We studied the embryonic morphology of Physalaemus camacan and P. signifer, two small foam-nesting frogs endemic to the Atlantic Forest. We analysed the development of transient embryonic structures and of the larval oral disc. These embryos have features typical of most congeneric species, such as the kyphotic dorsal curvature, three pairs of gills and the configuration of hatching and adhesive glands. Main differences regarding embryos of the P. cuvieri clade are the larger size and yolk provision at tailbud stage, less developed external gills and an apparently novel pattern of oral marginal papilla ontogeny. While some shifts could be correlated with variant modes of oviposition, others appear to be developmental modifications not related with ecomorphological aspects.
{"title":"Embryonic morphology in two species of the Physalaemus signifer clade (Anura: Leptodactylidae)","authors":"M. Oliveira","doi":"10.33256/32.2.8592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33256/32.2.8592","url":null,"abstract":"We studied the embryonic morphology of Physalaemus camacan and P. signifer, two small foam-nesting frogs endemic to the Atlantic Forest. We analysed the development of transient embryonic structures and of the larval oral disc. These embryos have features typical of most congeneric species, such as the kyphotic dorsal curvature, three pairs of gills and the configuration of hatching and adhesive glands. Main differences regarding embryos of the P. cuvieri clade are the larger size and yolk provision at tailbud stage, less developed external gills and an apparently novel pattern of oral marginal papilla ontogeny. While some shifts could be correlated with variant modes of oviposition, others appear to be developmental modifications not related with ecomorphological aspects.","PeriodicalId":10935,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, April 25, 2022","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75804316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.04.p3551
M. Yunus, B. Nasir, S. Lasmini, Reski Leme’ Piri
The practice of conventional rice cultivation using inorganic fertilizers and synthetic chemical pesticides can affect the stability of ecosystems. This study aimed to compare the diversity and community structure of arthropods in tropical rice field under organic and conventional ecosystems. This research was conducted at Oloboju, located at an altitude of 120 m above sea level. The soil type was inceptisol. The research used observation and exploration methods. The sampling of arthropods in the field used a sweep net, a pitfall trap, a yellow pan trap and by hand. The variables measured were the taxonomic composition and relative morpho-species abundance, family and order composition. Relative morpho-species abundance was assessed based on functional roles, number of species, and the total number of individuals. The results show that the Shannon diversity index value (H') and Margalef richness index (Dmg) were higher in organic rice ecosystems than conventional. On the other hand, the organic rice ecosystem had a Simpson dominance index value (C) and an evenness index (E) lower than the values of C and E in conventional rice ecosystems. The organic ecosystem had a community structure of arthropod of 9 orders, 24 families, and 28 morpho-species, with an abundance of 4,002 individuals, while the conventional ecosystem had a community structure of arthropod of 7 orders, 17 families, and 20 morpho-species with an abundance of 1,789 individuals. The practice of organic rice cultivation would increase the biodiversity index towards ecosystem balance so that it could be used as an alternative to pest control
{"title":"Biodiversity and community structure of Arthropod in tropical rice fields under organic and conventional ecosystems","authors":"M. Yunus, B. Nasir, S. Lasmini, Reski Leme’ Piri","doi":"10.21475/ajcs.22.16.04.p3551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.22.16.04.p3551","url":null,"abstract":"The practice of conventional rice cultivation using inorganic fertilizers and synthetic chemical pesticides can affect the stability of ecosystems. This study aimed to compare the diversity and community structure of arthropods in tropical rice field under organic and conventional ecosystems. This research was conducted at Oloboju, located at an altitude of 120 m above sea level. The soil type was inceptisol. The research used observation and exploration methods. The sampling of arthropods in the field used a sweep net, a pitfall trap, a yellow pan trap