Recurrent selection is a proven method and targeted recombination is a potential method for achieving genetic gain. Our objectives were to determine the (1) equivalency in predicted gains between cycles of recurrent selection and targeted recombination in maize (Zea mays L.), (2) correspondence between targeted‐recombination positions when gains from nontargeted chromosomes are considered versus ignored, and (3) trade‐offs in predicted gains for yield and moisture in targeted recombination. From genomewide marker effects for 2911 single nucleotide polymorphism loci in 270 biparental populations, we obtained predicted gains from fixed numbers of targeted recombinations and compared these gains to the genotypic‐value distributions of doubled haploids obtained from different cycles of simulated recurrent selection. On average, it took three cycles of single‐trait recurrent selection to obtain at least a few doubled haploid lines with the same performance achieved with nine or 10 targeted recombinations in Cycle 0. Results indicated that when targeting recombinations across the genome, gains from segregation on nontargeted chromosomes do not need to be considered. Predicted increases in yield were associated with increases in moisture. Given the logistics of pyramiding targeted recombinations and the lack of mature technologies for routine targeted recombination, recurrent selection is currently the preferred approach for accumulating favorable recombinations.
{"title":"Potential genetic gains from targeted recombination versus recurrent selection for maize yield and moisture","authors":"John N. Cameron, Rex Bernardo","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21368","url":null,"abstract":"Recurrent selection is a proven method and targeted recombination is a potential method for achieving genetic gain. Our objectives were to determine the (1) equivalency in predicted gains between cycles of recurrent selection and targeted recombination in maize (<jats:italic>Zea mays</jats:italic> L.), (2) correspondence between targeted‐recombination positions when gains from nontargeted chromosomes are considered versus ignored, and (3) trade‐offs in predicted gains for yield and moisture in targeted recombination. From genomewide marker effects for 2911 single nucleotide polymorphism loci in 270 biparental populations, we obtained predicted gains from fixed numbers of targeted recombinations and compared these gains to the genotypic‐value distributions of doubled haploids obtained from different cycles of simulated recurrent selection. On average, it took three cycles of single‐trait recurrent selection to obtain at least a few doubled haploid lines with the same performance achieved with nine or 10 targeted recombinations in Cycle 0. Results indicated that when targeting recombinations across the genome, gains from segregation on nontargeted chromosomes do not need to be considered. Predicted increases in yield were associated with increases in moisture. Given the logistics of pyramiding targeted recombinations and the lack of mature technologies for routine targeted recombination, recurrent selection is currently the preferred approach for accumulating favorable recombinations.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seed shattering is a major economic problem in seed production of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). The objective was to identify potential relationships between phenotypic traits and seed retention in a 2‐year field trial with 21 diverse global accessions of perennial ryegrass. Accessions were grouped according to level of seed retention. Phenotypic traits examined were growth habit, spike length, curvature of the spike, spikelets per spike, spikelet length, internode length between spikelets, angle of spikelet insertion into the rachis, seeds per spike, and seed weight. Traits were captured and measured by use of novel two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) imaging tools. Among accessions, median seed retention values for the high and low seed retention groups were 61% and 36%, respectively. Four traits were found to significantly impact seed shattering: spike length (p ≤ 0.01), seed weight (p ≤ 0.001), seeds per spike (p ≤ 0.05), and internode length between spikelets (p ≤ 0.01). Seed retention was highest in accessions with short spikes. Most of the accessions that had high seed retention also had lower mean seed weight than the commercial plant materials. Accession (PI 231620) had both high levels of seed retention and a mean seed weight that is acceptable in the marketplace. These qualities may be used to improve seed retention in the breeding of perennial ryegrass cultivars. The 2D and 3D imaging methods have applicability in measurement of other plant morphological traits and across a broad range of plant species.
