Daewon Koo, Navdeep Godara, Juan R. Romero Cubas, Shawn D. Askew
Spray deposition patterns from agricultural sprayers are traditionally sampled discretely along a field transect accounting for 0.5% or less of the treated area. Such methods may not fully capture the dimensional variability inherent in large‐scale, multiple‐pass spray applications, especially evident from an agricultural spray drone (ASD). This study investigated the utilization of UV‐fluorescent dye and nighttime aerial imaging techniques to assess large‐scale, multipass spray deposition patterns. Accuracy of digital hue from UV‐fluorescent photography to predict deposition of proxy dye was confirmed via fluorometry assessed intensity levels of extracted UV‐fluorescent dye from 384 Petri dishes placed prior to treatment. Results showed that ASD applications, regardless of nozzle type, exhibited greater spatial variability within the target area compared to ride‐on sprayer applications, primarily due to overapplication. Additionally, the ASD generated spray drift to adjacent nontarget areas that was at least three times more than that of ride‐on and spray‐gun sprayers. Multipass deposition was further assessed via in situ smooth crabgrass infestation following treatment with quinclorac or topramezone by multipass ASD or hand‐held, four‐nozzle spray boom. Weed infestation annotated from overlaid grids with 9.3‐dm2 ground resolution inconsistently detected spatial heterogeneity between transects assessed along the center and edge of each sprayer pass. The ASD controlled smooth crabgrass 11% more than the hand‐held sprayer, albeit with an 18% increase in spray drift to nontarget areas, similar to the UV‐fluorescence study. Digitally assessed average hue of fluorescence photography appears to be a viable method to assess multidimensional and continuous spatial relationships of spray deposition.
{"title":"A method to spatially assess multipass spray deposition patterns via UV fluorescence and weed population shifts","authors":"Daewon Koo, Navdeep Godara, Juan R. Romero Cubas, Shawn D. Askew","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21377","url":null,"abstract":"Spray deposition patterns from agricultural sprayers are traditionally sampled discretely along a field transect accounting for 0.5% or less of the treated area. Such methods may not fully capture the dimensional variability inherent in large‐scale, multiple‐pass spray applications, especially evident from an agricultural spray drone (ASD). This study investigated the utilization of UV‐fluorescent dye and nighttime aerial imaging techniques to assess large‐scale, multipass spray deposition patterns. Accuracy of digital hue from UV‐fluorescent photography to predict deposition of proxy dye was confirmed via fluorometry assessed intensity levels of extracted UV‐fluorescent dye from 384 Petri dishes placed prior to treatment. Results showed that ASD applications, regardless of nozzle type, exhibited greater spatial variability within the target area compared to ride‐on sprayer applications, primarily due to overapplication. Additionally, the ASD generated spray drift to adjacent nontarget areas that was at least three times more than that of ride‐on and spray‐gun sprayers. Multipass deposition was further assessed via in situ smooth crabgrass infestation following treatment with quinclorac or topramezone by multipass ASD or hand‐held, four‐nozzle spray boom. Weed infestation annotated from overlaid grids with 9.3‐dm<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> ground resolution inconsistently detected spatial heterogeneity between transects assessed along the center and edge of each sprayer pass. The ASD controlled smooth crabgrass 11% more than the hand‐held sprayer, albeit with an 18% increase in spray drift to nontarget areas, similar to the UV‐fluorescence study. Digitally assessed average hue of fluorescence photography appears to be a viable method to assess multidimensional and continuous spatial relationships of spray deposition.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142385488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Princess Tiffany D. Mendoza, Paul R. Armstrong, Kaliramesh Siliveru, Manoj Kumar Pulivarthi, Ajay Prasanth Ramalingam, P. V. Vara Prasad, Ramasamy Perumal
As a gluten‐free cereal with high nutritional properties, pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] has been increasingly regarded as an alternative dryland resilient food crop with enriched grain nutritional value. This paper explores the potential of single‐kernel near‐infrared (SKNIR) spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis for rapid and non‐destructive evaluation of protein, moisture, fat, fiber, and ash contents of pearl millet grains. Samples harvested from two consecutive years (2021 and 2022) were evaluated under dryland and irrigated conditions in Kansas State University, Agricultural Research Center, Hays (ARCH), KS and were analyzed using SKNIR and conventional laboratory methods. Model calibrations were developed using partial least squares regression. Results showed satisfactory performance of models with standard errors cross‐validation of 1.04%, 0.17%, 0.39%, 0.21%, and 0.16%, respectively, for protein, moisture, fat, fiber, and ash content. The findings suggest that SKNIR can be a potential tool for high‐throughput pearl millet composition screening efficiently, which will assist breeders and grain processors to optimize grain properties and enhance the grain quality and products.
