Brandon C. McNally, Manoj Chhetri, Aaron J. Patton, Wenwen Liu, Jared A. Hoyle, James T. Brosnan, Michael D. Richardson, Matthew B. Bertucci, Ross C. Braun, Jack D. Fry
Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp. Willd.) is a desirable, low‐input turfgrass species used on golf courses. However, prolific zoysiagrass seedhead production in the spring can increase golf course maintenance costs and reduce aesthetics. Previous research demonstrates that a single autumn ethephon application can suppress zoysiagrass seedhead production the following spring, but the optimum application timing is not well‐defined. The objective of this research was to determine the optimum window for an effective ethephon application for ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass seedhead suppression. Small‐plot field research was conducted in Indiana, Kansas, Arkansas, and Tennessee. Seedheads were suppressed up to 99% depending on application timing. In Indiana, applications made on September 19 provided 99% seedhead suppression. In Kansas, applications between August 30 and September 18 yielded >64% seedhead suppression. In Arkansas, applications between October 3 and October 17 yielded >52% seedhead suppression. In Tennessee, applications between September 19 and October 23 provided >78% seedhead suppression. Applications made outside these windows resulted in more seedhead production at each respective location. Interestingly, optimum application timing was approximately 2 weeks later in Arkansas and Tennessee compared to Indiana and Kansas. Using growing degree days, a nonlinear Gaussian model was fit to predict the optimum ethephon application timing. In addition to data from this research, the proposed model accurately predicted observed zoysiagrass seedhead suppression in previously published research. This research better characterizes the optimum autumn application timing for Meyer zoysiagrass seedhead suppression across the transition zone.
{"title":"Optimizing ethephon application timing for ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass seedhead suppression","authors":"Brandon C. McNally, Manoj Chhetri, Aaron J. Patton, Wenwen Liu, Jared A. Hoyle, James T. Brosnan, Michael D. Richardson, Matthew B. Bertucci, Ross C. Braun, Jack D. Fry","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21350","url":null,"abstract":"Zoysiagrass (<jats:italic>Zoysia</jats:italic> spp. Willd.) is a desirable, low‐input turfgrass species used on golf courses. However, prolific zoysiagrass seedhead production in the spring can increase golf course maintenance costs and reduce aesthetics. Previous research demonstrates that a single autumn ethephon application can suppress zoysiagrass seedhead production the following spring, but the optimum application timing is not well‐defined. The objective of this research was to determine the optimum window for an effective ethephon application for ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass seedhead suppression. Small‐plot field research was conducted in Indiana, Kansas, Arkansas, and Tennessee. Seedheads were suppressed up to 99% depending on application timing. In Indiana, applications made on September 19 provided 99% seedhead suppression. In Kansas, applications between August 30 and September 18 yielded >64% seedhead suppression. In Arkansas, applications between October 3 and October 17 yielded >52% seedhead suppression. In Tennessee, applications between September 19 and October 23 provided >78% seedhead suppression. Applications made outside these windows resulted in more seedhead production at each respective location. Interestingly, optimum application timing was approximately 2 weeks later in Arkansas and Tennessee compared to Indiana and Kansas. Using growing degree days, a nonlinear Gaussian model was fit to predict the optimum ethephon application timing. In addition to data from this research, the proposed model accurately predicted observed zoysiagrass seedhead suppression in previously published research. This research better characterizes the optimum autumn application timing for Meyer zoysiagrass seedhead suppression across the transition zone.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142236342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ignacio A. Ciampitti, Ramasamy Perumal, O. P. Yadav
{"title":"Crop Science special issue: International Year of Millets","authors":"Ignacio A. Ciampitti, Ramasamy Perumal, O. P. Yadav","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21355","DOIUrl":"10.1002/csc2.21355","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142236290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L. Moench]) is among the most important cereal crops worldwide and is widely grown across Texas’ diverse geographies. While sorghum breeding programs strive to improve both profitability and adaptation of the crop, increases in grain yield are the ultimate measure of progress. Using five decades of data compiled by Texas A&M AgriLife Research, trends in grain sorghum were retrospectively assessed. Performance data from over 4094 hybrids were collected between 1970 and 2021 in a total of 514 county‐year environments. Hybrids in these trials were either commercially available or in the final stages of testing for release. A linear mixed model approach produced the best linear unbiased predictions of genotypic and environmental effects for grain yield and relevant agronomic traits. These measures, as well as the raw data, were used to inform and visualize trait dependencies, yield gains, and geographic regions with similar effects on hybrid performance. Over these decades, grain yield increased at an average rate of 0.03 t ha−1 per year. A strong positive relationship between hybrid yield and plant height, as well as several other correlations, were detected through separate periods of yield increases which occurred in the early 1980s and 1990s; since that time, a sinusoidal pattern of yield performance has prevailed. Principal component analysis clustered production regions primarily based on moisture availability. The results herein indicate that modest increases in height can increase grain yield and that available moisture is the preeminent delineator of grain sorghum production environments in Texas.