and by hand. The variables measured were the taxonomic composition and relative morpho-species abundance, family and order composition. Relative morpho-species abundance was assessed based on functional roles, number of species, and the total number of individuals. The results show that the Shannon diversity index value (H') and Margalef richness index (Dmg) were higher in organic rice ecosystems than conventional. On the other hand, the organic rice ecosystem had a Simpson dominance index value (C) and an evenness index (E) lower than the values of C and E in conventional rice ecosystems. The organic ecosystem had a community structure of arthropod of 9 orders, 24 families, and 28 morpho-species, with an abundance of 4,002 individuals, while the conventional ecosystem had a community structure of arthropod of 7 orders, 17 families, and 20 morpho-species with an abundance of 1,789 individuals. The practice of organic rice cultivation would increase the biodiversity index towards ecosystem balance so that it could be used as an alternative to pest control","PeriodicalId":10935,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, April 25, 2022","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72814207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Studies on reproductive biology have largely contributed to the understanding of snake ecology. However, detailed reproductive data are scarce for many groups, particularly blind snakes. Here, we describe the reproductive biology of Trilepida koppesi (Leptotyphlopidae), a widely distributed species in the savannas of south-central Brazil. We describe its macro- and microscopic reproductive anatomy, female reproductive cycle, potential clutch size, seasonal activity, and sexual dimorphism of a population from south-eastern Brazil. Males have plurilobulated testes. Spermiogenesis occurs in early spring (October), when gonads and kidneys show a textured surface, the sexual segment of the kidney is hypertrophied, and the ductus deferentia are opaque and packed with sperm. Females have only the right oviduct, which shows developed epithelium and uterine glands in spring. Mating likely occurs in spring (October–December), and females store sperm in infundibular receptacles until ovulation between late spring and early summer. Potential clutch size ranges from three to five eggs. Females grow larger than males. The synchrony between spermiogenesis and mating defines the male cycle as prenuptial, which is considered the ancestral state of Squamata. These results agree with the hypothesis of conservative parameters for the group.
{"title":"Reproductive ecology of the Amaral's Blind Snake Trilepida koppesi in an area of Cerrado in south-eastern Brazil","authors":"R. Khouri","doi":"10.33256/32.2.7079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33256/32.2.7079","url":null,"abstract":"Studies on reproductive biology have largely contributed to the understanding of snake ecology. However, detailed reproductive data are scarce for many groups, particularly blind snakes. Here, we describe the reproductive biology of Trilepida koppesi (Leptotyphlopidae), a widely distributed species in the savannas of south-central Brazil. We describe its macro- and microscopic reproductive anatomy, female reproductive cycle, potential clutch size, seasonal activity, and sexual dimorphism of a population from south-eastern Brazil. Males have plurilobulated testes. Spermiogenesis occurs in early spring (October), when gonads and kidneys show a textured surface, the sexual segment of the kidney is hypertrophied, and the ductus deferentia are opaque and packed with sperm. Females have only the right oviduct, which shows developed \u0000epithelium and uterine glands in spring. Mating likely occurs in spring (October–December), and females store sperm in infundibular receptacles until ovulation between late spring and early summer. Potential clutch size ranges from three to five eggs. Females grow larger than males. The synchrony between spermiogenesis and mating defines the male cycle as prenuptial, which is considered the ancestral state of Squamata. These results agree with the hypothesis of conservative parameters for the group.","PeriodicalId":10935,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, April 25, 2022","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81807836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.04.p3417
N. Khuong, L. Thuc, Hua Huu Duc, T. Hữu, T. Van, Lê Thị Mỹ Thu, L. T. Quang, D. T. Xuan, Tran Chi Nhan, N. Xuan, L. Xuan