{"title":"Exploring traditional and novel spike traits associated with seed retention in perennial ryegrass by integrating 2D and 3D image analysis","authors":"Travis B. Tubbs, Thomas G. Chastain","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21371","url":null,"abstract":"Seed shattering is a major economic problem in seed production of perennial ryegrass (<jats:italic>Lolium perenne</jats:italic> L.). The objective was to identify potential relationships between phenotypic traits and seed retention in a 2‐year field trial with 21 diverse global accessions of perennial ryegrass. Accessions were grouped according to level of seed retention. Phenotypic traits examined were growth habit, spike length, curvature of the spike, spikelets per spike, spikelet length, internode length between spikelets, angle of spikelet insertion into the rachis, seeds per spike, and seed weight. Traits were captured and measured by use of novel two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) imaging tools. Among accessions, median seed retention values for the high and low seed retention groups were 61% and 36%, respectively. Four traits were found to significantly impact seed shattering: spike length (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> ≤ 0.01), seed weight (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> ≤ 0.001), seeds per spike (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> ≤ 0.05), and internode length between spikelets (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> ≤ 0.01). Seed retention was highest in accessions with short spikes. Most of the accessions that had high seed retention also had lower mean seed weight than the commercial plant materials. Accession (PI 231620) had both high levels of seed retention and a mean seed weight that is acceptable in the marketplace. These qualities may be used to improve seed retention in the breeding of perennial ryegrass cultivars. The 2D and 3D imaging methods have applicability in measurement of other plant morphological traits and across a broad range of plant species.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
William Fairlie, David Hughes, Brian Cullis, James Edwards, Haydn Kuchel
Late maturity α‐amylase (LMA) is known to reduce falling number (FN) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), similar to the effect of preharvest sprouting (PHS) and frost, which can result in grain parcels testing below trading thresholds. Hence, Grains Australia mandates that new Australian wheat cultivars must be at a low risk of LMA expression to receive a milling classification. The multi‐environment trial dataset contained 34 environments not affected by PHS or frost and was analyzed using a five‐factor analytic linear mixed model. Factor 1 accounted for 71.4% of the genetic variation in FN, factor 2 accounted for 8.8%, factor 3 accounted for 5.7%, factor 4 accounted for 3.5%, and factor 5 accounted for 3.1%. The interaction class (iClass) summary method was used to assist in the characterization of crossover genotype‐by‐environment interaction (G × E). Poorer FN performance was best observed in the “ppp” iClass, which indicated a minor, but significant, response to crossover G × E. The environment loadings for factor 1 were associated with mild ripening conditions, characterized by fewer days above 28°C, increased rainfall, and increased variation in daily maximum temperature and relative humidity. Factors 2 and 3 were associated with “cool shock” conditions, where the maximum temperature for 1 day was above 24°C followed by at least three consecutive days below 18°C during the grain fill period. This study provides further evidence of the crossover G × E present for FN associated with LMA, poor FN performance in genotypes that express higher levels of LMA, and the environmental conditions that contribute to LMA expression.
{"title":"Genotype‐by‐environment interaction for wheat falling number performance due to late maturity α‐amylase","authors":"William Fairlie, David Hughes, Brian Cullis, James Edwards, Haydn Kuchel","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21348","url":null,"abstract":"Late maturity α‐amylase (LMA) is known to reduce falling number (FN) in wheat (<jats:italic>Triticum aestivum</jats:italic> L.), similar to the effect of preharvest sprouting (PHS) and frost, which can result in grain parcels testing below trading thresholds. Hence, Grains Australia mandates that new Australian wheat cultivars must be at a low risk of LMA expression to receive a milling classification. The multi‐environment trial dataset contained 34 environments not affected by PHS or frost and was analyzed using a five‐factor analytic linear mixed model. Factor 1 accounted for 71.4% of the genetic variation in FN, factor 2 accounted for 8.8%, factor 3 accounted for 5.7%, factor 4 accounted for 3.5%, and factor 5 accounted for 3.1%. The interaction class (iClass) summary method was used to assist in the characterization of crossover genotype‐by‐environment interaction (G × E). Poorer FN performance was best observed in the “ppp” iClass, which indicated a minor, but significant, response to crossover G × E. The environment loadings for factor 1 were associated with mild ripening conditions, characterized by fewer days above 28°C, increased rainfall, and increased variation in daily maximum temperature and relative humidity. Factors 2 and 3 were associated with “cool shock” conditions, where the maximum temperature for 1 day was above 24°C followed by at least three consecutive days below 18°C during the grain fill period. This study provides further evidence of the crossover G × E present for FN associated with LMA, poor FN performance in genotypes that express higher levels of LMA, and the environmental conditions that contribute to LMA expression.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142321139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl.] is one of the most troublesome summer annual weeds in cool‐season turfgrass. Field experiments demonstrated a strong relationship between spring photosynthetic active radiation reaching the soil surface and the resulting smooth crabgrass cover in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) 2/3 months later in summer. Both smooth crabgrass and canopy penetrating light were consistently reduced by higher mowing heights. Follow‐up experiments in controlled environments were initiated to improve our understanding of how light quality and quantity influence smooth crabgrass germination and growth. Smooth crabgrass germination was ≥99% following exposure to blue, red (R), far red (FR), both R and FR light pulses, or complete darkness treatments. A second germination experiment examined six levels of turfgrass canopy shade (0%, 24%, 44%, 77%, 90%, and 100% photosynthetic photon flux density [PPFD] reduction) and found that smooth crabgrass germination was ≥99% for all treatments. These experiments indicate that light quality and quantity do not affect smooth crabgrass germination. A greenhouse experiment examined five levels of turfgrass canopy shade (0%, 44%, 59%, 81%, and 91% PPFD reduction). Smooth crabgrass quantum and PSII (Photosystem II) operating efficiency increased in response to shade, while leaf number and thickness, specific leaf weight, tillering, mass, electron transport rate, and stomatal conductance decreased with increasing shade. Overall, the results demonstrate that smooth crabgrass is able to germinate regardless of canopy density, but seedling growth, development, and plant function are diminished in a dense turfgrass canopy shade.
