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Epithelial responses to fungal pathogens 上皮细胞对真菌病原体的反应。
IF 5.9 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102508
Kathleen A M Mills , Mariano A Aufiero , Tobias M Hohl

Epithelial cells orchestrate immune responses against fungal pathogens. This review highlights advances in integrating epithelial cells in immune responses against inhaled molds and dimorphic fungi, and against Candida species that colonize mucosal surfaces. In the lung, epithelial cells respond to interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interferon signaling to regulate effector cell influx and fungal killing. In the alimentary and vulvovaginal tracts, epithelial cells modulate fungal commensalism, invasive growth, and local immune tone, in part by responding to damage caused by candidalysin, a C. albicans peptide toxin, and through IL-17-dependent release of antimicrobial peptides that contribute to Candida colonization resistance. Understanding fungal–epithelial interactions in mammalian models of disease is critical to predict vulnerabilities and to identify opportunities for immune-based strategies to treat fungal infections.

上皮细胞可协调针对真菌病原体的免疫反应。这篇综述重点介绍了上皮细胞与针对吸入霉菌和二形真菌以及定植于粘膜表面的念珠菌的免疫反应相结合方面的进展。在肺部,上皮细胞对白细胞介素-1(IL-1)和干扰素信号做出反应,以调节效应细胞的流入和真菌的杀灭。在消化道和外阴阴道,上皮细胞调节真菌的共生、侵袭性生长和局部免疫功能,部分原因是上皮细胞对白色念珠菌肽毒素--念珠菌溶血素所造成的损伤做出反应,并通过 IL-17 依赖性释放抗菌肽来增强念珠菌的定植抵抗力。了解哺乳动物疾病模型中真菌与上皮细胞的相互作用,对于预测真菌感染的脆弱性和确定基于免疫的真菌感染治疗策略至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Innate immune response to Candida auris 对白色念珠菌的先天免疫反应
IF 5.9 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102510
Ashley M Holt , Jeniel E Nett

Candida auris, a newly emergent fungal species, has been spreading in health care systems and causing life-threatening infections. Intact innate immunity is essential for protection against many invasive fungal infections, including candidiasis. Here, we highlight recent studies exploring immune interactions with C. auris, including investigations using animal models and ex vivo immune cells. We summarize innate immune studies comparing C. auris and the common fungal pathogen Candida albicans. We also discuss how structures of the C. auris cell wall influence immune recognition, the role of soluble host factors in immune recognition, and areas of future study.

念珠菌是一种新出现的真菌物种,它在医疗系统中不断蔓延,并造成危及生命的感染。完好的先天性免疫对于抵御包括念珠菌病在内的多种侵袭性真菌感染至关重要。在此,我们重点介绍了最近探索与念珠菌免疫相互作用的研究,包括使用动物模型和体外免疫细胞进行的调查。我们总结了比较 C. auris 和常见真菌病原体白色念珠菌的先天性免疫研究。我们还讨论了球孢子菌细胞壁的结构如何影响免疫识别、可溶性宿主因子在免疫识别中的作用以及未来的研究领域。
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引用次数: 0
The impact of the host microbiota on Candida albicans infection 宿主微生物群对白色念珠菌感染的影响
IF 5.9 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102507
Eve WL Chow , Li M Pang , Yue Wang

The human microbiota is a complex microbial ecosystem populated by bacteria, fungi, viruses, protists, and archaea. The coexistence of fungi alongside with many billions of bacteria, especially in the gut, involves complex interactions, ranging from antagonistic to beneficial, between the members of these two kingdoms. Bacteria can impact fungi through various means, such as physical interactions, secretion of metabolites, or alteration of the host immune response, thereby affecting fungal growth and virulence. This review summarizes recent progress in this field, delving into the latest understandings of bacterial–fungal–immune interactions and innovative therapeutic approaches addressing the challenges of treating fungal infections associated with microbiota imbalances.