This study aimed to (i) select the endophytic bacteria from maize roots for their N2-fixing ability and (ii) evaluate the efficacy of potent indigenous bacterial strains on soil fertility, nitrogen (N) uptake, and growth and yield of maize. A total of 31 maize root samples were collected from An Giang province in Vietnam to isolate the bacteria. The pot experiment was conducted in nine treatments: (i) 100% N of the recommended fertiliser formula (RFF), (ii) 85% N of RFF, (iii) 70% N of RFF, (iv) 55% N of RFF, (v) 85% N of RFF plus a mixture of two potent strains of nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria (NFEB), (vi) 70% N of RFF plus a mixture of two potent strains of NFEB, (vii) 25% N of RFF plus a mixture of two potent strains of NFEB, (viii) 0% N of RFF plus a mixture of two potent strains of NFEB, and (ix) 0% N of RFF. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to collect soil and plant samples at harvest and observe their growth and agronomic parameters. The results showed that two acid-resistant endophytic bacterial strains were selected and identified as Enterobacter cloacae ASD-21 and E. cloacae ASD-48. At 85% N level, a mixture of the two endophytic bacteria strains was applied as biofertilisers and proved their ability to significantly enhance NH4+ content and N uptake, with an increase of 14.8 mg NH4+ kg-1 and 0.26 g N pot-1, respectively. A mixture of the two potent strains of NFEB produced higher values in plant height, stem diameter, cob length, and cob diameter compared to 100% N of RFF. It replaced 15% N of RFF but still maintained the maize grain yield
本研究旨在(1)从玉米根系中筛选具有固氮能力的内生细菌，(2)评估有效的本地菌株对土壤肥力、氮素吸收以及玉米生长和产量的影响。从越南安江省共采集了31份玉米根样品分离该细菌。盆栽试验是在九进行治疗:(i) 100% N的推荐肥料配方(复位触发器),(2)85%的N复位触发器,复位触发器(iii) 70% N, N(复位触发器(iv) 55%, 85% (v) N的复位触发器+两个强大的固氮内生细菌菌株的混合物(NFEB), (vi) N的复位触发器+ 70%的混合两种NFEB强有力的菌株,(七)25% N复位触发器加两个强大的混合菌株NFEB,(八)0% N的复位触发器NFEB +两个强有力的菌株的混合物,和复位触发器(ix) 0% N。试验在温室内进行，收集收获时的土壤和植物样品，观察其生长和农艺参数。结果表明，筛选出2株耐酸内生细菌，鉴定为阴沟肠杆菌ASD-21和阴沟肠杆菌ASD-48。在85% N水平下，两种内生菌混合施用可显著提高土壤NH4+含量和氮素吸收量，分别提高14.8 mg NH4+ kg-1和0.26 g N -1。与100%施氮的RFF相比，两强效NFEB混合处理在株高、茎粗、穗轴长和穗轴直径方面均有较高的表现。替代15%氮肥的RFF仍能保持玉米籽粒产量
{"title":"Potential of N2-fixing endophytic bacteria isolated from maize roots as biofertiliser to enhance soil fertility, N uptake, and yield of Zea mays L. cultivated in alluvial soil in dykes","authors":"N. Khuong, L. Thuc, Hua Huu Duc, T. Hữu, T. Van, Lê Thị Mỹ Thu, L. T. Quang, D. T. Xuan, Tran Chi Nhan, N. Xuan, L. Xuan","doi":"10.21475/ajcs.22.16.04.p3417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.22.16.04.p3417","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to (i) select the endophytic bacteria from maize roots for their N2-fixing ability and (ii) evaluate the efficacy of potent indigenous bacterial strains on soil fertility, nitrogen (N) uptake, and growth and yield of maize. A total of 31 maize root samples were collected from An Giang province in Vietnam to isolate the bacteria. The pot experiment was conducted in nine treatments: (i) 100% N of the recommended fertiliser formula (RFF), (ii) 85% N of RFF, (iii) 70% N of RFF, (iv) 55% N of RFF, (v) 85% N of RFF plus a mixture of two potent strains of nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria (NFEB), (vi) 70% N of RFF plus a mixture of two potent strains of NFEB, (vii) 25% N of RFF plus a mixture of two potent strains of NFEB, (viii) 0% N of RFF plus a mixture of two potent strains of NFEB, and (ix) 0% N of RFF. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to collect soil and plant samples at harvest and observe their growth and agronomic parameters. The results showed that two acid-resistant endophytic bacterial strains were selected and identified as Enterobacter cloacae ASD-21 and E. cloacae ASD-48. At 85% N level, a mixture of the two endophytic bacteria strains was applied as biofertilisers and proved their ability to significantly enhance NH4+ content and N uptake, with an increase of 14.8 mg NH4+ kg-1 and 0.26 g N pot-1, respectively. A mixture of the two potent strains of NFEB produced higher values in plant height, stem diameter, cob length, and cob diameter compared to 100% N of RFF. It replaced 15% N of RFF but still maintained the maize grain yield","PeriodicalId":10935,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, April 25, 2022","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74706203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.04.p3449
Márcio Paulo de Oliveira, M. A. U. Opazo, M. Galea, J. Johann