{"title":"Non‐destructive characterization of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] composition using single‐kernel NIR spectroscopy","authors":"Princess Tiffany D. Mendoza, Paul R. Armstrong, Kaliramesh Siliveru, Manoj Kumar Pulivarthi, Ajay Prasanth Ramalingam, P. V. Vara Prasad, Ramasamy Perumal","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21375","url":null,"abstract":"As a gluten‐free cereal with high nutritional properties, pearl millet [<jats:italic>Pennisetum glaucum</jats:italic> (L.) R. Br.] has been increasingly regarded as an alternative dryland resilient food crop with enriched grain nutritional value. This paper explores the potential of single‐kernel near‐infrared (SKNIR) spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis for rapid and non‐destructive evaluation of protein, moisture, fat, fiber, and ash contents of pearl millet grains. Samples harvested from two consecutive years (2021 and 2022) were evaluated under dryland and irrigated conditions in Kansas State University, Agricultural Research Center, Hays (ARCH), KS and were analyzed using SKNIR and conventional laboratory methods. Model calibrations were developed using partial least squares regression. Results showed satisfactory performance of models with standard errors cross‐validation of 1.04%, 0.17%, 0.39%, 0.21%, and 0.16%, respectively, for protein, moisture, fat, fiber, and ash content. The findings suggest that SKNIR can be a potential tool for high‐throughput pearl millet composition screening efficiently, which will assist breeders and grain processors to optimize grain properties and enhance the grain quality and products.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142385489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Susana R. Milla‐Lewis, Beatriz Tome Gouveia, Kevin Kenworthy, Jing Zhang, Ambika Chandra, Grady L. Miller, Esdras M. Carbajal, Brian Schwartz, Paul Raymer, Marta Pudzianowska, James H. Beard, J. Bryan Unruh
Combining large multi‐environment trial (MET) datasets to decide which genotypes to move forward in the breeding process can be challenging, especially when dealing with negatively correlated traits. The use of a selection index has long been identified as an effective strategy in these situations. However, the method has found limited application in turfgrass breeding. The objective of this study was to use MET data for St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] breeding lines evaluated across the southern United States to compare genetic gains achieved with the additive additive genetic index (AI) versus the turf performance index (TPI) incorporating agronomic as well as consumer preference traits. The use of either selection index produced more positive genetic gains across traits than direct selection even in the presence of negative correlations. However, the higher genetic gains obtained with AI versus TPI indicate that the use of an index that weighs traits according to their importance is a better approach for selection. Moreover, under a more stringent selection intensity, none of the best lines identified with AI would have been selected with TPI emphasizing the importance of choosing selection criteria that provide a more nuanced ranking of lines. Additionally, higher heritability values and gains from selection were obtained for turfgrass quality under stress (drought and shade) than under normal conditions indicating that selection under stress environments might be more efficient. Most of the evaluated St. Augustinegrass lines outperformed the checks, further supporting the value of cross‐institutional breeding collaborations.
结合大型多环境试验（MET）数据集来决定在育种过程中采用哪些基因型是一项挑战，尤其是在处理负相关性状时。在这种情况下，使用选择指数早已被认为是一种有效的策略。然而，这种方法在草坪育种中的应用却很有限。本研究的目的是利用在美国南部评估的圣奥古斯丁草（Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze）育种品系的 MET 数据，比较使用加性遗传指数（AI）与结合农艺学和消费者偏好性状的草坪性能指数（TPI）所获得的遗传收益。与直接选择相比，即使存在负相关，使用任一选择指数都能在各性状上产生更多的正遗传增益。然而，人工合成指数比 TPI 获得的遗传增益更高，这表明使用根据性状重要性进行权衡的指数是更好的选择方法。此外，在更严格的选择强度下，用 AI 选出的最佳品系都不会用 TPI 选出，这就强调了选择能提供更细致的品系排序的选择标准的重要性。此外，在胁迫（干旱和遮荫）条件下，草坪草质量的遗传率值和选择收益均高于正常条件下，这表明在胁迫环境下进行选择可能更有效。大多数经过评估的圣奥古斯丁草品系的表现都优于对照品系，这进一步证明了跨机构育种合作的价值。
{"title":"Maximizing genetic gains across agronomic and consumer preference traits in St. Augustinegrass breeding","authors":"Susana R. Milla‐Lewis, Beatriz Tome Gouveia, Kevin Kenworthy, Jing Zhang, Ambika Chandra, Grady L. Miller, Esdras M. Carbajal, Brian Schwartz, Paul Raymer, Marta Pudzianowska, James H. Beard, J. Bryan Unruh","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21374","url":null,"abstract":"Combining large multi‐environment trial (MET) datasets to decide which genotypes to move forward in the breeding process can be challenging, especially when dealing with negatively correlated traits. The use of a selection index has long been identified as an effective strategy in these situations. However, the method has found limited application in turfgrass breeding. The objective of this study was to use MET data for St. Augustinegrass [<jats:italic>Stenotaphrum secundatum</jats:italic> (Walt.) Kuntze] breeding lines evaluated across the southern United States to compare genetic gains achieved with the additive additive genetic index (AI) versus