{"title":"Effects of turfgrass canopy shade levels and quantum spectrum on the germination and development of smooth crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum)","authors":"Vera Vuković, Quincy D. Law, Aaron J. Patton","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21351","url":null,"abstract":"Smooth crabgrass [<jats:italic>Digitaria ischaemum</jats:italic> (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl.] is one of the most troublesome summer annual weeds in cool‐season turfgrass. Field experiments demonstrated a strong relationship between spring photosynthetic active radiation reaching the soil surface and the resulting smooth crabgrass cover in Kentucky bluegrass (<jats:italic>Poa pratensis</jats:italic> L.) 2/3 months later in summer. Both smooth crabgrass and canopy penetrating light were consistently reduced by higher mowing heights. Follow‐up experiments in controlled environments were initiated to improve our understanding of how light quality and quantity influence smooth crabgrass germination and growth. Smooth crabgrass germination was ≥99% following exposure to blue, red (R), far red (FR), both R and FR light pulses, or complete darkness treatments. A second germination experiment examined six levels of turfgrass canopy shade (0%, 24%, 44%, 77%, 90%, and 100% photosynthetic photon flux density [PPFD] reduction) and found that smooth crabgrass germination was ≥99% for all treatments. These experiments indicate that light quality and quantity do not affect smooth crabgrass germination. A greenhouse experiment examined five levels of turfgrass canopy shade (0%, 44%, 59%, 81%, and 91% PPFD reduction). Smooth crabgrass quantum and PSII (Photosystem II) operating efficiency increased in response to shade, while leaf number and thickness, specific leaf weight, tillering, mass, electron transport rate, and stomatal conductance decreased with increasing shade. Overall, the results demonstrate that smooth crabgrass is able to germinate regardless of canopy density, but seedling growth, development, and plant function are diminished in a dense turfgrass canopy shade.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142276898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shidi Wu, Austin L. Grimshaw, Yuanshuo Qu, Stacy A. Bonos
Hard fescue (Festuca brevipila Tracey) is a cool‐season turfgrass known for exceptional performance under low‐maintenance conditions. However, it is susceptible to summer patch disease. Summer patch is a root disease caused by Magnaporthiopsis poae and Magnaporthiopsis meyeri‐festucae. The objective of this study was to investigate the inheritance of summer patch tolerance in controlled crosses of hard fescue. The experimental populations were full‐sib families created by crossing three tolerant and three susceptible parents in a diallel cross. One hundred progeny from each of the 15 crosses and reciprocals were established in a mowed spaced‐plant trial in 2017 (Trial 1) and 2019 (Trial 2). All progeny and selected parental genotypes were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications and inoculated with a mixture of an M. meyeri‐festucae isolate (SCR9) and an M. poae isolate (C11). The disease severity of hard fescue genotypes was assessed by visual rating during the summers of 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021. Variation in disease responses among progeny suggests that inheritance is controlled by a few major genes. The progeny phenotypes were correlated to the parental phenotypes. The estimate of narrow‐sense heritability was 0.20 (± 0.01), while the estimate of broad‐sense heritability was 0.67 (± 0.08). The heritability estimates are modest but indicate the potential for summer patch tolerance to be improved via selection and breeding. This is the first report of heritability estimates for summer patch tolerance in any turf species. This research will help to determine the most efficient selection procedures for summer patch tolerance in hard fescue.