人体微生物群是一个复杂的微生物生态系统,由细菌、真菌、病毒、原生生物和古细菌组成。真菌与数十亿细菌共存,尤其是在肠道中,这两个王国的成员之间存在着复杂的相互作用,从拮抗到有益。细菌可通过各种方式影响真菌,如物理相互作用、分泌代谢物或改变宿主免疫反应,从而影响真菌的生长和毒力。本综述总结了这一领域的最新进展,深入探讨了对细菌-真菌-免疫相互作用的最新理解,以及应对与微生物群失衡相关的真菌感染治疗挑战的创新治疗方法。
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引用次数: 0
Advances in regulation of homeostasis through chromatin modifications by airway commensals 气道共生动物通过染色质修饰调节体内平衡的研究进展。
IF 5.9 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102505
Michael G Connor, Melanie A Hamon

Commensal bacteria are residents of the human airway where they interact with both colonizing pathogens and host respiratory epithelial cells of this mucosal surface. It is here that commensals exert their influence through host signaling cascades, host transcriptional responses and host immunity, all of which are rooted in chromatin remodeling and histone modifications. Recent studies show that airway commensals impact host chromatin, but compared the what is known for gut commensals, the field remains in its infancy. The mechanisms by which airway commensals regulate respiratory health and homeostasis through chromatin modifications is of increasing interest, specifically since their displacement precedes the increased potential for respiratory disease. Herein we will discuss recent advances and intriguing avenues of future work aimed at deciphering how airway commensals protect and influence respiratory health.

共生细菌是人类呼吸道的居民,它们在这里与定植病原体和宿主呼吸道粘膜表面的上皮细胞相互作用。在这里,共生菌通过宿主信号级联、宿主转录反应和宿主免疫产生影响,而所有这些都植根于染色质重塑和组蛋白修饰。最近的研究表明,气道共生体会影响宿主染色质,但与已知的肠道共生体相比,这一领域仍处于起步阶段。人们对气道共生菌通过染色质修饰调节呼吸系统健康和平衡的机制越来越感兴趣,特别是因为在呼吸系统疾病的发病率增加之前,气道共生菌就已被淘汰。在此,我们将讨论最近的研究进展和未来工作的有趣途径,旨在破译气道共生菌如何保护和影响呼吸道健康。
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引用次数: 0
Vertebrate and invertebrate animal infection models of Candida auris pathogenicity 念珠菌致病性的脊椎动物和无脊椎动物感染模型。
IF 5.9 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102506
Melissa Martinez, Danielle A Garsin, Michael C Lorenz

Candida auris is an emerging fungal pathogen with several concerning qualities. First recognized in 2009, it has arisen in multiple geographically distinct genomic clades nearly simultaneously. C. auris strains are typically multidrug resistant and colonize the skin much better than most other pathogenic fungi; it also persists on abiotic surfaces, enabling outbreaks due to transmission in health care facilities. All these suggest a biology substantially different from the ‘model’ fungal pathogen, Candida albicans and support intensive investigation of C. auris biology directly. To uncover novel virulence mechanisms in this species requires the development of appropriate animal infection models. Various studies using mice, the definitive model, are inconsistent due to differences in mouse and fungal strains, immunosuppressive regimes, doses, and outcome metrics. At the same time, developing models of skin colonization present a route to new insights into an aspect of fungal pathogenesis that has not been well studied in other species. We also discuss the growing use of nonmammalian model systems, including both vertebrates and invertebrates, such as zebrafish, C. elegans, Drosophila, and Galleria mellonella, that have been productively employed in virulence studies with other fungal species. This review will discuss progress in developing appropriate animal models, outline current challenges, and highlight opportunities in demystifying this curious species.

白色念珠菌是一种新出现的真菌病原体,具有多种令人担忧的特性。它于 2009 年首次被发现,几乎同时在多个地理位置不同的基因组支系中出现。与大多数其他致病真菌相比,念珠菌菌株通常具有多重耐药性,并能更好地在皮肤上定植;它还能在非生物表面存活,因此能在医疗机构中传播而导致疫情爆发。所有这些都表明,这种真菌的生物学特性与 "模式 "真菌病原体白念珠菌有很大不同,因此支持直接对 C. auris 的生物学特性进行深入研究。要揭示该物种的新毒力机制,需要开发适当的动物感染模型。由于小鼠和真菌菌株、免疫抑制方案、剂量和结果指标的不同,使用小鼠这一权威模型进行的各种研究并不一致。与此同时,皮肤定植模型的开发为深入了解真菌致病机理的一个方面提供了新的途径,而这一机理在其他物种中尚未得到很好的研究。我们还讨论了非哺乳动物模型系统(包括脊椎动物和无脊椎动物,如斑马鱼、秀丽隐杆线虫、果蝇和黑线蝇)越来越多的应用,这些系统已被有效地用于其他真菌物种的毒力研究。本综述将讨论在开发适当动物模型方面的进展,概述当前面临的挑战,并强调揭开这一奇特物种神秘面纱的机遇。
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引用次数: 0
Innate immune responses and monocyte-derived phagocyte recruitment in protective immunity to pathogenic bacteria: insights from Legionella pneumophila 致病菌保护性免疫中的先天性免疫反应和单核细胞源性吞噬细胞招募:嗜肺军团菌的启示
IF 5.9 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102495
Danielle PA Mascarenhas, Dario S Zamboni