Rainfall data forecasting is essential in agricultural sciences due to impacts caused by water excess or deficit on crop growth. Our study aimed to develop a method to select rainfall forecast models using references with negligible error denoted as the gold standard. To this end, we used forecasting models from national centers such as Canadian Meteorological Center (CMC), European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), and Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies (CPTEC). The study area comprised the western mesoregion of Paraná State (Brazil), and data were gathered from October to March between the soybean crop seasons of 2010/2011 and 2015/2016. Ten-day period clusters, corresponding to 240 h forecasts in the centers, were used to assess agreement with the gold standard. Our results showed that forecasting center selection must be based on rainfall value ranges and geographic locations. Selection according to the highest agreement with the gold standard was estimated at 76.9% for range 1 in CPTEC, 38.5% for range 2 and 4 in ECMWF, and 38.5% for range 3 in NCEP. In conclusion, the proposed method was efficient in selecting forecasting centers in areas of interest
{"title":"Gold Standard in selection of rainfall forecasting models for soybean crops region","authors":"Márcio Paulo de Oliveira, M. A. U. Opazo, M. Galea, J. Johann","doi":"10.21475/ajcs.22.16.04.p3449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.22.16.04.p3449","url":null,"abstract":"Rainfall data forecasting is essential in agricultural sciences due to impacts caused by water excess or deficit on crop growth. Our study aimed to develop a method to select rainfall forecast models using references with negligible error denoted as the gold standard. To this end, we used forecasting models from national centers such as Canadian Meteorological Center (CMC), European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), and Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies (CPTEC). The study area comprised the western mesoregion of Paraná State (Brazil), and data were gathered from October to March between the soybean crop seasons of 2010/2011 and 2015/2016. Ten-day period clusters, corresponding to 240 h forecasts in the centers, were used to assess agreement with the gold standard. Our results showed that forecasting center selection must be based on rainfall value ranges and geographic locations. Selection according to the highest agreement with the gold standard was estimated at 76.9% for range 1 in CPTEC, 38.5% for range 2 and 4 in ECMWF, and 38.5% for range 3 in NCEP. In conclusion, the proposed method was efficient in selecting forecasting centers in areas of interest","PeriodicalId":10935,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, April 25, 2022","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89214212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.04.p3438
Olavo da Costa Leite, S. D. O. Lima, J. Luz, Rubens Ribeiro da Silva, R. R. Fidelis, R. C. Tavares, J. Barilli, Ângela Franciely Machado
The expansion of agriculture has been taking place in marginal soils with low productive potential, such as Plinthosols. The liming can increase the economic and environmental sustainability of agriculture. However, there are no studies on the dissolution or recommendation of limestone for Plinthosols. The objective was to evaluate the effect of limestone doses on the chemical attributes of three soils with different gravel contents (ironstone concretions). The soils were collected (0-20 cm layer) in native areas of the central region of the Brazilian Savanna. They were classified as Red-Yellow Latosol (RYO) and two Concretionary Pétric Plinthosol (with 29% [CPP-29] and 72.8% [CPP-72] of soil volume with gravel). A factorial scheme (3x6) with the three soils (RYO, CPP-29, and CPP-72), six limestone doses, and four replications. The evolution of pH was verified at 10, 20, 30, and 40 days after the beginning of incubation (DAI), and determined the chemical attributes (Al, H+Al, Ca, Mg, BS, V%, P, and K) at 40 DAI. The doses to reach pH 6 were 1.4 t ha-1 for RYO, 3.9 t ha-1 for CPP-29, and 2.7 t ha-1 for CPP-72. Al3+ neutralization was 100% with doses above 3.5, 2.5 and 0.5 t ha-1 for CPP-29, CPP-72, RYO. There was a significant increase in Ca and Mg contents in all soils. However, the Soil CPP-72 did not reach a critical level for Ca (>2.41 cmolc dm-3) and Mg (>0.91 cmolc dm-3) for Plinthosols with higher plinthite content. Thus, we recommend using agricultural practices that increase the capacity of the soil to retain and recycle nutrients.