{"title":"Inheritance of summer patch disease tolerance in hard fescue (Festuca brevipila Tracey)","authors":"Shidi Wu, Austin L. Grimshaw, Yuanshuo Qu, Stacy A. Bonos","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21353","url":null,"abstract":"Hard fescue (<jats:italic>Festuca brevipila</jats:italic> Tracey) is a cool‐season turfgrass known for exceptional performance under low‐maintenance conditions. However, it is susceptible to summer patch disease. Summer patch is a root disease caused by <jats:italic>Magnaporthiopsis poae</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Magnaporthiopsis meyeri‐festucae</jats:italic>. The objective of this study was to investigate the inheritance of summer patch tolerance in controlled crosses of hard fescue. The experimental populations were full‐sib families created by crossing three tolerant and three susceptible parents in a diallel cross. One hundred progeny from each of the 15 crosses and reciprocals were established in a mowed spaced‐plant trial in 2017 (Trial 1) and 2019 (Trial 2). All progeny and selected parental genotypes were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications and inoculated with a mixture of an <jats:italic>M. meyeri‐festucae</jats:italic> isolate (SCR9) and an <jats:italic>M. poae</jats:italic> isolate (C11). The disease severity of hard fescue genotypes was assessed by visual rating during the summers of 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021. Variation in disease responses among progeny suggests that inheritance is controlled by a few major genes. The progeny phenotypes were correlated to the parental phenotypes. The estimate of narrow‐sense heritability was 0.20 (± 0.01), while the estimate of broad‐sense heritability was 0.67 (± 0.08). The heritability estimates are modest but indicate the potential for summer patch tolerance to be improved via selection and breeding. This is the first report of heritability estimates for summer patch tolerance in any turf species. This research will help to determine the most efficient selection procedures for summer patch tolerance in hard fescue.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142276899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mubbashir Gul, Nabeel Ahmad Ikram, Tasawer Abbas, Shahid Iqbal, Abid Hussain, Khurram Mubeen, Sami Ullah, Naila Farooq
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), a high‐value halophytic crop, is a promising candidate to ensure food security in the scenario of increasing soil salinization due to climate change. In a 2‐year field study (during 2018–2019 and 2019–2020), 18 quinoa genotypes of different origins (Q‐4, Q‐6, Q‐9, Q‐7, Q11, Q‐15, Q‐22, Q‐24, Q‐27, Q‐45, Q‐50, Q‐51, Q‐52, Q‐76, Q‐81, Q82, Q‐124, and Q‐126) were grown at two different locations (salt‐affected and normal soil having electrical conductivity (EC) of 16.24 and 1.76 dS m−1, respectively). Morphological, physiological, and yield parameters were recorded to assess the impact of salinity on different genotypes of quinoa. All the tested genotypes performed better in normal soil (37% more yield) than salt‐affected soils. Under salt‐affected conditions, differential salt tolerance responses of quinoa genotypes were observed. Among tested genotypes, Q‐7 achieved the highest chlorophyll content index, biological mass (7905 kg ha−1), and seed yield (1916 kg ha−1) under salt‐affected conditions, it was followed by Q‐81. Salt stress caused up to 94% reduction of seed yield in the salt‐sensitive genotype (Q‐11), while the salt‐tolerant genotype (Q‐81) showed only 15% reduction in seed yield. Morphological characteristics of quinoa genotypes were differently influenced by salt stress. The salt‐tolerant accessions Q‐7 and Q‐81 exhibited similar morphological characteristics. Based on the findings of this study, salt‐tolerant quinoa genotypes can be successfully grown in salt‐degraded soils (with EC ≤ 16.24 dS m−1) in extreme winter seasons with arid climatic conditions.