Legionella species are Gram-negative intracellular bacteria that evolved in soil and freshwater environments, where they infect and replicate within various unicellular protozoa. The primary virulence factor of Legionella is the expression of a type IV secretion system (T4SS), which contributes to the translocation of effector proteins that subvert biological processes of the host cells. Because of its evolution in unicellular organisms, T4SS effector proteins are not adapted to subvert specific mammalian signaling pathways and immunity. Consequently, Legionella pneumophila has emerged as an interesting infection model for investigating immune responses against pathogenic bacteria in multicellular organisms. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of mammalian innate immunity derived from studies involving L. pneumophila. This includes recent insights into inflammasome-mediated mechanisms restricting bacterial replication in macrophages, mechanisms inducing cell death in response to infection, induction of effector-triggered immunity, activation of specific pulmonary cell types in mammalian lungs, and the protective role of recruiting monocyte-derived cells to infected lungs.

军团菌是在土壤和淡水环境中进化而来的革兰氏阴性胞内细菌,它们在各种单细胞原生动物体内感染和复制。军团菌的主要致病因素是表达 IV 型分泌系统(T4SS),该系统有助于转运效应蛋白,从而颠覆宿主细胞的生物过程。由于是在单细胞生物中进化而来,T4SS效应蛋白并不适合颠覆哺乳动物的特定信号通路和免疫。因此,嗜肺军团菌已成为一种有趣的感染模型,用于研究多细胞生物对病原菌的免疫反应。本综述重点介绍了通过对嗜肺军团菌的研究,我们对哺乳动物先天性免疫的认识所取得的最新进展。这包括对炎症体介导的限制巨噬细胞中细菌复制的机制、诱导细胞死亡以应对感染的机制、诱导效应器触发的免疫、激活哺乳动物肺部特定肺细胞类型以及招募单核细胞衍生细胞到受感染肺部的保护作用的最新认识。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamic structural determinants in bacterial microcompartment shells 细菌微室外壳的动态结构决定因素
IF 5.9 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102497
Daniel S Trettel , Cheryl A Kerfeld , Cesar R Gonzalez-Esquer

Bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) are polyhedral structures that segregate enzymatic cargo from the cytosol via encapsulation within a protein shell. Unlike other biological polyhedra, such as viral capsids and encapsulins, BMC shells can exhibit a highly advantageous structural and functional plasticity, conforming to a variety of anabolic (CO2 fixation in carboxysomes) and catabolic (nutrient assimilation in metabolosomes) roles. Consequently, understanding the subunit properties and associated protein–protein interaction processes that guide shell assembly and function is a necessary step to fully harness BMCs as modular, biotechnological nanomachines. Here, we describe the recent insights into the dynamics of structural features of the key BMC domain (Pfam00936)-containing proteins, which serve as a structural template for BMC-H and BMC-T shell building blocks.

细菌微空腔(BMC)是一种多面体结构,通过封装在蛋白质外壳内将酶货物从细胞质中分离出来。与病毒外壳和包囊蛋白等其他生物多面体不同,BMC 的外壳可以表现出非常有利的结构和功能可塑性,符合各种合成代谢(羧化酶体中的二氧化碳固定)和分解代谢(代谢小体中的营养同化)作用。因此,要充分利用 BMCs 作为模块化生物技术纳米机器,就必须了解指导外壳组装和功能的亚基特性和相关蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用过程。在这里,我们描述了最近对含 BMC 结构域 (Pfam00936) 的关键蛋白结构特征动态的深入研究,这些蛋白是 BMC-H 和 BMC-T 外壳构建模块的结构模板。
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引用次数: 0
Symbioses between fungi and bacteria: from mechanisms to impacts on biodiversity 真菌与细菌共生:从机制到对生物多样性的影响
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102496
Teresa E Pawlowska

Symbiotic interactions between fungi and bacteria range from positive to negative. They are ubiquitous in free-living as well as host-associated microbial communities worldwide. Yet, the impact of fungal–bacterial symbioses on the organization and dynamics of microbial communities is uncertain. There are two reasons for this uncertainty: (1) knowledge gaps in the understanding of the genetic mechanisms underpinning fungal–bacterial symbioses and (2) prevailing interpretations of ecological theory that favor antagonistic interactions as drivers stabilizing biological communities despite the existence of models emphasizing contributions of positive interactions. This review synthesizes information on fungal–bacterial symbioses common in the free-living microbial communities of the soil as well as in host-associated polymicrobial biofilms. The interdomain partnerships are considered in the context of the relevant community ecology models, which are discussed critically.