农业的扩张一直发生在生产潜力低的边缘土壤，如Plinthosols。石灰化可以提高农业的经济和环境可持续性。然而，目前还没有关于灰岩溶解度的研究，也没有推荐使用灰岩的研究。目的是评价石灰石剂量对三种含砾量不同的土壤(铁石结块)化学特性的影响。土壤收集于巴西热带稀树草原中部原生地(0-20 cm层)。将其分为红黄土(RYO)和2种固结土(29% [CPP-29]和72.8% [CPP-72]含砾土)。三种土壤(RYO、CPP-29和CPP-72)、六种石灰石剂量和四次重复的析因方案(3x6)。在孵育开始(DAI)后10、20、30和40天验证pH的演变，并测定40天的化学属性(Al、H+Al、Ca、Mg、BS、V%、P和K)。达到pH 6的剂量RYO为1.4 t ha-1, CPP-29为3.9 t ha-1, CPP-72为2.7 t ha-1。CPP-29、CPP-72、RYO在3.5、2.5和0.5 t ha-1以上剂量时，Al3+的中和率为100%。各土壤钙、镁含量均显著升高。土壤CPP-72对土壤中钙含量(>2.41 cmolc dm-3)和镁含量(>0.91 cmolc dm-3)均未达到临界水平。因此，我们建议采用提高土壤保持和循环养分能力的农业做法。
{"title":"Liming in soils with plinthic materials of the Brazilian Savanna: potentials and limitations","authors":"Olavo da Costa Leite, S. D. O. Lima, J. Luz, Rubens Ribeiro da Silva, R. R. Fidelis, R. C. Tavares, J. Barilli, Ângela Franciely Machado","doi":"10.21475/ajcs.22.16.04.p3438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.22.16.04.p3438","url":null,"abstract":"The expansion of agriculture has been taking place in marginal soils with low productive potential, such as Plinthosols. The liming can increase the economic and environmental sustainability of agriculture. However, there are no studies on the dissolution or recommendation of limestone for Plinthosols. The objective was to evaluate the effect of limestone doses on the chemical attributes of three soils with different gravel contents (ironstone concretions). The soils were collected (0-20 cm layer) in native areas of the central region of the Brazilian Savanna. They were classified as Red-Yellow Latosol (RYO) and two Concretionary Pétric Plinthosol (with 29% [CPP-29] and 72.8% [CPP-72] of soil volume with gravel). A factorial scheme (3x6) with the three soils (RYO, CPP-29, and CPP-72), six limestone doses, and four replications. The evolution of pH was verified at 10, 20, 30, and 40 days after the beginning of incubation (DAI), and determined the chemical attributes (Al, H+Al, Ca, Mg, BS, V%, P, and K) at 40 DAI. The doses to reach pH 6 were 1.4 t ha-1 for RYO, 3.9 t ha-1 for CPP-29, and 2.7 t ha-1 for CPP-72. Al3+ neutralization was 100% with doses above 3.5, 2.5 and 0.5 t ha-1 for CPP-29, CPP-72, RYO. There was a significant increase in Ca and Mg contents in all soils. However, the Soil CPP-72 did not reach a critical level for Ca (>2.41 cmolc dm-3) and Mg (>0.91 cmolc dm-3) for Plinthosols with higher plinthite content. Thus, we recommend using agricultural practices that increase the capacity of the soil to retain and recycle nutrients.","PeriodicalId":10935,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, April 25, 2022","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80630897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The bushfires of the 2019–20 summer were followed by a global pandemic. Both events highlighted the importance of skills of emergency managers and their importance in the response to and recovery from these and other emergency events. In Australia, the Royal Commission into National Natural Disaster Arrangements was conducted with the bushfires as a background event and, at the same time, the initial response to the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Findings of the royal commission addressed a range of areas including the capability building of emergency managers. These are underpinned in part by the education, training and experience of emergency managers who will implement the royal commission’s findings in the years to come. Education, training and experience are aspects of the human capacities of the emergency management leader and each emergency manager is different. Capability is based on recruitment, education, training, development and experience built up over time. This paper arises from a larger study of the human capacities of emergency managers and examines the supporting education and training opportunities available within the Australian education and training system and how they are affected by the concept of experience. This paper contributes to the understanding of the suite of human capacities required by emergency managers in Australia. The paper draws on research that examines human-capacity lessons from previous events that can develop emergency managers. This paper builds on a previous paper that examined certification for emergency management leaders.
