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Dynamic structural determinants in bacterial microcompartment shells 细菌微室外壳的动态结构决定因素
IF 5.9 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102497
Daniel S Trettel , Cheryl A Kerfeld , Cesar R Gonzalez-Esquer

Bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) are polyhedral structures that segregate enzymatic cargo from the cytosol via encapsulation within a protein shell. Unlike other biological polyhedra, such as viral capsids and encapsulins, BMC shells can exhibit a highly advantageous structural and functional plasticity, conforming to a variety of anabolic (CO2 fixation in carboxysomes) and catabolic (nutrient assimilation in metabolosomes) roles. Consequently, understanding the subunit properties and associated protein–protein interaction processes that guide shell assembly and function is a necessary step to fully harness BMCs as modular, biotechnological nanomachines. Here, we describe the recent insights into the dynamics of structural features of the key BMC domain (Pfam00936)-containing proteins, which serve as a structural template for BMC-H and BMC-T shell building blocks.

细菌微空腔(BMC)是一种多面体结构,通过封装在蛋白质外壳内将酶货物从细胞质中分离出来。与病毒外壳和包囊蛋白等其他生物多面体不同,BMC 的外壳可以表现出非常有利的结构和功能可塑性,符合各种合成代谢(羧化酶体中的二氧化碳固定)和分解代谢(代谢小体中的营养同化)作用。因此,要充分利用 BMCs 作为模块化生物技术纳米机器,就必须了解指导外壳组装和功能的亚基特性和相关蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用过程。在这里,我们描述了最近对含 BMC 结构域 (Pfam00936) 的关键蛋白结构特征动态的深入研究,这些蛋白是 BMC-H 和 BMC-T 外壳构建模块的结构模板。
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引用次数: 0
Symbioses between fungi and bacteria: from mechanisms to impacts on biodiversity 真菌与细菌共生:从机制到对生物多样性的影响
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102496
Teresa E Pawlowska

Symbiotic interactions between fungi and bacteria range from positive to negative. They are ubiquitous in free-living as well as host-associated microbial communities worldwide. Yet, the impact of fungal–bacterial symbioses on the organization and dynamics of microbial communities is uncertain. There are two reasons for this uncertainty: (1) knowledge gaps in the understanding of the genetic mechanisms underpinning fungal–bacterial symbioses and (2) prevailing interpretations of ecological theory that favor antagonistic interactions as drivers stabilizing biological communities despite the existence of models emphasizing contributions of positive interactions. This review synthesizes information on fungal–bacterial symbioses common in the free-living microbial communities of the soil as well as in host-associated polymicrobial biofilms. The interdomain partnerships are considered in the context of the relevant community ecology models, which are discussed critically.

真菌与细菌之间的共生相互作用有积极的,也有消极的。它们在全球自由生活和与宿主相关的微生物群落中无处不在。然而,真菌-细菌共生对微生物群落的组织和动态的影响还不确定。造成这种不确定性的原因有两个:(1) 对真菌-细菌共生的遗传机制的认识存在差距;(2) 尽管存在强调积极相互作用的模型,但对生态学理论的普遍解释倾向于将拮抗相互作用作为稳定生物群落的驱动力。本综述综合了土壤中自由生活的微生物群落以及与宿主相关的多微生物生物膜中常见的真菌-细菌共生关系的相关信息。在相关群落生态学模型的背景下考虑了域间伙伴关系,并对这些模型进行了批判性讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Gear up! An overview of the molecular equipment used by Myxococcus to move, kill, and divide in prey colonies 装备!概述粘球菌在猎物群中移动、杀戮和分裂所使用的分子设备
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102492
Julien Herrou, Dorothée Murat, Tâm Mignot

Myxococcus relies on motility to efficiently invade and predate a prey colony. Upon contact with prey, Myxococcus temporarily halts its motility and initiates prey cell lysis, which involves two contact-dependent predatory machineries, the Kil system and the needleless T3SS*. Predatory cells grow as they invade and feed on prey cells. When dividing, Myxococcus cells systematically pause their movements before division. This highlights a high level of co-ordination between motility and contact-dependent killing but also with cell division. In this review, we give an overview of the different nanomachines used by Myxococcus to move on surfaces, kill by contact, and divide, and we discuss the potential regulatory mechanisms at play during these different processes.

