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D-galactonate metabolism in enteric bacteria: a molecular and physiological perspective 肠道细菌的 D-半乳糖醛酸代谢:分子和生理学视角。
IF 5.9 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102524
Swati Singh , Chetna Gola , Bhupinder Singh , Vishal Agrawal , Rachna Chaba

D-galactonate, a widely prevalent sugar acid, was first reported as a nutrient source for enteric bacteria in the 1970s. Since then, decades of research enabled a description of the modified Entner-Doudoroff pathway involved in its degradation and reported the structural and biochemical features of its metabolic enzymes, primarily in Escherichia coli K-12. However, only in the last few years, the D-galactonate transporter has been characterized, and the regulation of the dgo operon, encoding the structural genes for the transporter and enzymes of D-galactonate metabolism, has been detailed. Notably, in recent years, multiple evolutionary studies have identified the dgo operon as a dominant target for adaptation of E. coli in the mammalian gut. Despite considerable research on dgo operon, numerous fundamental questions remain to be addressed. The emerging relevance of the dgo operon in host–bacterial interactions further necessitates the study of D-galactonate metabolism in other enterobacterial strains.

D -半乳糖酸是一种广泛存在的糖酸,在 20 世纪 70 年代首次被报道为肠道细菌的营养源。此后,经过数十年的研究,人们描述了参与降解 D-半乳糖醛酸的恩特纳-杜多罗夫(Entner-Doudoroff)改良途径,并报道了其代谢酶的结构和生化特征,主要是在大肠杆菌 K-12 中。然而,直到最近几年,D-半乳糖醛酸转运体的特征才得以确定,编码 D-半乳糖醛酸转运体结构基因和 D-半乳糖醛酸代谢酶的 dgo 操作子的调控也得到了详细说明。值得注意的是,近年来,多项进化研究发现,dgo 操作子是哺乳动物肠道中大肠杆菌适应的主要目标。尽管对 dgo 操作子进行了大量研究,但仍有许多基本问题有待解决。由于 dgo 操作子在宿主与细菌相互作用中的重要性不断显现,因此有必要进一步研究其他肠道细菌菌株的 D-半乳糖醛酸代谢。
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引用次数: 0
Host immune response against fungal biofilms 宿主对真菌生物膜的免疫反应。
IF 5.9 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102520
Mohammad Mannan , Sunna Nabeela , Reetakshi Mishra , Priya Uppuluri

Fungal biofilms are a multilayered community of cells attached to mucosal or abiotic surfaces enclosed in a coating of self-produced extracellular polymeric matrix. The sheer density of cells protected by a polymeric shield not only makes the biofilm impermeable to antimicrobials or immune cells but also hidden from host recognition. Biofilms also serve as a reservoir of drug-resistant persister cells and dispersal cells armored with virulence factors adept at evading the immune system. Here, we summarize the latest knowledge on the immunomodulatory properties of biofilms formed by Candida species and by other biofilm-forming fungal pathogens such as Aspergillus and Cryptococcus. Finally, we deliberate on promising strategies to help activate the immune system for combating fungal biofilms.

真菌生物膜是附着在粘膜或非生物表面的多层细胞群落,其表面包裹着一层自身产生的胞外聚合物基质。在聚合基质保护下的高密度细胞不仅使生物膜无法被抗菌剂或免疫细胞渗透,而且也无法被宿主识别。生物膜还是抗药性持久细胞和散播细胞的储藏库,这些细胞具有善于躲避免疫系统的毒力因子。在此,我们总结了有关念珠菌和曲霉、隐球菌等其他形成生物膜的真菌病原体所形成的生物膜的免疫调节特性的最新知识。最后,我们探讨了有助于激活免疫系统以对抗真菌生物膜的可行策略。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial overview: emerging avenues in antimicrobial research 编辑综述:抗菌研究的新途径。
IF 5.9 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102522
Toni Gabaldón , Luiz Pedro Sório de Carvalho
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引用次数: 0
Editorial overview: Coronaviruses 2024 编辑综述:冠状病毒 2024》。
IF 5.9 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102523
Stephanie Pfaender , Eike Steinmann
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引用次数: 0
New developments in Aspergillus fumigatus and host reactive oxygen species responses 烟曲霉与宿主活性氧反应的新进展。
IF 5.9 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102521
Matthew R James, Katherine E Doss, Robert A Cramer

Aspergillus fumigatus is a filamentous fungus abundant in the environment and the most common causative agent of a spectrum of human diseases collectively termed aspergillosis. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is caused by deficiencies in innate immune function that result in the inability of the host to clear inhaled Aspergillus conidia that then germinate and form invasive hyphae. Myeloid cells, and their ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), are essential for conidia clearance from the host. To combat ROS, A. fumigatus employs an expansive antioxidant system, though how these canonical antioxidant mechanisms contribute to infection initiation and disease progression remain to be fully defined. Recent research has identified noncanonical pathways in the A. fumigatus ROS response and new host populations with ROS deficiencies that are at-risk for invasive aspergillosis. Here, we highlight recent developments in the understanding of ROS at the interface of the dynamic A. fumigatus–host interaction.

烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)是一种丝状真菌,在环境中大量存在,是一系列人类疾病(统称为曲霉病)最常见的致病菌。侵袭性肺曲霉菌病是由于先天性免疫功能缺陷导致宿主无法清除吸入的曲霉菌分生孢子,分生孢子发芽后形成侵袭性菌丝而引起的。髓细胞及其产生活性氧(ROS)的能力对于从宿主体内清除分生孢子至关重要。为了对抗 ROS,烟曲霉使用了一种广泛的抗氧化系统,但这些典型的抗氧化机制如何促进感染的发生和疾病的发展仍有待全面界定。最近的研究发现了烟曲霉 ROS 反应中的非经典途径,以及存在 ROS 缺陷的新宿主群体,这些宿主面临着侵袭性曲霉病的风险。在此,我们重点介绍在烟曲霉与宿主动态相互作用的界面上了解 ROS 的最新进展。
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引用次数: 0
Phage small proteins play large roles in phage–bacterial interactions 噬菌体小蛋白在噬菌体与细菌的相互作用中发挥着重要作用。
IF 5.9 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102519
Grace A Beggs , Bonnie L Bassler

Phages have wide influence on bacterial physiology, and likewise, bacterial processes impinge on phage biology. Key to these interactions are phage small proteins (<100 aa). Long underappreciated, recent work has revealed millions of phage small proteins, and increasingly, mechanisms by which they function to dictate phage and/or bacterial behavior and evolution. Here, we describe select phage small proteins that mediate phage–bacterial interactions by modulating phage lifestyle decision-making components or by altering host gene expression.

噬菌体对细菌的生理学有着广泛的影响,同样,细菌的生理过程也影响着噬菌体的生物学。这些相互作用的关键是噬菌体的小蛋白(噬菌体小蛋白,噬菌体小蛋白,噬菌体小蛋白)。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial overview: There and back again: a phage’s tale 编辑综述:往返:噬菌体的故事。
IF 5.9 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102518
Julia Frunzke , Rob Lavigne
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引用次数: 0
How c-di-GMP controls progression through the Streptomyces life cycle c-di-GMP 如何控制链霉菌生命周期的进展。
IF 5.9 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102516
Kelley A Gallagher , Natalia Tschowri , Richard G Brennan , Maria A Schumacher , Mark J Buttner

Members of the antibiotic-producing bacterial genus Streptomyces undergo a complex developmental life cycle that culminates in the production of spores. Central to control of this cell differentiation process is signaling through the second messenger 3′, 5′-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP). So far, three proteins that are directly controlled by c-di-GMP in Streptomyces have been functionally and structurally characterized: the key developmental regulators BldD and σWhiG, and the glycogen-degrading enzyme GlgX. c-di-GMP signals through BldD and σWhiG, respectively, to control the two most dramatic transitions of the Streptomyces life cycle, the formation of the reproductive aerial hyphae and their differentiation into spore chains. Later in development, c-di-GMP activates GlgX-mediated degradation of glycogen, releasing stored carbon for spore maturation.

链霉菌属(Streptomyces)抗生素生产细菌的成员经历了一个复杂的发育生命周期,最终产生孢子。控制这一细胞分化过程的核心是通过第二信使 3',5'-环二甘氨酸(c-di-GMP)发出信号。迄今为止,已经从功能和结构上确定了链霉菌中受 c-di-GMP 直接控制的三种蛋白质:关键的发育调节因子 BldD 和 σWhiG 以及糖原降解酶 GlgX。c-di-GMP 信号分别通过 BldD 和 σWhiG 控制链霉菌生命周期中最重要的两个转变过程,即生殖气生菌丝的形成及其向孢子链的分化。在发育后期,c-di-GMP 会激活 GlgX 介导的糖原降解,释放出储存的碳以促进孢子成熟。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial overview: Rise of the bacterial nanomachines 编辑综述:细菌纳米机器的崛起
IF 5.9 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102515
Susan Schlimpert , Martin Thanbichler
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引用次数: 0
Sensing and responding to host-derived stress signals: lessons from fungal meningitis pathogen 感知和应对来自宿主的压力信号:从真菌脑膜炎病原体中汲取的教训
IF 5.9 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102514
Kwang-Woo Jung , Seung-Heon Lee , Kyung-Tae Lee , Yong-Sun Bahn

The sophisticated ability of living organisms to sense and respond to external stimuli is critical for survival. This is particularly true for fungal pathogens, where the capacity to adapt and proliferate within a host is essential. To this end, signaling pathways, whether evolutionarily conserved or unique, have been refined through interactions with the host. Cryptococcus neoformans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, is responsible for over 190,000 cases and an estimated 147,000 annual deaths globally. Extensive research over the past decades has shed light on the signaling pathways underpinning the pathogenicity of C. neoformans, as well as the host’s responses during infection. In this context, we delineate the regulatory mechanisms employed by C. neoformans to detect and react to stresses derived from the host.

生物体感知外部刺激并做出反应的复杂能力对于生存至关重要。对于真菌病原体来说尤其如此,它们在宿主体内的适应和增殖能力至关重要。为此,信号通路,无论是进化保守的还是独特的,都在与宿主的相互作用中得到了完善。新生隐球菌是一种机会性真菌病原体,全球每年有超过 190,000 例病例,估计有 147,000 例死亡。过去几十年的广泛研究揭示了新隐球菌致病性的信号通路,以及宿主在感染期间的反应。在此背景下,我们描述了新霉菌检测宿主压力并做出反应的调控机制。
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Current opinion in microbiology
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