{"title":"Historical multi‐environmental trials reveal trends in hybrid grain sorghum performance from 1970 to 2021 in Texas","authors":"Fabian Leon, Lorin Harvey, William L. Rooney","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21343","url":null,"abstract":"Sorghum (<jats:italic>Sorghum bicolor</jats:italic> [L. Moench]) is among the most important cereal crops worldwide and is widely grown across Texas’ diverse geographies. While sorghum breeding programs strive to improve both profitability and adaptation of the crop, increases in grain yield are the ultimate measure of progress. Using five decades of data compiled by Texas A&M AgriLife Research, trends in grain sorghum were retrospectively assessed. Performance data from over 4094 hybrids were collected between 1970 and 2021 in a total of 514 county‐year environments. Hybrids in these trials were either commercially available or in the final stages of testing for release. A linear mixed model approach produced the best linear unbiased predictions of genotypic and environmental effects for grain yield and relevant agronomic traits. These measures, as well as the raw data, were used to inform and visualize trait dependencies, yield gains, and geographic regions with similar effects on hybrid performance. Over these decades, grain yield increased at an average rate of 0.03 t ha<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> per year. A strong positive relationship between hybrid yield and plant height, as well as several other correlations, were detected through separate periods of yield increases which occurred in the early 1980s and 1990s; since that time, a sinusoidal pattern of yield performance has prevailed. Principal component analysis clustered production regions primarily based on moisture availability. The results herein indicate that modest increases in height can increase grain yield and that available moisture is the preeminent delineator of grain sorghum production environments in Texas.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142231571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sugarcane smut, caused by Sporisorium scitamineum, poses a significant threat to sugarcane production in China, resulting in substantial economic losses. This study aims to understand the resistance of sugarcane genotypes to smut and the relationship between smut incidence and yield loss during ratoon cropping. We evaluated the smut resistance of 169 sugarcane genotypes. We assessed the combining ability of nine female and six male parent plants in field trials conducted from 2019 to 2022 in Fusui or Longzhou, China. Our findings reveal increased smut incidence with each successive ratoon cycle, particularly after the second ratoon. Smut infection during the ratoon cycle reduced sugarcane yield by decreasing the number of millable stalks. Variance analysis indicated that genotype, cropping cycle, and location significantly influenced disease incidence. Based on resistance levels, the genotypes were categorized into five groups: 10 highly resistant, 37 resistant, 38 moderately susceptible, 42 susceptible, and 42 highly susceptible. Analysis of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) demonstrated that crossing sugarcane parents with smut resistance effectively produced resistant hybrid offspring. Additionally, the maternal inheritance effect was more pronounced than the paternal inheritance effect, indicating that using a resistant genotype as the maternal parent is more advantageous for enhancing smut resistance. These results provide valuable insights into sugarcane smut resistance, aiding in selecting parental lines and breeding new resistant varieties.