{"title":"Differential growth, morphological characters, and yield of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotypes grown on salt degraded soil","authors":"Mubbashir Gul, Nabeel Ahmad Ikram, Tasawer Abbas, Shahid Iqbal, Abid Hussain, Khurram Mubeen, Sami Ullah, Naila Farooq","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21373","url":null,"abstract":"Quinoa (<jats:italic>Chenopodium quinoa</jats:italic> Willd.), a high‐value halophytic crop, is a promising candidate to ensure food security in the scenario of increasing soil salinization due to climate change. In a 2‐year field study (during 2018–2019 and 2019–2020), 18 quinoa genotypes of different origins (Q‐4, Q‐6, Q‐9, Q‐7, Q11, Q‐15, Q‐22, Q‐24, Q‐27, Q‐45, Q‐50, Q‐51, Q‐52, Q‐76, Q‐81, Q82, Q‐124, and Q‐126) were grown at two different locations (salt‐affected and normal soil having electrical conductivity (EC) of 16.24 and 1.76 dS m<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, respectively). Morphological, physiological, and yield parameters were recorded to assess the impact of salinity on different genotypes of quinoa. All the tested genotypes performed better in normal soil (37% more yield) than salt‐affected soils. Under salt‐affected conditions, differential salt tolerance responses of quinoa genotypes were observed. Among tested genotypes, Q‐7 achieved the highest chlorophyll content index, biological mass (7905 kg ha<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>), and seed yield (1916 kg ha<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) under salt‐affected conditions, it was followed by Q‐81. Salt stress caused up to 94% reduction of seed yield in the salt‐sensitive genotype (Q‐11), while the salt‐tolerant genotype (Q‐81) showed only 15% reduction in seed yield. Morphological characteristics of quinoa genotypes were differently influenced by salt stress. The salt‐tolerant accessions Q‐7 and Q‐81 exhibited similar morphological characteristics. Based on the findings of this study, salt‐tolerant quinoa genotypes can be successfully grown in salt‐degraded soils (with EC ≤ 16.24 dS m<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) in extreme winter seasons with arid climatic conditions.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142276931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lisa Kissing Kucek, Katherine Muller, Lais Bastos Martins, Virginia M. Moore, Chris Reberg‐Horton, Steven B. Mirsky, John Englert, Laurie E. Drinkwater, Joel Douglas, Sarah S. Eagen, Twain Butler, Matthew R. Ryan, Allen Casey, Kerry Clark, Nancy Ehlke, John Hendrickson, John Guretzky, Holly Johnson, David Archer, Rebecca J. McGee, Shahjahan Ali, Amy Bartow, Valerie Bullard, Allen N. Burke, Richard Barrett, Christopher Bernau, Brandon Carr, Ryan Crawford, Kimberly Griffin, Esleyther Henriquez Inoa, Heidi Hillhouse, Mathew Humphrey, Margaret Smither‐Kopperl, Sarah Krogman, Steven Lee, Annie Marion, Nicholas McGhee, Ian Silvernail, Prasanna Thevar, Sandra Wayman, Nick P. Wiering, Dustin Wiggans, Heathcliffe Riday
Among 50 environments in the United States, we screened 35 hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) lines for traits of interest to cover cropping. We analyzed the influence of genotype, environment, and the genotype‐by‐environment interaction (G × E) on biomass, vigor, winter survival, emergence, flowering time, and nitrogen fixation. To explore how environments and G × E impacted each trait, we associated environment predictions and G × E loadings with weather and soil parameters. Environment had the largest influence on all traits, representing more than half of the variance. Environment predictions were significantly associated with weather and/or soil parameters for each trait. Biomass was associated with growing degree days, winter survival with freezing degree days without snow cover, growth stage with shortwave radiation, and emergence with soil texture. The G × E interaction was larger than genotypic variance for all traits except for winter survival and flowering time. The G × E interaction loadings were associated with soil sand content for biomass, air temperature for fall vigor and emergence, and snow cover for winter survival. Although it represented the smallest proportion of total variance, genetic effects were significant for all traits except for emergence, Ndfa, %N, and C:N. New hairy vetch breeding lines were superior to all commercially available lines for biomass and winter survival. Biomass harvest timing did not significantly change line rank, indicating that top‐performing lines can be used in diverse management systems. To select for high nitrogen contribution to subsequent crops, breeding programs can indirectly select for biomass rather than expensively evaluating symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