霉球菌依靠运动来有效入侵和捕食猎物菌落。一旦接触到猎物,粘球菌就会暂时停止运动,并开始溶解猎物细胞,这涉及两个依赖接触的捕食机制,即 Kil 系统和无针 T3SS*。捕食细胞在入侵和捕食猎物细胞的过程中不断生长。分裂时,粘球菌细胞会在分裂前系统地暂停运动。这凸显了运动和依赖接触的杀戮以及细胞分裂之间的高度协调。在本综述中,我们将概述霉球菌用于在表面上移动、接触杀灭和分裂的不同纳米机械,并讨论在这些不同过程中发挥作用的潜在调控机制。
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引用次数: 0
Candida albicans natural diversity: a resource to dissect fungal commensalism and pathogenesis 白色念珠菌的自然多样性:剖析真菌共生和致病机理的资源
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102493
Elena Lindemann-Perez, J. Christian Perez

Candida albicans is a ubiquitous fungus of humans. It is not only a component of the oral and intestinal microbiota of most healthy adults but also a major cause of mucosal disorders and life-threatening disseminated infections. Until recently, research on the biology and pathogenesis of the fungus was largely based on a single clinical isolate. We review investigations that have started to dissect a diverse set of C. albicans strains. Using different approaches to leverage the species’ phenotypic and/or genetic diversity, these studies illuminate the wide range of interactions between fungus and host. While connecting genetic variants to phenotypes of interest remains challenging, research on C. albicans’ natural diversity is central to understand fungal commensalism and pathogenesis.

白色念珠菌是一种在人类中无处不在的真菌。它不仅是大多数健康成年人口腔和肠道微生物群的组成部分,也是导致粘膜疾病和危及生命的播散性感染的主要原因。直到最近,对这种真菌的生物学和致病机理的研究还主要基于单一的临床分离物。我们回顾了已开始对多种白僵菌菌株进行剖析的研究。这些研究采用不同的方法利用该物种的表型和/或遗传多样性,阐明了真菌与宿主之间广泛的相互作用。虽然将遗传变异与感兴趣的表型联系起来仍具有挑战性,但对白僵菌自然多样性的研究对于了解真菌共生和致病机制至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Hybrids unleashed: exploring the emergence and genomic insights of pathogenic yeast hybrids 释放杂交种:探索病原酵母杂交种的出现和基因组见解
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102491
Valentina del Olmo , Toni Gabaldón

Hybridisation is the crossing of two divergent lineages that give rise to offspring carrying an admixture of both parental genomes. Genome sequencing has revealed that this process is common in the Saccharomycotina, where a growing number of hybrid strains or species, including many pathogenic ones, have been recently described. Hybrids can display unique traits that may drive adaptation to new niches, and some pathogenic hybrids have been shown to have higher prevalence over their parents in human and environmental niches, suggesting a higher fitness and potential to colonise humans. Here, we discuss how hybridisation and its genomic and phenotypic outcomes can shape the evolution of fungal species and may play a role in the emergence of new pathogens.

杂交是两个不同品系的杂交,产生的后代携带两个亲本基因组的混合物。基因组测序显示,这一过程在酵母菌中很常见,最近描述了越来越多的杂交菌株或菌种,其中包括许多致病菌。杂交种可表现出独特的性状,可能会推动对新环境的适应,一些致病性杂交种在人类和环境中的流行率高于其亲本,这表明它们具有更高的适应性和在人类中定居的潜力。在这里,我们将讨论杂交及其基因组和表型结果如何影响真菌物种的进化,并在新病原体的出现中发挥作用。
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引用次数: 0
Host–microbe interactions: communication in the microbiota–gut–brain axis 宿主与微生物的相互作用:微生物群-肠-脑轴的交流。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102494
Aryan Shekarabi, Izhan Qureishy, Chloe H Puglisi, Marge Dalseth, Helen E Vuong

Animals harbor a diverse array of symbiotic micro-organisms that coexist in communities across different body sites. These microbes maintain host homeostasis and respond to environmental insults to impact host physiological processes. Trillions of indigenous microbes reside in the gastrointestinal tract and engage with the host central nervous system (microbiota–gut–brain axis) by modulating immune responses, interacting with gut intrinsic and extrinsic nervous system, and regulating neuromodulators and biochemicals. These gut microbiota to brain signaling pathways are constantly informed by each other and are hypothesized to mediate brain health across the lifespan. In this review, we will examine the crosstalk of gut microbiota to brain communications in neurological pathologies, with an emphasis on microbial metabolites and neuromodulators, and provide a discussion of recent advances that help elucidate the microbiota as a therapeutic target for treating brain and behavioral disorders.