the turf performance index (TPI) incorporating agronomic as well as consumer preference traits. The use of either selection index produced more positive genetic gains across traits than direct selection even in the presence of negative correlations. However, the higher genetic gains obtained with AI versus TPI indicate that the use of an index that weighs traits according to their importance is a better approach for selection. Moreover, under a more stringent selection intensity, none of the best lines identified with AI would have been selected with TPI emphasizing the importance of choosing selection criteria that provide a more nuanced ranking of lines. Additionally, higher heritability values and gains from selection were obtained for turfgrass quality under stress (drought and shade) than under normal conditions indicating that selection under stress environments might be more efficient. Most of the evaluated St. Augustinegrass lines outperformed the checks, further supporting the value of cross‐institutional breeding collaborations.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142385491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael R. Barnes, Joshua Friell, Bryan C. Runck, Douglas J. Soldat, Eric Watkins, Chengyan Yue
Turfgrass systems are some of the most ubiquitous forms of perennial agricultural systems. People interact with them on a daily basis, and they provide a wide variety of social and environmental benefits. Over the past two decades, turfgrass systems have been increasingly seen as coupled human-natural systems, which has prompted new avenues of research across multiple areas from breeding to management. While this human-natural systems framework has been helpful, the rapid development and integration of technology (e.g., smart sensors, robotic mowers) and the push for nature-based solutions and green infrastructure have changed the landscape significantly for turfgrass systems. With this in mind, the current work advocates for the adoption of a new framework, social–ecological–technological systems (SETS), to better understand where turfgrass systems research is situated now and, more importantly, what directions it could go in the future.
{"title":"Cultivating connections: Framing turfgrass as a thriving social–ecological–technological system","authors":"Michael R. Barnes, Joshua Friell, Bryan C. Runck, Douglas J. Soldat, Eric Watkins, Chengyan Yue","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21387","url":null,"abstract":"Turfgrass systems are some of the most ubiquitous forms of perennial agricultural systems. People interact with them on a daily basis, and they provide a wide variety of social and environmental benefits. Over the past two decades, turfgrass systems have been increasingly seen as coupled human-natural systems, which has prompted new avenues of research across multiple areas from breeding to management. While this human-natural systems framework has been helpful, the rapid development and integration of technology (e.g., smart sensors, robotic mowers) and the push for nature-based solutions and green infrastructure have changed the landscape significantly for turfgrass systems. With this in mind, the current work advocates for the adoption of a new framework, social–ecological–technological systems (SETS), to better understand where turfgrass systems research is situated now and, more importantly, what directions it could go in the future.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142385780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Surendra Bhattarai, Nityananda Khanal, Nicole P. Anderson, Calvin L. Yoder
Strong creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. spp. rubra Gaudin) is a cool‐season perennial turfgrass widely used in temperate and subalpine regions around the globe. Although creeping red fescue turf is tolerant of shade, low fertility acidic soils, and drought conditions, creeping red fescue seed crops grown in optimal growing environments can lodge, ultimately reducing yield in regions where this important turfgrass is grown for seed. To address this issue, we investigated the effects of two plant growth regulators (PGRs), chlormequat chloride (CCC) and trinexapac‐ethyl (TE), on plant height, lodging, and seed yield of strong creeping red fescue over 9 site‐years in the Peace River region of western Canada. The study encompassed 6 site‐years with first‐year stands and 3 site‐years with second‐year stands. The PGRs were applied alone and in a TE + CCC mixture at the two‐node (BBCH 32–33, where BBCH is Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and Chemische Industrie) and early head emergence (BBCH 51–52) growth stages in first‐ and second‐year stands, respectively. The application of TE, CCC, and their mixture resulted in a differential decrease in lodging and an increase in seed yield in first‐year stands. However, PGRs applied at BBCH 51–52 on second‐year stands had no effect on seed yield but reduced plant height and lodging. This study found a negative correlation between seed yield and lodging. Among the PGR treatments, the CCC + TE mixture was the most effective in reducing lodging and increasing seed yield of strong creeping red fescue.