{"title":"Professionalism: education and training for emergency management leaders","authors":"R. Dippy","doi":"10.47389/37.2.68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47389/37.2.68","url":null,"abstract":"The bushfires of the 2019–20 summer were followed by a global pandemic. Both events highlighted the importance of skills of emergency managers and their importance in the response to and recovery from these and other emergency events. In Australia, the Royal Commission into National Natural Disaster Arrangements was conducted with the bushfires as a background event and, at the same time, the initial response to the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Findings of the royal commission addressed a range of areas including the capability building of emergency managers. These are underpinned in part by the education, training and experience of emergency managers who will implement the royal commission’s findings in the years to come. Education, training and experience are aspects of the human capacities of the emergency management leader and each emergency manager is different. Capability is based on recruitment, education, training, development and experience built up over time. This paper arises from a larger study of the human capacities of emergency managers and examines the supporting education and training opportunities available within the Australian education and training system and how they are affected by the concept of experience. This paper contributes to the understanding of the suite of human capacities required by emergency managers in Australia. The paper draws on research that examines human-capacity lessons from previous events that can develop emergency managers. This paper builds on a previous paper that examined certification for emergency management leaders.","PeriodicalId":10935,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, April 25, 2022","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73153058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Secondary sexual traits have evolved through sexual selection, many species have developed signals that can indicate their level of other fitness-relevant traits such as fight ability. Previous studies have shown that male sexual signals are honest signals about quality in an intrasexual context, demonstrating a direct relationship between the signal’s design and the fighting ability of its possessor. However, signals can be costly since conspicuous signals are more likely to attract predators or be energetically expensive. Here we have analysed if dewlap size and colouration were reliable signs of a male’s bite force, and the physiological costs associated with larger dewlaps and intense colouration in Jamaican anoles (Anolis grahami). We analysed dewlap size and colouration against bite force, and telomere attrition. Our results supported the hypothesis that dewlap size and colour intensity are honest predictors of an individual’s fighting potential as indicated by bite force. However, we have also found a relationship between colour intensity with higher telomere attrition rates, thereby indicating a possible cost of this trait for the individual.
{"title":"Flashy male Jamaican anoles Anolis grahami show accelerated telomere attrition","authors":"L. Passos","doi":"10.33256/32.2.8084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33256/32.2.8084","url":null,"abstract":"Secondary sexual traits have evolved through sexual selection, many species have developed signals that can indicate their level of other fitness-relevant traits such as fight ability. Previous studies have shown that male sexual signals are honest signals about quality in an intrasexual context, demonstrating a direct relationship between the signal’s design and the fighting ability of its possessor. However, signals can be costly since conspicuous signals are more likely to attract predators or be energetically expensive. Here we have analysed if dewlap size and colouration were reliable signs of a male’s bite force, and the physiological costs associated with larger dewlaps and intense colouration in Jamaican anoles (Anolis grahami). We analysed dewlap size and colouration against bite force, and telomere attrition. Our results supported the hypothesis that dewlap size and colour intensity are honest predictors of an individual’s fighting potential as indicated by bite force. However, we have also found a relationship between colour intensity with higher telomere attrition rates, thereby indicating a possible cost of this trait for the individual.","PeriodicalId":10935,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, April 25, 2022","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84553655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.04.p3537
S. Sujinah, D. Guntoro, Sugiyanta Sugiyanta