{"title":"Field assessment and combining ability analysis for smut resistance in sugarcane during continuous ratoon planting in China","authors":"Yuzhi Xu, Yuling Wu, Syeda Wajeeha Gillani, Jun Chen, Huojian Li, Yibin Wei, Chunxiu Jiang, Chi Zhang, Lifang Zeng, Muqing Zhang","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21337","url":null,"abstract":"Sugarcane smut, caused by <i>Sporisorium scitamineum</i>, poses a significant threat to sugarcane production in China, resulting in substantial economic losses. This study aims to understand the resistance of sugarcane genotypes to smut and the relationship between smut incidence and yield loss during ratoon cropping. We evaluated the smut resistance of 169 sugarcane genotypes. We assessed the combining ability of nine female and six male parent plants in field trials conducted from 2019 to 2022 in Fusui or Longzhou, China. Our findings reveal increased smut incidence with each successive ratoon cycle, particularly after the second ratoon. Smut infection during the ratoon cycle reduced sugarcane yield by decreasing the number of millable stalks. Variance analysis indicated that genotype, cropping cycle, and location significantly influenced disease incidence. Based on resistance levels, the genotypes were categorized into five groups: 10 highly resistant, 37 resistant, 38 moderately susceptible, 42 susceptible, and 42 highly susceptible. Analysis of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) demonstrated that crossing sugarcane parents with smut resistance effectively produced resistant hybrid offspring. Additionally, the maternal inheritance effect was more pronounced than the paternal inheritance effect, indicating that using a resistant genotype as the maternal parent is more advantageous for enhancing smut resistance. These results provide valuable insights into sugarcane smut resistance, aiding in selecting parental lines and breeding new resistant varieties.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142198026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The perennial crop intermediate wheatgrass [IWG, Thinopyrum intermedium (Host Barkworth & D.R. Dewey] has been under development as a grain crop since 2011 at the University of Minnesota (UMN). Breeding efforts have targeted larger seed size, reduced shattering, and improved threshability, among other traits. Calculating the rate of genetic gain provides insights into breeding progress and informs adjustments in future breeding practices. In this study, materials from multiple breeding cycles of the UMN IWG breeding program were grown in 4 environments to estimate realized genetic gain of domestication and agronomic traits. A set of 242 parents from breeding cycles 2–5 were planted in an augmented experimental design and evaluated over 2 years in 2 locations. Improvement in the mean values for selected traits from cycles 2 to 5 was observed for most traits. Regression analysis used to estimate the rate of genetic gain was significant for both floret and average shattering, spikelet density, seed area and width, and 10‐spike seed weight and spike weight. With this information, we make recommendations for future IWG breeding practices. For example, we recommend phenotyping the two types of shattering independently and selecting earlier anthesis genotypes to improve yield component traits. We conclude that progress for several traits may take decades to achieve desired population means, and could be improved with better phenotyping methods, genomic selection applications, and decreased time per breeding cycle. These findings are applicable to other IWG breeding programs and perennial grain domestication programs.