{"title":"Plant growth regulator effects on red fescue seed crops in diverse production environments","authors":"Surendra Bhattarai, Nityananda Khanal, Nicole P. Anderson, Calvin L. Yoder","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21386","url":null,"abstract":"Strong creeping red fescue (<jats:italic>Festuca rubra</jats:italic> L. spp. <jats:italic>rubra</jats:italic> Gaudin) is a cool‐season perennial turfgrass widely used in temperate and subalpine regions around the globe. Although creeping red fescue turf is tolerant of shade, low fertility acidic soils, and drought conditions, creeping red fescue seed crops grown in optimal growing environments can lodge, ultimately reducing yield in regions where this important turfgrass is grown for seed. To address this issue, we investigated the effects of two plant growth regulators (PGRs), chlormequat chloride (CCC) and trinexapac‐ethyl (TE), on plant height, lodging, and seed yield of strong creeping red fescue over 9 site‐years in the Peace River region of western Canada. The study encompassed 6 site‐years with first‐year stands and 3 site‐years with second‐year stands. The PGRs were applied alone and in a TE + CCC mixture at the two‐node (BBCH 32–33, where BBCH is Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and Chemische Industrie) and early head emergence (BBCH 51–52) growth stages in first‐ and second‐year stands, respectively. The application of TE, CCC, and their mixture resulted in a differential decrease in lodging and an increase in seed yield in first‐year stands. However, PGRs applied at BBCH 51–52 on second‐year stands had no effect on seed yield but reduced plant height and lodging. This study found a negative correlation between seed yield and lodging. Among the PGR treatments, the CCC + TE mixture was the most effective in reducing lodging and increasing seed yield of strong creeping red fescue.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142384251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nathan Fumia, Rosana Zenil-Ferguson, Marnin Wolfe, Michael Kantar
Modern domestication efforts have occurred in a wide range of species. These efforts have led to different levels of change from the initial wild populations and market success. In this study, we explore different breeding cycle parameters to understand the rate of change in different potential starting points of neo-domestication breeding programs. The design of a program that will bring a new crop to market requires consideration of cost efficiency and resource allocation. More crop diversity on the market creates an opportunity to design different types of food systems that can be tailored toward regional and local food security. Stochastic simulation of the rate of gain and variance is applied to different parameter combinations through the breeding cycle—crossing, evaluation, and selection—to identify population level changes along the continuum of wild to semi-domestic plant species. The simulated breeding schemes differ in phenotypic gain and variance depending on selection strategy and population type, discovering the largest phenotypic gain of oligogenic traits occurring using phenotypic recurrent selection for landrace and orphan populations while choosing genomic selection for wild populations. There were also differences based on selection strategy, with maximum avoidance consistently leading to lower gains but higher additive variance. Overall, when looking to domesticate a new species, our simulations find phenotypic recurrent selection to be the most cost-effective option and lead to the most gain in early generations of selection, with marker technology being most useful once initial gains have plateaued.
{"title":"Simulated exploration of parameter space and resource allocation for strategic creation of neo-domestication breeding programs","authors":"Nathan Fumia, Rosana Zenil-Ferguson, Marnin Wolfe, Michael Kantar","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21359","url":null,"abstract":"Modern domestication efforts have occurred in a wide range of species. These efforts have led to different levels of change from the initial wild populations and market success. In this study, we explore different breeding cycle parameters to understand the rate of change in different potential starting points of neo-domestication breeding programs. The design of a program that will bring a new crop to market requires consideration of cost efficiency and resource allocation. More crop diversity on the market creates an opportunity to design different types of food systems that can be tailored toward regional and local food security. Stochastic simulation of the rate of gain and variance is applied to different parameter combinations through the breeding cycle—crossing, evaluation, and selection—to identify population level changes along the continuum of wild to semi-domestic plant species. The simulated breeding schemes differ in phenotypic gain and variance depending on selection strategy and population type, discovering the largest phenotypic gain of oligogenic traits occurring using phenotypic recurrent selection for landrace and orphan populations while choosing genomic selection for wild populations. There were also differences based on selection strategy, with maximum avoidance consistently leading to lower gains but higher additive variance. Overall, when looking to domesticate a new species, our simulations find phenotypic recurrent selection to be the most cost-effective option and lead to the most gain in early generations of selection, with marker technology being most useful once initial gains have plateaued.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142374517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luis Fernando Delgado, Danilo E. Moreta, Nelson Morante, Jorge Ivan Lenis, Johan Steven Aparicio, Luis Fernando Londoño, Sandra Milena Salazar, Thierry Tran, Maria Alejandra Ospina, Jorge Luis Luna Melendez, Jhon Larry Moreno Alzate, Hernan Camilo Vargas, Lizbeth Pino Duran, Elvia Amparo Rosero Alpala, Xiaofei Zhang
