1 (BG‐N[暖季百喜草与黑麦草-燕麦混合物在冷季过度播种，在冷季和暖季平均分配224 kg N ha−1])；夏季使用百喜草单种栽培，冬季使用凉季草-豆科植物混合物过度播种，并接受34 kg N ha−1年−1 (BG‐CL[暖季百喜草（不施肥），凉季使用黑麦草-燕麦-三叶草混合物（34 kg N ha−1）])；夏季使用百喜草-根茎花生（arachhis glabrata Benth.）混合物，冬季使用凉季草-豆科植物混合物，并接受34 kg N ha−1年−1 （BG‐RP[暖季百喜草和根茎花生（不施肥），凉季使用黑麦草-燕麦-三叶草混合物（34 kg N ha−1）]）。本研究评估了长期放牧系统2年的地下响应和分解动态。在夏季，BG‐RP的根茎生物量（9770 kg OM ha - 1 [OM代表有机质]）高于BG‐N （6230 kg OM ha - 1）和BG‐CL （7320 kg OM ha - 1）。与BG‐N相比，BG‐RP的根茎质量增加了氮储量（35%）和碳储量（38%），但根茎积累速率在不同的饲料系统之间没有差异（冷季和暖季分别为14.5-15.9和15.6-22.6 kg OM ha - 1 day - 1）。实施牧草系统9年后，各牧草系统土壤有机碳储量（0-90 cm）均有所增加，且基本相同（104 Mg ha - 1）。将豆科作物与有限的氮肥施用结合9年，其有机碳与只施用氮肥的草地系统相似。
{"title":"Belowground biomass characteristics and soil organic C accumulation of bahiagrass‐based forage systems with or without legumes","authors":"K. R. Trumpp, J. C. B. Dubeux, J. Portuguez Acuña, I. L. Bretas, K. Oduor, L. M. D. Queiroz, M. Ruiz‐Moreno, L. E. Sollenberger, N. DiLorenzo, J. M. B. Vendramini","doi":"10.1002/csc2.70266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.70266","url":null,"abstract":"Grasslands are important terrestrial ecosystems that provide feed for livestock, support soil conservation and nutrient cycling, and store soil carbon (C). In many grazed grasslands, restricted nitrogen (N) inputs from fertilizers and minimal legume presence may constrain belowground biomass accumulation and soil C storage because of limited N. Our objective was to compare root–rhizome biomass and composition, root accumulation, and soil organic C (SOC) stocks for three grazed, year‐round forage systems based on bahiagrass ( <jats:italic>Paspalum notatum</jats:italic> Flügge). Systems included a bahiagrass monoculture during summer, overseeded with cool‐season grasses for winter, and receiving 224 kg N ha <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> year <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> (BG‐N [bahiagrass during the warm season overseeded with ryegrass‐oats mixtures during the cool season, with 224 kg N ha <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> divided equally in cool and warm seasons]); a bahiagrass monoculture during summer, overseeded with a cool‐season grass–legume mixture for winter, and receiving 34 kg N ha <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> year <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> (BG‐CL [bahiagrass (no N‐fertilized) during the warm season overseeded with ryegrass–oats–clovers mixture (34 kg N ha <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> ) during the cool season]); and a bahiagrass–rhizoma peanut ( <jats:italic>Arachis glabrata</jats:italic> Benth.) mixture during summer, overseeded with a cool‐season grass–legume mixture for winter, and receiving 34 kg N ha <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> year <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> (BG‐RP [bahiagrass and rhizoma peanut (no N‐fertilized) during the warm season overseeded with ryegrass–oats–clovers mixture (34 kg N ha <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> ) during the cool season]). This study assessed belowground responses and estimated decomposition dynamics during 2 years in a long‐term grazing system. During summer, BG‐RP had greater root–rhizome biomass (9770 kg OM ha <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> [where OM stands for organic matter]) than BG‐N (6230 kg OM ha <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> ) and BG‐CL (7320 kg OM ha <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> ). Greater root–rhizome mass in BG‐RP increased N (35%) and C (38%) stocks compared with BG‐N, but root–rhizome accumulation rate was not different among forage systems (14.5–15.9 and 15.6–22.6 kg OM ha <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> day <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> during cool and warm seasons, respectively). Nine years after imposing forage systems, SOC stocks (0–90 cm) had increased and were similar (104 Mg ha <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> ) across forage systems. Integrating legumes with limited N fertilizer application for 9 years resulted in similar SOC as heavily N‐fertilized, grass‐only systems.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147518963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David M. Jaramillo, Lisa M. Bauman, Lais O. Lima, Jason Cavadini