在美国的 50 个环境中，我们筛选了 35 个毛茸茸矢车菊（Vicia villosa Roth.）我们分析了基因型、环境以及基因型与环境交互作用（G × E）对生物量、活力、冬季存活率、出苗率、开花时间和固氮作用的影响。为了探索环境和 G × E 如何影响每个性状，我们将环境预测和 G × E 负载与天气和土壤参数联系起来。环境对所有性状的影响最大，占方差的一半以上。环境预测与每个性状的天气和/或土壤参数都有明显关联。生物量与生长度日相关，冬季存活率与无雪覆盖冰冻度日相关，生长阶段与短波辐射相关，出苗与土壤质地相关。除冬季存活率和开花时间外，所有性状的 G × E 交互作用均大于基因型变异。在生物量方面，G × E 交互作用载荷与土壤含沙量有关；在秋季活力和出苗方面，G × E 交互作用载荷与气温有关；在冬季存活率方面，G × E 交互作用载荷与积雪覆盖有关。虽然遗传效应在总变异中所占比例最小，但除出苗率、Ndfa、%N 和 C:N 外，遗传效应对所有性状都有显著影响。在生物量和冬季存活率方面，新的毛绒草育种品系优于所有市售品系。生物量收获时间对品系等级的影响不大，这表明表现优异的品系可用于不同的管理系统。为了选择对后续作物有高氮贡献的品系，育种计划可以间接选择生物量，而不是昂贵地评估共生固氮作用。
{"title":"Genetic and environmental drivers of legume cover crop performance: Hairy vetch","authors":"Lisa Kissing Kucek, Katherine Muller, Lais Bastos Martins, Virginia M. Moore, Chris Reberg‐Horton, Steven B. Mirsky, John Englert, Laurie E. Drinkwater, Joel Douglas, Sarah S. Eagen, Twain Butler, Matthew R. Ryan, Allen Casey, Kerry Clark, Nancy Ehlke, John Hendrickson, John Guretzky, Holly Johnson, David Archer, Rebecca J. McGee, Shahjahan Ali, Amy Bartow, Valerie Bullard, Allen N. Burke, Richard Barrett, Christopher Bernau, Brandon Carr, Ryan Crawford, Kimberly Griffin, Esleyther Henriquez Inoa, Heidi Hillhouse, Mathew Humphrey, Margaret Smither‐Kopperl, Sarah Krogman, Steven Lee, Annie Marion, Nicholas McGhee, Ian Silvernail, Prasanna Thevar, Sandra Wayman, Nick P. Wiering, Dustin Wiggans, Heathcliffe Riday","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21318","url":null,"abstract":"Among 50 environments in the United States, we screened 35 hairy vetch (<jats:italic>Vicia villosa</jats:italic> Roth.) lines for traits of interest to cover cropping. We analyzed the influence of genotype, environment, and the genotype‐by‐environment interaction (G × E) on biomass, vigor, winter survival, emergence, flowering time, and nitrogen fixation. To explore how environments and G × E impacted each trait, we associated environment predictions and G × E loadings with weather and soil parameters. Environment had the largest influence on all traits, representing more than half of the variance. Environment predictions were significantly associated with weather and/or soil parameters for each trait. Biomass was associated with growing degree days, winter survival with freezing degree days without snow cover, growth stage with shortwave radiation, and emergence with soil texture. The G × E interaction was larger than genotypic variance for all traits except for winter survival and flowering time. The G × E interaction loadings were associated with soil sand content for biomass, air temperature for fall vigor and emergence, and snow cover for winter survival. Although it represented the smallest proportion of total variance, genetic effects were significant for all traits except for emergence, Ndfa, %N, and C:N. New hairy vetch breeding lines were superior to all commercially available lines for biomass and winter survival. Biomass harvest timing did not significantly change line rank, indicating that top‐performing lines can be used in diverse management systems. To select for high nitrogen contribution to subsequent crops, breeding programs can indirectly select for biomass rather than expensively evaluating symbiotic nitrogen fixation.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142277052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. J. Hutchens, J. K. Anders, E. L. Butler, J. P. Kerns, D. S. McCall, G. L. Miller, N. R. Walker
Spring dead spot (Ophiosphaerella spp.; SDS) is one of the most detrimental diseases to warm‐season turfgrasses, particularly bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.), growing in climates where cold temperatures induce dormancy. The pathogen can infect the crowns, stolons, rhizomes, and roots of bermudagrass most of the year, but infection in the fall predisposes the turf to winter injury and plant death. Symptoms typically appear the following spring, making management of SDS challenging. Moreover, the biology, epidemiology, and management of SDS are not fully understood. Ample research has been conducted on SDS which was thoroughly summarized before 2009 by Tredway et al. Since then, 18 new research papers have been published over the last 15 years that have further clarified the biology, epidemiology, and management of SDS. This review seeks to compile, update, and summarize research developments on SDS from 2009 to 2024. Research developments over the last 15 years include an increased understanding of the biology and infection mechanisms of the Ophiosphaerella species that cause SDS, a greater knowledge of the epidemiology of the disease and factors that affect its distribution, as well as improved cultural and chemical management practices for SDS.