Biofortified cassava (Manihot esculenta) plays a crucial role in enhancing the nutritional value of this essential staple, particularly in regions with limited dietary diversity and prevalent nutritional deficiencies. The cassava program at the International Center of Tropical Agriculture has dedicated over a decade to increase β-carotene content in biofortified cassava, simultaneously focusing on improving yield, dry matter, and plant architecture. This paper presents realized genetic gains in biofortified cassava by analyzing the data from replicated multilocation breeding yield trials at the target population of environments spanning a 10-year period (2013–2022). Following data curation, we observed significant positive genetic gains per year for β-carotene content (7.03%), fresh yield (4.15%), dry matter content (0.55%), and height at the first branch (1.29%). A negative correlation between β-carotene content and dry matter content was observed within 78% of trials. Moreover, our study uncovered a significant negative correlation between β-carotene content and fresh root yield (r = −0.22, p < 0.01) and an unfavorable positive correlation between β-carotene content and the number of branches (r = 0.23, p < 0.01). Such negative correlations between β-carotene content and farm-preferred traits presented substantial challenges for the development of biofortified cassava varieties. This research showed significant genetic gains and navigated the complexities of biofortified cassava development, providing breeding insights to enhance nutritional value while optimizing agronomic performance.
生物强化木薯（Manihot esculenta）在提高这种基本主食的营养价值方面发挥着至关重要的作用，尤其是在膳食多样性有限和营养缺乏症普遍存在的地区。国际热带农业中心（International Center of Tropical Agriculture）的木薯项目十多年来一直致力于提高生物强化木薯中的β-胡萝卜素含量，同时注重提高产量、干物质和植物结构。本文通过分析在目标环境人群中进行的多地点重复育种产量试验数据，介绍了生物强化木薯在10年间（2013-2022年）实现的遗传增益。经过数据整理，我们观察到每年在 β-胡萝卜素含量（7.03%）、鲜产量（4.15%）、干物质含量（0.55%）和第一分枝高度（1.29%）方面都有显著的正遗传增益。在 78% 的试验中，β-胡萝卜素含量与干物质含量之间呈负相关。此外，我们的研究还发现，β-胡萝卜素含量与鲜根产量之间存在显著的负相关（r = -0.22，p < 0.01），β-胡萝卜素含量与分枝数之间存在不利的正相关（r = 0.23，p < 0.01）。β-胡萝卜素含量与农家喜好性状之间的这种负相关关系给生物强化木薯品种的开发带来了巨大挑战。这项研究显示了巨大的遗传增益，并克服了生物强化木薯开发的复杂性，为在优化农艺性能的同时提高营养价值提供了育种见解。
{"title":"Assessing realized genetic gains in biofortified cassava breeding for over a decade: Enhanced nutritional value and agronomic performance","authors":"Luis Fernando Delgado, Danilo E. Moreta, Nelson Morante, Jorge Ivan Lenis, Johan Steven Aparicio, Luis Fernando Londoño, Sandra Milena Salazar, Thierry Tran, Maria Alejandra Ospina, Jorge Luis Luna Melendez, Jhon Larry Moreno Alzate, Hernan Camilo Vargas, Lizbeth Pino Duran, Elvia Amparo Rosero Alpala, Xiaofei Zhang","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21369","url":null,"abstract":"Biofortified cassava (<i>Manihot esculenta</i>) plays a crucial role in enhancing the nutritional value of this essential staple, particularly in regions with limited dietary diversity and prevalent nutritional deficiencies. The cassava program at the International Center of Tropical Agriculture has dedicated over a decade to increase β-carotene content in biofortified cassava, simultaneously focusing on improving yield, dry matter, and plant architecture. This paper presents realized genetic gains in biofortified cassava by analyzing the data from replicated multilocation breeding yield trials at the target population of environments spanning a 10-year period (2013–2022). Following data curation, we observed significant positive genetic gains per year for β-carotene content (7.03%), fresh yield (4.15%), dry matter content (0.55%), and height at the first branch (1.29%). A negative correlation between β-carotene content and dry matter content was observed within 78% of trials. Moreover, our study uncovered a significant negative correlation between β-carotene content and fresh root yield (<i>r</i> = −0.22, <i>p</i> < 0.01) and an unfavorable positive correlation between β-carotene content and the number of branches (<i>r</i> = 0.23, <i>p</i> < 0.01). Such negative correlations between β-carotene content and farm-preferred traits presented substantial challenges for the development of biofortified cassava varieties. This research showed significant genetic gains and navigated the complexities of biofortified cassava development, providing breeding insights to enhance nutritional value while optimizing agronomic performance.