{"title":"Assessing genetic gain in an intermediate wheatgrass improvement program: A retrospective analysis","authors":"Hannah Stoll, Prabin Bajgain, James Anderson","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21338","url":null,"abstract":"The perennial crop intermediate wheatgrass [IWG, <jats:italic>Thinopyrum intermedium</jats:italic> (Host Barkworth & D.R. Dewey] has been under development as a grain crop since 2011 at the University of Minnesota (UMN). Breeding efforts have targeted larger seed size, reduced shattering, and improved threshability, among other traits. Calculating the rate of genetic gain provides insights into breeding progress and informs adjustments in future breeding practices. In this study, materials from multiple breeding cycles of the UMN IWG breeding program were grown in 4 environments to estimate realized genetic gain of domestication and agronomic traits. A set of 242 parents from breeding cycles 2–5 were planted in an augmented experimental design and evaluated over 2 years in 2 locations. Improvement in the mean values for selected traits from cycles 2 to 5 was observed for most traits. Regression analysis used to estimate the rate of genetic gain was significant for both floret and average shattering, spikelet density, seed area and width, and 10‐spike seed weight and spike weight. With this information, we make recommendations for future IWG breeding practices. For example, we recommend phenotyping the two types of shattering independently and selecting earlier anthesis genotypes to improve yield component traits. We conclude that progress for several traits may take decades to achieve desired population means, and could be improved with better phenotyping methods, genomic selection applications, and decreased time per breeding cycle. These findings are applicable to other IWG breeding programs and perennial grain domestication programs.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142231572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cool-season turfgrasses widely used on golf courses, athletic fields, and other landscapes are environmentally and economically important, but they are functionally and aesthetically damaged under prolonged exposure to high temperatures because of their sensitivity to heat stress. Because the consequences of climate change include elevated global temperatures, it is necessary to understand mechanisms underlying heat tolerance in cool-season turfgrasses to improve heat tolerance and maintain high-quality turf during the summer, when heat stress is most severe. This paper identifies major metabolic pathways associated with genes differentially expressed in heat-tolerant cultivars or species of different turfgrasses by overviewing research from studies using comparative transcriptomics, proteomics, and biotechnological approaches and provides insight into progress toward elucidating the genetic and molecular factors regulating heat tolerance in cool-season turfgrasses. Key molecular factors and genes associated with heat tolerance in cool-season turfgrasses include those in the following cellular and metabolic processes or pathways: (1) cell cycle and DNA synthesis, replication, stability, and binding factors; (2) heat shock proteins for stress protection and protease enzymes controlling protein degradation or turnover; (3) carbohydrate metabolism for chloroplast development, chlorophyll degradation enzymes regulating the stay-green phenotype, photochemical efficiency, carboxylation, and cytochrome respiratory activities; (4) activation of antioxidant metabolism for oxidation protection; (5) modulation of lipid saturation and composition to maintain cellular membrane integrity; and (6) upregulation of secondary metabolism for stress defense. Understanding how these regulatory mechanisms cohesively operate during heat stress will facilitate the development of cool-season turfgrass germplasm with greater heat tolerance through breeding and biotechnological methods.
在高尔夫球场、田径场和其他景观中广泛使用的冷季型草坪草在环境和经济上都具有重要意义，但由于它们对热胁迫的敏感性，在长期暴露于高温的情况下，它们的功能和美观都会受到损害。由于气候变化的后果包括全球气温升高，因此有必要了解冷季型草坪草耐热性的内在机制，以提高耐热性，并在热应力最严重的夏季保持优质草坪。本文通过概述利用比较转录组学、蛋白质组学和生物技术方法进行的研究，确定了与不同草坪草耐热栽培品种或物种中差异表达基因相关的主要代谢途径，并深入探讨了阐明冷季型草坪草耐热性遗传和分子调控因素的进展。与冷季型草坪草耐热性相关的关键分子因素和基因包括以下细胞和代谢过程或途径中的分子因素和基因：(1) 细胞周期和 DNA 合成、复制、稳定性和结合因子；(2) 保护胁迫的热休克蛋白和控制蛋白质降解或周转的蛋白酶；(3) 叶绿体发育的碳水化合物代谢、调节留绿表型的叶绿素降解酶、光化学效率、羧化和细胞色素呼吸活动；(4) 激活抗氧化代谢以保护氧化；(5) 调节脂质饱和度和组成以保持细胞膜完整性；以及 (6) 上调次生代谢以防御胁迫。了解这些调控机制在热胁迫期间是如何协同运作的，将有助于通过育种和生物技术方法培育耐热性更强的冷季型草坪草种质。