{"title":"Fifteen years of findings: Advancements in spring dead spot research from 2009 to 2024","authors":"W. J. Hutchens, J. K. Anders, E. L. Butler, J. P. Kerns, D. S. McCall, G. L. Miller, N. R. Walker","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21367","url":null,"abstract":"Spring dead spot (<jats:italic>Ophiosphaerella</jats:italic> spp.; SDS) is one of the most detrimental diseases to warm‐season turfgrasses, particularly bermudagrass (<jats:italic>Cynodon</jats:italic> spp.), growing in climates where cold temperatures induce dormancy. The pathogen can infect the crowns, stolons, rhizomes, and roots of bermudagrass most of the year, but infection in the fall predisposes the turf to winter injury and plant death. Symptoms typically appear the following spring, making management of SDS challenging. Moreover, the biology, epidemiology, and management of SDS are not fully understood. Ample research has been conducted on SDS which was thoroughly summarized before 2009 by Tredway et al. Since then, 18 new research papers have been published over the last 15 years that have further clarified the biology, epidemiology, and management of SDS. This review seeks to compile, update, and summarize research developments on SDS from 2009 to 2024. Research developments over the last 15 years include an increased understanding of the biology and infection mechanisms of the <jats:italic>Ophiosphaerella</jats:italic> species that cause SDS, a greater knowledge of the epidemiology of the disease and factors that affect its distribution, as well as improved cultural and chemical management practices for SDS.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142276894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rui Li, Zhaoran Wei, Yuetao Wang, Mengjuan Ma, Qifei Zhang, Tao Bai, Zichao Li, Zhanying Zhang, Haiqing Yin, Ya Wang
The mechanized direct seeding of rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major trend nowadays. The elongation of rice mesocotyl and coleoptile can facilitate the rapid emergence of seedlings under deep mechanized sowing. Currently, most of the cultivated rice accessions have short mesocotyls or coleoptiles, with only a few related genes cloned. However, understanding and enhancing the ability of rice seedlings to rapidly emerge from deep sowing depths is crucial. Herein, we assessed 745 core rice germplasm accessions sown under a soil cover depth of 10 cm and found few long mesocotyl and coleoptile germplasms. We conducted genome‐wide association study using six models to obtain three or more multi‐model co‐localization candidate regions and calculated Fst between the phenotypes of extreme samples to determine genetic differences. The candidate regions associated with mesocotyl and coleoptile lengths were identified by integrating Fst and multi‐model localization results. This multi‐model localization method may accelerate the mining of genes related to the mesocotyl and coleoptile, providing valuable targets for functional validation and marker‐assisted selection in rice breeding programs.