真菌与细菌之间的共生相互作用有积极的,也有消极的。它们在全球自由生活和与宿主相关的微生物群落中无处不在。然而,真菌-细菌共生对微生物群落的组织和动态的影响还不确定。造成这种不确定性的原因有两个:(1) 对真菌-细菌共生的遗传机制的认识存在差距;(2) 尽管存在强调积极相互作用的模型,但对生态学理论的普遍解释倾向于将拮抗相互作用作为稳定生物群落的驱动力。本综述综合了土壤中自由生活的微生物群落以及与宿主相关的多微生物生物膜中常见的真菌-细菌共生关系的相关信息。在相关群落生态学模型的背景下考虑了域间伙伴关系,并对这些模型进行了批判性讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Gear up! An overview of the molecular equipment used by Myxococcus to move, kill, and divide in prey colonies 装备!概述粘球菌在猎物群中移动、杀戮和分裂所使用的分子设备
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102492
Julien Herrou, Dorothée Murat, Tâm Mignot

Myxococcus relies on motility to efficiently invade and predate a prey colony. Upon contact with prey, Myxococcus temporarily halts its motility and initiates prey cell lysis, which involves two contact-dependent predatory machineries, the Kil system and the needleless T3SS*. Predatory cells grow as they invade and feed on prey cells. When dividing, Myxococcus cells systematically pause their movements before division. This highlights a high level of co-ordination between motility and contact-dependent killing but also with cell division. In this review, we give an overview of the different nanomachines used by Myxococcus to move on surfaces, kill by contact, and divide, and we discuss the potential regulatory mechanisms at play during these different processes.

霉球菌依靠运动来有效入侵和捕食猎物菌落。一旦接触到猎物,粘球菌就会暂时停止运动,并开始溶解猎物细胞,这涉及两个依赖接触的捕食机制,即 Kil 系统和无针 T3SS*。捕食细胞在入侵和捕食猎物细胞的过程中不断生长。分裂时,粘球菌细胞会在分裂前系统地暂停运动。这凸显了运动和依赖接触的杀戮以及细胞分裂之间的高度协调。在本综述中,我们将概述霉球菌用于在表面上移动、接触杀灭和分裂的不同纳米机械,并讨论在这些不同过程中发挥作用的潜在调控机制。
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引用次数: 0
Candida albicans natural diversity: a resource to dissect fungal commensalism and pathogenesis 白色念珠菌的自然多样性:剖析真菌共生和致病机理的资源
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102493
Elena Lindemann-Perez, J. Christian Perez

Candida albicans is a ubiquitous fungus of humans. It is not only a component of the oral and intestinal microbiota of most healthy adults but also a major cause of mucosal disorders and life-threatening disseminated infections. Until recently, research on the biology and pathogenesis of the fungus was largely based on a single clinical isolate. We review investigations that have started to dissect a diverse set of C. albicans strains. Using different approaches to leverage the species’ phenotypic and/or genetic diversity, these studies illuminate the wide range of interactions between fungus and host. While connecting genetic variants to phenotypes of interest remains challenging, research on C. albicans’ natural diversity is central to understand fungal commensalism and pathogenesis.

白色念珠菌是一种在人类中无处不在的真菌。它不仅是大多数健康成年人口腔和肠道微生物群的组成部分,也是导致粘膜疾病和危及生命的播散性感染的主要原因。直到最近,对这种真菌的生物学和致病机理的研究还主要基于单一的临床分离物。我们回顾了已开始对多种白僵菌菌株进行剖析的研究。这些研究采用不同的方法利用该物种的表型和/或遗传多样性,阐明了真菌与宿主之间广泛的相互作用。虽然将遗传变异与感兴趣的表型联系起来仍具有挑战性,但对白僵菌自然多样性的研究对于了解真菌共生和致病机制至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
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Current opinion in microbiology
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