{"title":"Research advances in molecular mechanisms regulating heat tolerance in cool-season turfgrasses","authors":"Stephanie Rossi, Bingru Huang","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21339","url":null,"abstract":"Cool-season turfgrasses widely used on golf courses, athletic fields, and other landscapes are environmentally and economically important, but they are functionally and aesthetically damaged under prolonged exposure to high temperatures because of their sensitivity to heat stress. Because the consequences of climate change include elevated global temperatures, it is necessary to understand mechanisms underlying heat tolerance in cool-season turfgrasses to improve heat tolerance and maintain high-quality turf during the summer, when heat stress is most severe. This paper identifies major metabolic pathways associated with genes differentially expressed in heat-tolerant cultivars or species of different turfgrasses by overviewing research from studies using comparative transcriptomics, proteomics, and biotechnological approaches and provides insight into progress toward elucidating the genetic and molecular factors regulating heat tolerance in cool-season turfgrasses. Key molecular factors and genes associated with heat tolerance in cool-season turfgrasses include those in the following cellular and metabolic processes or pathways: (1) cell cycle and DNA synthesis, replication, stability, and binding factors; (2) heat shock proteins for stress protection and protease enzymes controlling protein degradation or turnover; (3) carbohydrate metabolism for chloroplast development, chlorophyll degradation enzymes regulating the stay-green phenotype, photochemical efficiency, carboxylation, and cytochrome respiratory activities; (4) activation of antioxidant metabolism for oxidation protection; (5) modulation of lipid saturation and composition to maintain cellular membrane integrity; and (6) upregulation of secondary metabolism for stress defense. Understanding how these regulatory mechanisms cohesively operate during heat stress will facilitate the development of cool-season turfgrass germplasm with greater heat tolerance through breeding and biotechnological methods.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142171425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew E. Carroll, Luis G. Riera, Bradley A. Miller, Philip M. Dixon, Baskar Ganapathysubramanian, Soumik Sarkar, Asheesh K. Singh
Spatial adjustments are used to improve the estimate of plot seed yield across crops and geographies. Moving means (MM) and P-Spline are examples of spatial adjustment methods used in plant breeding trials to deal with field heterogeneity. Within the trial, spatial variability primarily comes from soil feature gradients, such as nutrients, but a study of the importance of various soil factors including nutrients is lacking. We analyzed plant breeding progeny row (PR) and preliminary yield trial (PYT) data of a public soybean breeding program across 3 years consisting of 43,545 plots. We compared several spatial adjustment methods: unadjusted (as a control), MM adjustment, P-spline adjustment, and a machine learning-based method called XGBoost. XGBoost modeled soil features at: (a) the local field scale for each generation and per year, and (b) all inclusive field scale spanning all generations and years. We report the usefulness of spatial adjustments at both PR and PYT stages of field testing and additionally provide ways to utilize interpretability insights of soil features in spatial adjustments. Our work shows that using soil features for spatial adjustments increased the relative efficiency by 81%, reduced the similarity of selection by 30%, and reduced the Moran's I from 0.13 to 0.01 on average across all experiments. These results empower breeders to further refine selection criteria to make more accurate selections and select for macro- and micro-nutrients stress tolerance.
{"title":"Leveraging soil mapping and machine learning to improve spatial adjustments in plant breeding trials","authors":"Matthew E. Carroll, Luis G. Riera, Bradley A. Miller, Philip M. Dixon, Baskar Ganapathysubramanian, Soumik Sarkar, Asheesh K. Singh","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21336","url":null,"abstract":"Spatial adjustments are used to improve the estimate of plot seed yield across crops and geographies. Moving means (MM) and P-Spline are examples of spatial adjustment methods used in plant breeding trials to deal with field heterogeneity. Within the trial, spatial variability primarily comes from soil feature gradients, such as nutrients, but a study of the importance of various soil factors including nutrients is lacking. We analyzed plant breeding progeny row (PR) and preliminary yield trial (PYT) data of a public soybean breeding program across 