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142374518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) commonly coexist in turfgrass ecosystems but differ in drought tolerance, contributing to uneven turf quality. This study was conducted to examine the physiological and metabolic responses of P. annua and A. stolonifera to drought stress and rewatering and identify major metabolites associated with the interspecific variation in drought tolerance and recovery. Plants grown in controlled-environment chambers were well irrigated (non-stress control) or subjected to drought stress by withholding irrigation for 21 days. For the evaluation of post-stress recovery, drought-stressed plants were rewatered for an additional 21 days. Leaf relative water content, visual turf quality, green canopy cover, and leaf electrolyte leakage were measured weekly. Metabolomic analysis was performed with leaf tissue collected at 21 days of drought stress and 21 days of rewatering. Poa annua demonstrated lower drought tolerance and post-stress recovery compared to A. stolonifera when drought-stressed plants were compared to their respective control across physiological parameters. Metabolomic analysis identified a relatively greater upregulation of sugars and amino acids in A. stolonifera and downregulation of more carbon intermediates and nucleic acids in P. annua in response to drought stress. Upon rewatering, both species had declined sugar content and increased carbon intermediates and nucleic acids. The differential response to drought stress and recovery between A. stolonifera and P. annua could be attributed to a greater accumulation of sugars and amino acids involved in osmotic adjustment during drought stress and their utilization upon rewatering to stimulate post-stress recovery in A. stolonifera.
一年生蓝草（Poa annua L.）和匍匐翦股颖（Agrostis stolonifera L.）通常共存于草坪生态系统中，但耐旱性不同，导致草坪质量参差不齐。本研究旨在考察鹅掌楸和匍匐茎对干旱胁迫和再灌水的生理和代谢反应，并确定与耐旱性和恢复能力的种间差异有关的主要代谢产物。对生长在可控环境室中的植物进行充分灌溉（无胁迫对照），或通过停止灌溉 21 天来施加干旱胁迫。为了评估胁迫后的恢复情况，受干旱胁迫的植物又重新灌溉了 21 天。每周测量叶片相对含水量、视觉草皮质量、绿色冠层覆盖率和叶片电解质渗漏情况。对干旱胁迫 21 天和重新浇水 21 天收集的叶片组织进行代谢组分析。当干旱胁迫植物与各自的对照植物进行生理参数比较时，Poa annua 的耐旱性和胁迫后恢复能力均低于 A. stolonifera。代谢组分析表明，在干旱胁迫下，匍匐茎中糖类和氨基酸的上调相对较多，而环纹草中更多的碳中间产物和核酸的下调相对较多。重新浇水后，两种植物的糖含量都有所下降，碳中间产物和核酸含量则有所上升。A. stolonifera 和 P. annua 对干旱胁迫和恢复的不同反应可能是由于 A. stolonifera 在干旱胁迫期间积累了更多参与渗透调节的糖和氨基酸，并在重新浇水后利用这些糖和氨基酸刺激胁迫后的恢复。
{"title":"Differential physiological and metabolic responses to drought stress and post-stress recovery for annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass","authors":"Sean McBride, Stephanie Rossi, Bingru Huang","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21378","url":null,"abstract":"Annual bluegrass (<i>Poa annua</i> L.) and creeping bentgrass (<i>Agrostis stolonifera</i> L.) commonly coexist in turfgrass ecosystems but differ in drought tolerance, contributing to uneven turf quality. This study was conducted to examine the physiological and metabolic responses of <i>P. annua</i> and <i>A. stolonifera</i> to drought stress and rewatering and identify major metabolites associated with the interspecific variation in drought tolerance and recovery. Plants grown in controlled-environment chambers were well irrigated (non-stress control) or subjected to drought stress by withholding irrigation for 21 days. For the evaluation of post-stress recovery, drought-stressed plants were rewatered for an additional 21 days. Leaf relative water content, visual turf quality, green canopy cover, and leaf electrolyte leakage were measured weekly. Metabolomic analysis was performed with leaf tissue collected at 21 days of drought stress and 21 days of rewatering. <i>Poa annua</i> demonstrated lower drought tolerance and post-stress recovery compared to <i>A. stolonifera</i> when drought-stressed plants were compared to their respective control across physiological parameters. Metabolomic analysis identified a relatively greater upregulation of sugars and amino acids in <i>A. stolonifera</i> and downregulation of more carbon intermediates and nucleic acids in <i>P. annua</i> in response to drought stress. Upon rewatering, both species had declined sugar content and increased carbon intermediates and nucleic acids. The differential response to drought stress and recovery between <i>A. stolonifera</i> and <i>P. annua</i> could be attributed to a greater accumulation of sugars and amino acids involved in osmotic adjustment during drought stress and their utilization upon rewatering to stimulate post-stress recovery in <i>A. stolonifera</i>.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142374521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Santos Barrera, Jorge C. Berny Mier y Teran, Johan Aparicio, Jairo Diaz, Rommel Leon, Steve Beebe, Carlos A. Urrea, Paul Gepts
Abiotic constraints, such as drought and heat driven by climate change, negatively impact the production of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), an essential grain legume worldwide. The ability to tolerate drought and heat stress in common bean can be improved by introducing genetic variation from related species, such as tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray), which has recently gained attention because of its adaptation to drought and heat stresses and potential use as a genetic resource and alternative crop. To better understand the phenotypic response of tepary bean to drought and heat stress in multiple environments and trials and to select highly adapted tepary beans, we conducted two field experiments. In Experiment 1, we compared the adaptation to drought stress of tepary bean (n = 10), common