Forage legumes provide a wide range of ecosystem services to grasslands. Improving legume proportion and species diversity of meadow fescue [ Lolium pratense (Huds.) Darbysh] pasture‐based systems can increase the sustainability of a given farming system. This study compared no‐till or frost‐seeding methods to incorporate clovers ( Trifolium spp.) or chicory ( Cichorium intybus L.) into an established meadow fescue sward as pasture‐improvement strategies. No‐till planting occurred in the fall or spring of 2022 and 2023, and frost seeding occurred during the winter of each year. In addition, this study aimed to quantify biological N 2 fixation (BNF) from the interseeded clovers. Chicory failed to establish in both years of the study, comprising less than 2% of the botanical composition. While no‐till planting in the fall or spring, or frost seeding during the winter were successful at establishing clovers, frost seeding may be a more attractive method provided that it may be more economical, requiring less specialized equipment. No‐till interseeding in the fall or spring are also adequate strategies. Overall, red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) was more productive than white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) in the first year after planting. Further evaluations into persistence after the first year of clover planting are warranted. As a whole, interseeding clovers into meadow fescue pastures is indeed valuable for improving pasture systems by increasing forage accumulation and fixing up to 20 kg N ha −1 year −1 .
草料豆科植物为草原提供了广泛的生态系统服务。提高草甸羊茅豆科植物比例及物种多样性以牧场为基础的系统可以增加特定农业系统的可持续性。本研究比较了免耕和霜冻播种的方法，将三叶草（Trifolium spp.）或菊苣（Cichorium intybus L.）作为草场改良策略纳入已建立的草地羊茅草地。免耕种植发生在2022年和2023年的秋季或春季，霜冻播种发生在每年的冬季。此外，本研究旨在量化杂交三叶草的生物固氮（BNF）。菊苣在研究的两年中都没有建立，占植物成分的比例不到2%。虽然秋季或春季免耕种植或冬季霜冻播种都能成功种植三叶草，但霜冻播种可能是一种更有吸引力的方法，因为它可能更经济，需要较少的专门设备。在秋季或春季进行免耕间种也是适当的策略。总体而言，红三叶草（Trifolium pratense L.）在种植后第一年的产量高于白三叶草（Trifolium repens L.）。在种植三叶草的第一年之后，对持续性的进一步评估是有必要的。总体而言，在草甸羊茅牧场间种三叶草确实对改善牧场系统有价值，可以增加牧草积累和固定高达20 kg N ha−1年−1。
{"title":"Interseeding strategies for legume integration into meadow fescue pastures","authors":"David M. Jaramillo, Lisa M. Bauman, Lais O. Lima, Jason Cavadini","doi":"10.1002/csc2.70268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.70268","url":null,"abstract":"Forage legumes provide a wide range of ecosystem services to grasslands. Improving legume proportion and species diversity of meadow fescue [ <jats:italic>Lolium pratense</jats:italic> (Huds.) Darbysh] pasture‐based systems can increase the sustainability of a given farming system. This study compared no‐till or frost‐seeding methods to incorporate clovers ( <jats:italic>Trifolium</jats:italic> spp.) or chicory ( <jats:italic>Cichorium intybus</jats:italic> L.) into an established meadow fescue sward as pasture‐improvement strategies. No‐till planting occurred in the fall or spring of 2022 and 2023, and frost seeding occurred during the winter of each year. In addition, this study aimed to quantify biological N <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> fixation (BNF) from the interseeded clovers. Chicory failed to establish in both years of the study, comprising less than 2% of the botanical composition. While no‐till planting in the fall or spring, or frost seeding during the winter were successful at establishing clovers, frost seeding may be a more attractive method provided that it may be more economical, requiring less specialized equipment. No‐till interseeding in the fall or spring are also adequate strategies. Overall, red clover ( <jats:italic>Trifolium pratense</jats:italic> L.) was more productive than white clover ( <jats:italic>Trifolium repens</jats:italic> L.) in the first year after planting. Further evaluations into persistence after the first year of clover planting are warranted. As a whole, interseeding clovers into meadow fescue pastures is indeed valuable for improving pasture systems by increasing forage accumulation and fixing up to 20 kg N ha <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> year <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> .","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147518964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Geoffrey Onaga, Félicien Akohoue, Maria F. Alvarez, Rosemary Murori, Paola A. Mosquera, Nana K. A. Amoah, Tella H. Euridice, Everlyne Nganga, Rehema Kwayu, Atugonza Bilaro, Zenna Negussie