3 years consisting of 43,545 plots. We compared several spatial adjustment methods: unadjusted (as a control), MM adjustment, P-spline adjustment, and a machine learning-based method called XGBoost. XGBoost modeled soil features at: (a) the local field scale for each generation and per year, and (b) all inclusive field scale spanning all generations and years. We report the usefulness of spatial adjustments at both PR and PYT stages of field testing and additionally provide ways to utilize interpretability insights of soil features in spatial adjustments. Our work shows that using soil features for spatial adjustments increased the relative efficiency by 81%, reduced the similarity of selection by 30%, and reduced the Moran's I from 0.13 to 0.01 on average across all experiments. These results empower breeders to further refine selection criteria to make more accurate selections and select for macro- and micro-nutrients stress tolerance.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142171458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The grain size of rice (Oryza sativa) plays a pivotal role in determining yield. It is crucial to explore the genes related to grain size and analyze their molecular mechanisms to enhance rice yield further. This study identified a small‐grain mutant small grain 12 (sg12), from the ethyl methanesulfonate‐induced mutant library of Shuhui 498, a backbone parent of heavy‐panicle hybrid rice. We found that sg12 rice mutant exhibits a decrease in grain size and 1000‐grain weight, but an increase in grain number per panicle. Genetic analysis indicated that the small grain of sg12 is controlled by a pair of semi‐dominant genes. Furthermore, cytological analysis showed that the number of longitudinal cells in the spikelet hull of sg12 decreased, indicating that SG12 regulates grain size by affecting cell proliferation. In this study, we also identified a candidate gene of SG12 as OsPPKL3, which encodes a putative protein phosphatase with Kelch‐like repeat domains. A single‐nucleotide polymorphism substitution (G/A) occurred in the conserved Kelch domain of OsPPKL3 in the sg12, resulting in the mutation of the 176th amino acid from Ala to Thr, and this amino acid substitution led to significant differences in the three‐dimensional structure of the OsPPKL3 protein. Finally, genetic analysis indicated that OsPPKL3 regulates grain size independent of Oryza sativa BRI1‐associated receptor kinase 1 (OsBAK1) and Oryza sativa Brassinosteroid‐signaling kinase 2 (OsBSK2). Overall, this study identified a new allelic mutant of OsPPKL3, clarified the cytological basis of OsPPKL3 regulating grain size, and emphasized the crucial role of the 176th amino acid in the Kelch domain of OsPPKL3 for its biological function. Our results provided important resources for further studying the molecular mechanisms of OsPPKL3 regulating grain size in rice.
{"title":"SG12 regulates grain size by affecting cell proliferation in rice","authors":"Li Hu, Jierui Zeng, Xue Diao, Yutong Zhong, Xiaorong Zhou, Hao Wang, Xiaoling Hu, Hua Yuan","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21333","url":null,"abstract":"The grain size of rice (<jats:italic>Oryza</jats:italic> sativa) plays a pivotal role in determining yield. It is crucial to explore the genes related to grain size and analyze their molecular mechanisms to enhance rice yield further. This study identified a small‐grain mutant small grain 12 (<jats:italic>sg12</jats:italic>), from the ethyl methanesulfonate‐induced mutant library of Shuhui 498, a backbone parent of heavy‐panicle hybrid rice. We found that <jats:italic>sg12</jats:italic> rice mutant exhibits a decrease in grain size and 1000‐grain weight, but an increase in grain number per panicle. Genetic analysis indicated that the small grain of <jats:italic>sg12</jats:italic> is controlled by a pair of semi‐dominant genes. Furthermore, cytological analysis showed that the number of longitudinal cells in the spikelet hull of <jats:italic>sg12</jats:italic> decreased, indicating that <jats:italic>SG12</jats:italic> regulates grain size by affecting cell proliferation. In this study, we also identified a candidate gene of <jats:italic>SG12</jats:italic> as <jats:italic>OsPPKL3</jats:italic>, which encodes a putative protein phosphatase with Kelch‐like repeat domains. A single‐nucleotide polymorphism substitution (G/A) occurred in the conserved Kelch domain of OsPPKL3 in the <jats:italic>sg12</jats:italic>, resulting in the mutation of the 176th amino acid from Ala to Thr, and this amino acid substitution led to significant differences in the three‐dimensional structure of the OsPPKL3 