bean (n = 10), and Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.; n = 9) by assessing the reduction in grain yield under terminal drought compared to well-irrigated conditions in two California locations with arid summer conditions. Of the three species, tepary bean showed the statistically strongest adaptation to terminal drought, followed by Lima bean and common bean. In Experiment 2, we evaluated a set of 22 tepary beans from contrasting origins for drought and heat stresses across multi-environment trials (METs) in California, Nebraska, and Colombia, with common bean as a control. We found a considerable variation in the tepary bean phenotypic response to these MET conditions, as a result of a strong genotype × environment interaction. Also, we identified tepary bean accessions adapted to drought, heat, and well-irrigated conditions across multiple climate zones. Understanding the performance of tepary bean across multiple environments and identifying tepary beans with broad and target-specific adaptation will maximize the potential use of the species.
{"title":"Identification of drought and heat tolerant tepary beans in a multi-environment trial study","authors":"Santos Barrera, Jorge C. Berny Mier y Teran, Johan Aparicio, Jairo Diaz, Rommel Leon, Steve Beebe, Carlos A. Urrea, Paul Gepts","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21354","url":null,"abstract":"Abiotic constraints, such as drought and heat driven by climate change, negatively impact the production of the common bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.), an essential grain legume worldwide. The ability to tolerate drought and heat stress in common bean can be improved by introducing genetic variation from related species, such as tepary bean (<i>Phaseolus acutifolius</i> A. Gray), which has recently gained attention because of its adaptation to drought and heat stresses and potential use as a genetic resource and alternative crop. To better understand the phenotypic response of tepary bean to drought and heat stress in multiple environments and trials and to select highly adapted tepary beans, we conducted two field experiments. In Experiment 1, we compared the adaptation to drought stress of tepary bean (<i>n</i> = 10), common bean (<i>n</i> = 10), and Lima bean (<i>Phaseolus lunatus</i> L.; <i>n</i> = 9) by assessing the reduction in grain yield under terminal drought compared to well-irrigated conditions in two California locations with arid summer conditions. Of the three species, tepary bean showed the statistically strongest adaptation to terminal drought, followed by Lima bean and common bean. In Experiment 2, we evaluated a set of 22 tepary beans from contrasting origins for drought and heat stresses across multi-environment trials (METs) in California, Nebraska, and Colombia, with common bean as a control. We found a considerable variation in the tepary bean phenotypic response to these MET conditions, as a result of a strong genotype × environment interaction. Also, we identified tepary bean accessions adapted to drought, heat, and well-irrigated conditions across multiple climate zones. Understanding the performance of tepary bean across multiple environments and identifying tepary beans with broad and target-specific adaptation will maximize the potential use of the species.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142330277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elizabeth De Meyer, Elizabeth Prenger, Anser Mahmood, Michelle da Fonseca Santos, Godfree Chigeza, Qijian Song, Learnmore Mwadzingeni, Ronica Mukaro, Mwila Chibanda, Gorden Mabuyaye, Brian Diers, Andrew Scaboo
Given high animal protein costs, protein deficiency is a prevalent form of malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] can provide a cheaper high-quality protein source and fortify lysine-limited cereal-based diets. Breeding soybean for seed composition in SSA requires understanding genotype by environment interactions (G × E). African breeding programs submit cultivars for evaluation in the Pan-African Soybean Variety Trials (PATs), providing the opportunity to examine G × E across diverse environments. With PAT data, we conducted additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype plus genotype-by-environment (GGE) biplot analyses on seed protein and oil content of 17 cultivars grown with two replications in nine environments across Zimbabwe. Across environments, protein ranged from 322.8 to 445.1 g kg−1 and oil ranged from 164.8 to 242.7 g kg−1. For protein AMMI analysis, MAKWACHA performed best for both stability and a combination of stability plus content. For oil AMMI analysis, SC SPIKE performed best for stability and KALEYA performed best for a combination of stability plus content. GGE biplot analyses identified three different mega-environments for protein and oil, with SC EXPT2, KALEYA, and SC EXPT1 having highest protein content and TGX 2002-9FM, LUKANGA, and SC EXPT3 having highest oil content. We also evaluated genetic diversity of 19 PAT cultivars through phylogenetic analyses with 1059 USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) diversity panel accessions. We recommend stable and adaptable PAT cultivars to breeders and producers while highlighting genetically distinct accessions with valuable traits as a resource for breeding programs.