动物体内有多种多样的共生微生物,它们在不同的身体部位以群落的形式共存。这些微生物维持宿主的平衡,并对环境损伤做出反应,从而影响宿主的生理过程。数以万亿计的本地微生物居住在胃肠道中,通过调节免疫反应、与肠道内在和外在神经系统相互作用以及调节神经调节剂和生化物质,与宿主的中枢神经系统(微生物群-肠道-大脑轴)相互作用。这些从肠道微生物群到大脑的信号通路不断相互通报,并被假设为在整个生命周期中介导大脑健康。在这篇综述中,我们将以微生物代谢物和神经调节剂为重点,研究神经系统病理中肠道微生物群与大脑通信的串扰,并讨论有助于阐明微生物群作为治疗大脑和行为疾病靶点的最新进展。
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引用次数: 0
Stay on track — revelations of bacterial cell wall synthesis enzymes and things that go by single-molecule imaging 继续前进--揭示细菌细胞壁合成酶和单分子成像技术。
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102490
Amilcar J. Perez, Jie Xiao

In this review, we explore the regulation of septal peptidoglycan (sPG) synthesis in bacterial cell division, a critical process for cell viability and proper morphology. Recent single-molecule imaging studies have revealed the processive movement of the FtsW:bPBP synthase complex along the septum, shedding light on the spatiotemporal dynamics of sPG synthases and their regulators. In diderm bacteria (E. coli and C. crescentus), the movement occurs at two distinct speeds, reflecting active synthesis or inactivity driven by FtsZ-treadmilling. In monoderm bacteria (B. subtilis, S. pneumoniae, and S. aureus), however, these enzymes exhibit only the active sPG-track-coupled processive movement. By comparing the dynamics of sPG synthases in these organisms and that of class-A penicillin-binding proteins in vivo and in vitro, we propose a unifying model for septal cell wall synthesis regulation across species, highlighting the roles of the sPG- and Z-tracks in orchestrating a robust bacterial cell wall constriction process.

在这篇综述中,我们探讨了细菌细胞分裂过程中隔肽聚糖(sPG)合成的调控,这是细胞存活和正常形态的关键过程。最近的单分子成像研究揭示了 FtsW:bPBP 合成酶复合物沿着隔膜的过程性运动,从而揭示了 sPG 合成酶及其调控因子的时空动态。在双胚层细菌(大肠杆菌和新月体杆菌)中,这种运动以两种不同的速度进行,反映出 FtsZ 驱动的合成活跃或不活跃。然而,在单胚层细菌(枯草杆菌、肺炎双球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌)中,这些酶只表现出活跃的 sPG 轨道耦合过程性运动。通过比较这些生物体内的 sPG 合成酶和 A 类青霉素结合蛋白在体内和体外的动态,我们提出了一个跨物种隔细胞壁合成调控的统一模型,强调了 sPG- 和 Z 轨道在协调强大的细菌细胞壁收缩过程中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of CO2 in fungi 二氧化碳对真菌的影响
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102488
Benjamin J Chadwick, Xiaorong Lin

Carbon dioxide supplies carbon for photosynthetic species and is a major product of respiration for all life forms. Inside the human body where CO2 is a by-product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, its level reaches 5% or higher. In the ambient atmosphere, ∼.04% of the air is CO2. Different organisms can tolerate different CO2 levels to various degrees, and experiencing higher CO2 is toxic and can lead to death. The fungal kingdom shows great variations in response to CO2 that has been documented by different researchers at different time periods. This literature review aims to connect these studies, highlight mechanisms underlying tolerance to high levels of CO2, and emphasize the effects of CO2 on fungal metabolism and morphogenesis.