protein. Finally, genetic analysis indicated that <jats:italic>OsPPKL3</jats:italic> regulates grain size independent of <jats:italic>Oryza</jats:italic> sativa BRI1‐associated receptor kinase 1 (<jats:italic>OsBAK1</jats:italic>) and <jats:italic>Oryza</jats:italic> sativa Brassinosteroid‐signaling kinase 2 (<jats:italic>OsBSK2</jats:italic>). Overall, this study identified a new allelic mutant of <jats:italic>OsPPKL3</jats:italic>, clarified the cytological basis of <jats:italic>OsPPKL3</jats:italic> regulating grain size, and emphasized the crucial role of the 176th amino acid in the Kelch domain of OsPPKL3 for its biological function. Our results provided important resources for further studying the molecular mechanisms of <jats:italic>OsPPKL3</jats:italic> regulating grain size in rice.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142170436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ana Luiza Franco, Ana Luisa Sousa Azevedo, Aryane Campos Reis, Elyabe Monteiro Matos, Marina Arantes Fonseca, Antônio Vander Pereira, Ilia J. Leitch, Andrew R. Leitch, Lyderson Facio Viccini
Grasses are considered one of the most important angiosperm groups in economic terms. The Setaria sphacelata complex is an intriguing species with considerable variation in genome size (GS). It is currently being explored from a genomic perspective especially because of its great adaptability under winter periods. Repetitive DNA sequences are known to contribute significantly to GS diversity, which in turn can play a role in impacting the ecology and evolution of a species. This study is aimed to characterize the GS and repetitive elements of different germplasm accessions of S. sphacelata. We analyzed 540 plants from 70 accessions collected worldwide. Flow cytometry was used for GS estimation, together with chromosome counting, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and bioinformatic analysis. Most (i.e., 80%) accessions were tetraploids (2n = 4x = 36) with GS ranging from 3.0 to 3.7 pg/2C. Additionally, a low number of diploids (2n = 2x = 18; ∼1.6 to 2 pg/2C), pentaploids (2n = 5x = 45: ∼4 pg/2C), hexaploids (2n = 6x = 54; ∼4.4 pg/2C), and octoploids (2n = 8x = 72; ∼6 pg/2C,) were detected. The greatest variation was found in accessions from South Africa. RepeatExplorer2 showed that 39% and 43% of the genomes of two diploid accessions comprised repetitive sequences, with Ty3/gypsy retrotransposons being the most abundant repeats. However, variation in the percentage of two Ty3/gypsy sublineages, Athila and Ogre, suggests different process of amplification and deletion of repeats during the evolution of the species complex. In contrast, FISH revealed some satellite repeats with a conserved localized distribution in pericentromeric regions between accessions. Although differences in the distribution of the FISH signals over the chromosomes were observed between the different ploidy levels, the data suggest that increases in the ploidy level were associated with the occurrence of hybridization and DNA loss.
{"title":"Uncovering the genomic diversity of the wild forage crop Setaria sphacelata","authors":"Ana Luiza Franco, Ana Luisa Sousa Azevedo, Aryane Campos Reis, Elyabe Monteiro Matos, Marina Arantes Fonseca, Antônio Vander Pereira, Ilia J. Leitch, Andrew R. Leitch, Lyderson Facio Viccini","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21344","url":null,"abstract":"Grasses are considered one of the most important angiosperm groups in economic terms. The <i>Setaria sphacelata</i> complex is an intriguing species with considerable variation in genome size (GS). It is currently being explored from a genomic perspective especially because of its great adaptability under winter periods. Repetitive DNA sequences are known to contribute significantly to GS diversity, which in turn can play a role in impacting the ecology and evolution of a species. This study is aimed to characterize the GS and repetitive elements of different germplasm accessions of <i>S</i>. <i>sphacelata</i>. We analyzed 540 plants from 70 accessions collected worldwide. Flow cytometry was used for GS estimation, together with chromosome counting, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and bioinformatic analysis. Most (i.e., 80%) accessions were tetraploids (2<i>n</i> = 4<i>x</i> = 36) with GS ranging from 3.0 to 3.7 pg/2C. Additionally, a low number of diploids (2<i>n</i> = 2<i>x</i> = 18; ∼1.6 to 2 pg/2C), pentaploids (2<i>n</i> = 5<i>x</i> = 45: ∼4 pg/2C), hexaploids (2<i>n</i> = 6<i>x</i> = 54; ∼4.4 pg/2C), and octoploids (2<i>n</i> = 8<i>x</i> = 72; ∼6 pg/2C,) were detected. The greatest variation was found in accessions from South