Weed competition, especially with Echinochloa crus-galli and Monochoria vaginalis, is a major constraint in rice production as they reduce yield by competing with crops for resources such as light, nutrients, and water. Therefore, this study aims to determine rice competitiveness against Echinochloa crus-galli and Monochoria vaginalis weeds. The experimental design was a split-plot with four replications, with the main plot being weed-free, E. crus-galli, and M. vaginalis treatments, while the subplot was rice varieties namely Inpara 3, 4, 7, and 8. The result showed that existence of weeds reduced the plant height, tillers, photosynthetic rate, leaf area, biomass, percentage of filled grain, and yield of rice due to competition, with losses up to 15%. Furthermore, the rice varieties differed in their yield performances and weed competitiveness. The grain yield ranged from 7.75 t ha-1 to 5.96 t ha-1 for Inpara 4 and 8, respectively, under the weed-free condition. A low weed tolerance and suppress ability was found in Inpara 7, both for E. crus-galli and M. vaginalis. Inpara 8 had a low weed tolerance in E. crus-galli, but high in M. vaginalis, while Inpara 4 produced the highest yield in a weedy condition, along with high weed tolerance and suppress ability. Traits related to the leaf area and rice dry weight at grain filling stage are associated with rice competitiveness. Based on the results, competitive rice can be an important strategy for reducing hand weeding and herbicide inputs in rice production
{"title":"Competitiveness of swamp rice against Echinochloa crus-galli and Monochoria vaginalis weeds","authors":"S. Sujinah, D. Guntoro, Sugiyanta Sugiyanta","doi":"10.21475/ajcs.22.16.04.p3537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.22.16.04.p3537","url":null,"abstract":"Weed competition, especially with Echinochloa crus-galli and Monochoria vaginalis, is a major constraint in rice production as they reduce yield by competing with crops for resources such as light, nutrients, and water. Therefore, this study aims to determine rice competitiveness against Echinochloa crus-galli and Monochoria vaginalis weeds. The experimental design was a split-plot with four replications, with the main plot being weed-free, E. crus-galli, and M. vaginalis treatments, while the subplot was rice varieties namely Inpara 3, 4, 7, and 8. The result showed that existence of weeds reduced the plant height, tillers, photosynthetic rate, leaf area, biomass, percentage of filled grain, and yield of rice due to competition, with losses up to 15%. Furthermore, the rice varieties differed in their yield performances and weed competitiveness. The grain yield ranged from 7.75 t ha-1 to 5.96 t ha-1 for Inpara 4 and 8, respectively, under the weed-free condition. A low weed tolerance and suppress ability was found in Inpara 7, both for E. crus-galli and M. vaginalis. Inpara 8 had a low weed tolerance in E. crus-galli, but high in M. vaginalis, while Inpara 4 produced the highest yield in a weedy condition, along with high weed tolerance and suppress ability. Traits related to the leaf area and rice dry weight at grain filling stage are associated with rice competitiveness. Based on the results, competitive rice can be an important strategy for reducing hand weeding and herbicide inputs in rice production","PeriodicalId":10935,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, April 25, 2022","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81780079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catastrophes present leaders with complex and significant challenges that they have not previously experienced nor have had time to deeply analyse. Leaders must collaborate and demonstrate agility. To develop such leadership skills, it is useful to reflect on the experiences of people who have faced catastrophe before. This paper examines the leadership of Major General Alan Stretton AO, CBE in the aftermath of Cyclone Tracy in 1974. Alan Stretton’s personal accounts and archival interviews with other leaders were reviewed as source material. These showed that he demonstrated decisiveness and courage and ‘over-responded’ if necessary. He worked collaboratively with community leaders and acted in a confident, empathetic and reassuring manner. He led with agility and with a focus on an overarching plan. He prioritised communication with the community and negotiated political challenges. Lessons from this experience can help to guide leaders who may be called on to lead during times of future disaster events.
{"title":"Leading through crisis: the leadership experience of Major General Alan Stretton","authors":"A. Gissing","doi":"10.47389/37.2.74","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47389/37.2.74","url":null,"abstract":"Catastrophes present leaders with complex and significant challenges that they have not previously experienced nor have had time to deeply analyse. Leaders must collaborate and demonstrate agility. To develop such leadership skills, it is useful to reflect on the experiences of people who have faced catastrophe before. This paper examines the leadership of Major General Alan Stretton AO, CBE in the aftermath of Cyclone Tracy in 1974. Alan Stretton’s personal accounts and archival interviews with other leaders were reviewed as source material. These showed that he demonstrated decisiveness and courage and ‘over-responded’ if necessary. He worked collaboratively with community leaders and acted in a confident, empathetic and reassuring manner. He led with agility and with a focus on an overarching plan. He prioritised communication with the community and negotiated political challenges. Lessons from this experience can help to guide leaders who may be called on to lead during times of future disaster events.","PeriodicalId":10935,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, April 25, 2022","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89503803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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