二氧化碳为光合物种提供碳,也是所有生命形式呼吸作用的主要产物。在人体内,二氧化碳是三羧酸循环的副产品,其含量达到 5%或更高。在环境大气中,空气中的二氧化碳含量为 0.04%。不同的生物可以在不同程度上耐受不同的二氧化碳含量,如果二氧化碳含量较高,生物就会中毒并死亡。真菌王国对二氧化碳的反应有很大差异,不同时期的研究人员对此都有记录。本文献综述旨在将这些研究联系起来,突出对高浓度二氧化碳的耐受机制,并强调二氧化碳对真菌新陈代谢和形态发生的影响。
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引用次数: 0
The many roles of sulfur in the fungal–host interaction 硫在真菌与寄主相互作用中的多种作用
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102489
Jorge Amich

Sulfur is an essential macronutrient for life, and consequently, all living organisms must acquire it from external sources to thrive and grow. Sulfur is a constituent of a multitude of crucial molecules, such as the S-containing proteinogenic amino acids cysteine and methionine; cofactors and prosthetic groups, such as coenzyme-A and iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters; and other essential organic molecules, such as glutathione or S-adenosylmethionine. Additionally, sulfur in cysteine thiols is an active redox group that plays paramount roles in protein stability, enzyme catalysis, and redox homeostasis. Furthermore, H2S is gaining more attention as a crucial signaling molecule that influences metabolism and physiological functions. Given its importance, it is not surprising that sulfur plays key roles in the host–pathogen interaction. However, in contrast to its well-recognized involvement in the plant–pathogen interaction, the specific contributions of sulfur to the human–fungal interaction are much less understood. In this short review, I highlight some of the most important known mechanisms and propose directions for further research.

硫是生命必需的宏量营养素,因此,所有生物都必须从外界获取硫,才能茁壮成长。硫是多种重要分子的组成成分,如含 S 的蛋白质氨基酸半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸、辅酶 A 和铁硫(Fe-S)簇等辅助因子和修复基团,以及谷胱甘肽或 S-腺苷蛋氨酸等其他重要有机分子。此外,半胱氨酸硫醇中的硫是一个活跃的氧化还原基团,在蛋白质稳定性、酶催化和氧化还原平衡中发挥着重要作用。此外,H2S 作为一种影响新陈代谢和生理功能的重要信号分子,正受到越来越多的关注。鉴于其重要性,硫在宿主与病原体的相互作用中发挥关键作用也就不足为奇了。然而,与人们公认的硫在植物与病原体相互作用中的作用不同,人们对硫在人类与真菌相互作用中的具体作用的了解要少得多。在这篇简短的综述中,我将重点介绍一些最重要的已知机制,并提出进一步研究的方向。
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引用次数: 0
Natural product discovery in soil actinomycetes: unlocking their potential within an ecological context 土壤放线菌中的天然产物发现:在生态环境中发掘其潜力
IF 5.4 2区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102487
Jana K Schniete , Lorena T Fernández-Martínez

Natural products (NPs) produced by bacteria, particularly soil actinomycetes, often possess diverse bioactivities and play a crucial role in human health, agriculture, and biotechnology. Soil actinomycete genomes contain a vast number of predicted biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) yet to be exploited. Understanding the factors governing NP production in an ecological context and activating cryptic and silent BGCs in soil actinomycetes will provide researchers with a wealth of molecules with potential novel applications. Here, we highlight recent advances in NP discovery strategies employing ecology-inspired approaches and discuss the importance of understanding the environmental signals responsible for activation of NP production, particularly in a soil microbial community context, as well as the challenges that remain.

细菌(尤其是土壤放线菌)产生的天然产物(NPs)通常具有多种生物活性,在人类健康、农业和生物技术领域发挥着至关重要的作用。土壤放线菌基因组包含大量有待开发的预测生物合成基因簇(BGC)。了解在生态环境中制约 NP 生产的因素以及激活土壤放线菌中隐蔽和沉默的 BGCs 将为研究人员提供大量具有潜在新型应用价值的分子。在此,我们将重点介绍采用生态学启发方法的 NP 发现策略的最新进展,并讨论了解激活 NP 产生的环境信号(尤其是在土壤微生物群落背景下)的重要性以及仍然存在的挑战。
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引用次数: 0
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Current opinion in microbiology
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