由于动物蛋白成本高昂，蛋白质缺乏症是撒哈拉以南非洲（SSA）普遍存在的一种营养不良形式。大豆[Glycine max (L.) Merr.]可以提供更廉价的优质蛋白质来源，并强化赖氨酸有限的谷物膳食。在非洲撒哈拉以南地区培育大豆种子成分需要了解基因型与环境的相互作用（G × E）。非洲育种计划在泛非大豆品种试验（PATs）中提交栽培品种进行评估，从而为研究不同环境下的 G × E 提供了机会。利用泛非大豆品种试验的数据，我们对津巴布韦九个环境中生长的两个重复的 17 个栽培品种的种子蛋白质和含油量进行了加性主效应和乘性交互作用（AMMI）以及基因型加环境基因型（GGE）双图分析。在不同环境中，蛋白质含量范围为 322.8 至 445.1 g kg-1，油分含量范围为 164.8 至 242.7 g kg-1。在蛋白质 AMMI 分析中，MAKWACHA 在稳定性和稳定性加含量方面表现最佳。在油分 AMMI 分析中，SC SPIKE 在稳定性方面表现最佳，KALEYA 在稳定性和含量方面表现最佳。GGE 双图分析确定了蛋白质和油分的三种不同巨型环境，其中 SC EXPT2、KALEYA 和 SC EXPT1 蛋白质含量最高，TGX 2002-9FM、LUKANGA 和 SC EXPT3 油分含量最高。我们还通过与 1059 个美国农业部种质资源信息网（GRIN）多样性面板入选品种进行系统发育分析，评估了 19 个 PAT 栽培品种的遗传多样性。我们向育种者和生产者推荐了稳定且适应性强的 PAT 栽培品种，同时强调了具有宝贵性状的不同基因登录品系，作为育种计划的资源。
{"title":"Evaluating genetic diversity and seed composition stability within Pan-African Soybean Variety Trials","authors":"Elizabeth De Meyer, Elizabeth Prenger, Anser Mahmood, Michelle da Fonseca Santos, Godfree Chigeza, Qijian Song, Learnmore Mwadzingeni, Ronica Mukaro, Mwila Chibanda, Gorden Mabuyaye, Brian Diers, Andrew Scaboo","doi":"10.1002/csc2.21356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21356","url":null,"abstract":"Given high animal protein costs, protein deficiency is a prevalent form of malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Soybean [<i>Glycine max</i> (L.) Merr.] can provide a cheaper high-quality protein source and fortify lysine-limited cereal-based diets. Breeding soybean for seed composition in SSA requires understanding genotype by environment interactions (G × E). African breeding programs submit cultivars for evaluation in the Pan-African Soybean Variety Trials (PATs), providing the opportunity to examine G × E across diverse environments. With PAT data, we conducted additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype plus genotype-by-environment (GGE) biplot analyses on seed protein and oil content of 17 cultivars grown with two replications in nine environments across Zimbabwe. Across environments, protein ranged from 322.8 to 445.1 g kg<sup>−1</sup> and oil ranged from 164.8 to 242.7 g kg<sup>−1</sup>. For protein AMMI analysis, MAKWACHA performed best for both stability and a combination of stability plus content. For oil AMMI analysis, SC SPIKE performed best for stability and KALEYA performed best for a combination of stability plus content. GGE biplot analyses identified three different mega-environments for protein and oil, with SC EXPT2, KALEYA, and SC EXPT1 having highest protein content and TGX 2002-9FM, LUKANGA, and SC EXPT3 having highest oil content. We also evaluated genetic diversity of 19 PAT cultivars through phylogenetic analyses with 1059 USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) diversity panel accessions. We recommend stable and adaptable PAT cultivars to breeders and producers while highlighting genetically distinct accessions with valuable traits as a resource for breeding programs.","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142330008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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