{"title":"Association mapping of mesocotyl and coleoptile length in rice using various genome‐wide association study models","authors":"Rui Li, Zhaoran Wei, Yuetao Wang, Mengjuan Ma, Qifei Zhang, Tao Bai, Zichao Li, Zhanying Zhang, Haiqing Yin, Ya Wang","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21360","url":null,"abstract":"The mechanized direct seeding of rice (<jats:italic>Oryza sativa</jats:italic> L.) is a major trend nowadays. The elongation of rice mesocotyl and coleoptile can facilitate the rapid emergence of seedlings under deep mechanized sowing. Currently, most of the cultivated rice accessions have short mesocotyls or coleoptiles, with only a few related genes cloned. However, understanding and enhancing the ability of rice seedlings to rapidly emerge from deep sowing depths is crucial. Herein, we assessed 745 core rice germplasm accessions sown under a soil cover depth of 10 cm and found few long mesocotyl and coleoptile germplasms. We conducted genome‐wide association study using six models to obtain three or more multi‐model co‐localization candidate regions and calculated <jats:italic>F</jats:italic><jats:sub>st</jats:sub> between the phenotypes of extreme samples to determine genetic differences. The candidate regions associated with mesocotyl and coleoptile lengths were identified by integrating <jats:italic>F</jats:italic><jats:sub>st</jats:sub> and multi‐model localization results. This multi‐model localization method may accelerate the mining of genes related to the mesocotyl and coleoptile, providing valuable targets for functional validation and marker‐assisted selection in rice breeding programs.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142276900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ana Carcedo, Gustavo Maddonni, Ajay Prasanth Ramalingam, Sabreena A. Parray, Midhat Z. Tugoo, Thatiane Alves Pereira, Ramasamy Perumal, P. V. Vara Prasad, Ignacio Ciampitti
Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.] is an essential subsistence cereal for food security in dryland farming systems of the semiarid tropics (e.g., in sub‐Saharan Africa) and has improved tolerance to drought, heat, and salinity stress compared to other domesticated cereals. Assessing the variation on phenology is critical toward devising effective adaptative management strategies for crop adaptation to current and future climate change. In this context, pearl millet presents a vast genetic diversity, exhibiting sensitivity to temperature and photoperiod. Hence, this study aims to describe the genotypic variability in the phenological responses of pearl millet to temperature and photoperiod, particularly affecting leaf number with implications on the overall total time to flowering. The dataset encompassed 21 publications from seven countries, with experiments conducted from 1965 to 2023, including three field studies from the United States. Broad variability has been reported for phyllochron values ranging from 45 to 111°Cd leaf−1, with a mean value of 67°Cd leaf−1. Thermal time to panicle initiation ranged from 340 to 594°C, but no response to photoperiod duration was found due to the nature of dataset. Maximum number of leaves per shoot ranged from 11 to 25, showing response (1.55–2.15 leaf h−1) to photoperiod due to variations in thermal time to flowering (from 875 to 1346°Cd). Thermal time to flowering increased ca. 323°Cd h−1 under day durations longer than 13.3 h, below which basic vegetative phase duration was close to 1033°Cd. Based on the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator simulations, different combinations of the above responses (in silico cultivars) generated a great range of times to flowering (44–120 days) for locations in Senegal, Brazil, India, and United States. The findings of this study can help breeders to explore the phenological genetic variability of pearl millet and provide inputs for crop growth models to evaluate future in silico scenarios.
{"title":"Pearl millet phenology assessment: An integration of field, a review, and in silico approach","authors":"Ana Carcedo, Gustavo Maddonni, Ajay Prasanth Ramalingam, Sabreena A. Parray, Midhat Z. Tugoo, Thatiane Alves Pereira, Ramasamy Perumal, P. V. Vara Prasad, Ignacio Ciampitti","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21352","url":null,"abstract":"Pearl millet [<jats:italic>Pennisetum glaucum</jats:italic> (L.) R.Br.] is an essential subsistence cereal for food security in dryland farming systems of the semiarid tropics (e.g., in sub‐Saharan Africa) and has improved tolerance to drought, heat, and salinity stress compared to other domesticated cereals. Assessing the variation on phenology is critical toward devising effective adaptative management strategies for crop adaptation to current and future climate change. In this context, pearl millet presents a vast genetic diversity, exhibiting sensitivity to temperature and photoperiod. Hence, this study aims to describe the genotypic variability in the phenological responses of pearl millet to temperature and photoperiod, particularly affecting leaf number with implications on the overall total time to flowering. The dataset encompassed 21 publications from seven countries, with experiments conducted from 1965 to 2023, including three field studies from the United States. Broad variability has been reported for phyllochron values ranging from 45 to 111°Cd leaf<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, with a mean value of 67°Cd leaf<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>. Thermal time to panicle initiation ranged from 340 to 594°C, but no response to photoperiod duration was found due to the nature of dataset. Maximum number of leaves per shoot ranged from 11 to 25, showing response (1.55–2.15 leaf h<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) to photoperiod due to variations in thermal time to flowering (from 875 to 1346°Cd). Thermal time to flowering increased ca. 323°Cd h<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> under day durations longer than 13.3 h, below which basic vegetative phase duration was close to 1033°Cd. Based on the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator simulations, different combinations of the above responses (in silico cultivars) generated a great range of times to flowering (44–120 days) for locations in Senegal, Brazil, India, and United States. The findings of this study can help breeders to explore the phenological genetic variability of pearl millet and provide inputs for crop growth models to evaluate future in silico scenarios.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142276904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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