Rice blast remains a major disease, causing severe yield losses in rice‐producing regions and posing a threat to global food security. Understanding genetic variation within germplasms is crucial for identifying locally adapted genotypes with beneficial alleles for improving resistance to this disease. This study aimed to characterize the genetic diversity of 261 East and Southern African (ESA) rice accessions and their relationships with the global 3K rice panel, and to identify genetic loci associated with leaf blast resistance. We analyzed genetic diversity using population structure and diversity metrics, and conducted genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) with SUPER (settlement of mixed linear model under progressively exclusive relationship) and BLINK (Bayesian information and linkage‐disequilibrium iteratively nested keyway) models to detect marker‐trait associations (MTAs) for blast resistance. The ESA panel revealed five genetically diverse subpopulations, which, while distinct from most 3K accessions, clustered with indica and aus types, and showed moderate to high nucleotide diversity ( π = 0.10–0.45) with major diversity hotspots identified. GWAS detected several significant MTAs for blast resistance, including a major quantitative trait loci, qBL4 , on chromosome 4, which accounted for 20.6% of variance and contained candidate resistance genes such as LOC_Os04g51030, a wall‐associated kinase. Favorable haplotypes at this locus led to a significant reduction in disease severity, suggesting these genetic variants are valuable resources for breeding durable, broad‐spectrum blast‐resistant rice varieties.
{"title":"Unraveling genetic diversity and loci conferring leaf blast resistance in East and Southern African rice germplasm","authors":"Geoffrey Onaga, Félicien Akohoue, Maria F. Alvarez, Rosemary Murori, Paola A. Mosquera, Nana K. A. Amoah, Tella H. Euridice, Everlyne Nganga, Rehema Kwayu, Atugonza Bilaro, Zenna Negussie","doi":"10.1002/csc2.70267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.70267","url":null,"abstract":"Rice blast remains a major disease, causing severe yield losses in rice‐producing regions and posing a threat to global food security. Understanding genetic variation within germplasms is crucial for identifying locally adapted genotypes with beneficial alleles for improving resistance to this disease. This study aimed to characterize the genetic diversity of 261 East and Southern African (ESA) rice accessions and their relationships with the global 3K rice panel, and to identify genetic loci associated with leaf blast resistance. We analyzed genetic diversity using population structure and diversity metrics, and conducted genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) with SUPER (settlement of mixed linear model under progressively exclusive relationship) and BLINK (Bayesian information and linkage‐disequilibrium iteratively nested keyway) models to detect marker‐trait associations (MTAs) for blast resistance. The ESA panel revealed five genetically diverse subpopulations, which, while distinct from most 3K accessions, clustered with indica and aus types, and showed moderate to high nucleotide diversity ( <jats:italic>π</jats:italic> = 0.10–0.45) with major diversity hotspots identified. GWAS detected several significant MTAs for blast resistance, including a major quantitative trait loci, <jats:italic>qBL4</jats:italic> , on chromosome 4, which accounted for 20.6% of variance and contained candidate resistance genes such as LOC_Os04g51030, a wall‐associated kinase. Favorable haplotypes at this locus led to a significant reduction in disease severity, suggesting these genetic variants are valuable resources for breeding durable, broad‐spectrum blast‐resistant rice varieties.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147492847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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