Africa. RepeatExplorer2 showed that 39% and 43% of the genomes of two diploid accessions comprised repetitive sequences, with Ty3/gypsy retrotransposons being the most abundant repeats. However, variation in the percentage of two Ty3/gypsy sublineages, Athila and Ogre, suggests different process of amplification and deletion of repeats during the evolution of the species complex. In contrast, FISH revealed some satellite repeats with a conserved localized distribution in pericentromeric regions between accessions. Although differences in the distribution of the FISH signals over the chromosomes were observed between the different ploidy levels, the data suggest that increases in the ploidy level were associated with the occurrence of hybridization and DNA loss.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142171457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Isabela R. Miranda, Kaio Olimpio G. Dias, José Domingos P. Júnior, Pedro Crescêncio S. Carneiro, José Eustáquio S. Carneiro, Vinícius Q. Carneiro, Elaine A. Souza, Leonardo C. Melo, Helton S. Pereira, Rogério F. Vieira, Fábio A. D. Martins
Recommendation of new varieties is supported by value for cultivation and use (Valor de Cultivo e Uso [VCU]) trials. For a more reliable recommendation, it is necessary to identify methodologies that make better use of the genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI). The methodology proposed by Dias et al. is an alternative to take advantage of the GEI; it considers concepts of Bayesian models and probability methods of adaptation and stability analysis in a single model, classifying the genotypes regarding possible success based on a defined selection intensity. Thus, the aim of the present study was to explore the use of Bayesian probabilistic method for the purpose of recommend common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties. To that end, we used grain yield data from 15 genotypes of common bean evaluated in 42 environments distributed over different crop seasons, years, and locations in regard to VCU trials conducted from 2016 to 2018. Under a predefined selection intensity of 30%, the genotypes with greater marginal probability of superior performance were G01, G14, G07, G11, and G02. The genotypes with greater marginal probability of superior stability were G06, G07, G04, G03, and G12. Considering the joint probability of superior performance and yield stability, the genotypes G07, G14, G01, G11, and G04 stand out. Therefore, the use of the Bayesian probabilistic method showed promise in recommendation of common bean varieties.
{"title":"Use of Bayesian probabilistic model approach in common bean varietal recommendation","authors":"Isabela R. Miranda, Kaio Olimpio G. Dias, José Domingos P. Júnior, Pedro Crescêncio S. Carneiro, José Eustáquio S. Carneiro, Vinícius Q. Carneiro, Elaine A. Souza, Leonardo C. Melo, Helton S. Pereira, Rogério F. Vieira, Fábio A. D. Martins","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21340","url":null,"abstract":"Recommendation of new varieties is supported by value for cultivation and use (Valor de Cultivo e Uso [VCU]) trials. For a more reliable recommendation, it is necessary to identify methodologies that make better use of the genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI). The methodology proposed by Dias et al. is an alternative to take advantage of the GEI; it considers concepts of Bayesian models and probability methods of adaptation and stability analysis in a single model, classifying the genotypes regarding possible success based on a defined selection intensity. Thus, the aim of the present study was to explore the use of Bayesian probabilistic method for the purpose of recommend common bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.) varieties. To that end, we used grain yield data from 15 genotypes of common bean evaluated in 42 environments distributed over different crop seasons, years, and locations in regard to VCU trials conducted from 2016 to 2018. Under a predefined selection intensity of 30%, the genotypes with greater marginal probability of superior performance were G01, G14, G07, G11, and G02. The genotypes with greater marginal probability of superior stability were G06, G07, G04, G03, and G12. Considering the joint probability of superior performance and yield stability, the genotypes G07, G14, G01, G11, and G04 stand out. Therefore, the use of the Bayesian probabilistic method showed promise in recommendation of common bean varieties.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142171459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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