Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.36937/janset.2022.6654
Abbas Nasser Hasein
The friction stir welding is used for joining non-ferrous and ferrous materials whether tube-shaped sections or flat plates in several manufacturing applications like aerospace applications, transport land applications, and shipbuilding applications. This study is focused on friction stir welding joining for similar and dissimilar pipes as (AISI 316 Austenitic Stainless steel with API 5L carbon steels, 6063 aluminum alloy with API 5L carbon steels, 6063 aluminum alloy with C36000, 6063 aluminum alloy with C12200, 6063 aluminum alloy with 6082 aluminum alloy, AL 6063 alloy with AL 7022 alloy, 7022 aluminum alloy with C12200, 7022 aluminum alloy with C36000 and C36000 with C12200). The study was conduct for these joints to evaluate the mechanical properties by tensile test, visual inspection, and Microhardness test. In friction stir welding of these alloy systems, six welding parameters were used, rotation speed of (775, 1000, 1300 and 1525 rpm), welding speed of 1.7mm/min, axial force of 8.5KN, with a clockwise direction of rotation, and zero degree of tilt angle, using a tool with a threaded cone geometry pin. The results show that for (AL6063 with AL6082 weld joint cases the best case was case 19, AL6063 with AL7022 weld joint cases showed that the best case was case 21 and C36000 high-leaded brass with C12200 copper alloy showed that the best case was case 36).
{"title":"Mechanical Properties Evaluation in Friction Stir Welding of Different Pipes","authors":"Abbas Nasser Hasein","doi":"10.36937/janset.2022.6654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36937/janset.2022.6654","url":null,"abstract":"The friction stir welding is used for joining non-ferrous and ferrous materials whether tube-shaped sections or flat plates in several manufacturing applications like aerospace applications, transport land applications, and shipbuilding applications. This study is focused on friction stir welding joining for similar and dissimilar pipes as (AISI 316 Austenitic Stainless steel with API 5L carbon steels, 6063 aluminum alloy with API 5L carbon steels, 6063 aluminum alloy with C36000, 6063 aluminum alloy with C12200, 6063 aluminum alloy with 6082 aluminum alloy, AL 6063 alloy with AL 7022 alloy, 7022 aluminum alloy with C12200, 7022 aluminum alloy with C36000 and C36000 with C12200). The study was conduct for these joints to evaluate the mechanical properties by tensile test, visual inspection, and Microhardness test. In friction stir welding of these alloy systems, six welding parameters were used, rotation speed of (775, 1000, 1300 and 1525 rpm), welding speed of 1.7mm/min, axial force of 8.5KN, with a clockwise direction of rotation, and zero degree of tilt angle, using a tool with a threaded cone geometry pin. The results show that for (AL6063 with AL6082 weld joint cases the best case was case 19, AL6063 with AL7022 weld joint cases showed that the best case was case 21 and C36000 high-leaded brass with C12200 copper alloy showed that the best case was case 36).","PeriodicalId":10935,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, April 25, 2022","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83592376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.36937/janset.2022.6647
A. Jimoh
Material thickness is one factor that is considered in the selection of materials for usage in microwave applications. The demand for microwaves technology is widely needed in modern applications such as cellular telephone, satellite communication, radar system, global positioning system, and microwave remote sensing systems. Experiments and results abound for microwave properties determination for inorganic materials. Focus has recently been shifted to agricultural waste composite for microwave application. It is on this basis that this work primarily focuses on investigates microwave transmission coefficients and electric field visualization of different rice husk/PCL sizes placed inside a rectangular waveguide using the finite element method (FEM). Determination of the transmission coefficient for different thickness of rice husk/PCL composites were performed at X-band frequency using FEM. The thicknesses for the rice husk/PCL composites simulated were 10, 15, 20, 30, and 50 mm. The results of the simulation for the transmission coefficient revealed that the 50 mm composites had the lowest value of 0.148468 for the transmission coefficient at 12 GHz while the electric field visualization showed that the 50 mm composites have the least value of electric field intensity. The results confirms that the 50 mm thick sample absorbs the highest radiation. Based on the results obtained, all sample thickness can be used for microwave dummies.
{"title":"Determination of Transmission Coefficient and Electric Field Distribution of Rice Husk/ Pcl Composites Using Finite Element Method for Microwave Devices","authors":"A. Jimoh","doi":"10.36937/janset.2022.6647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36937/janset.2022.6647","url":null,"abstract":"Material thickness is one factor that is considered in the selection of materials for usage in microwave applications. The demand for microwaves technology is widely needed in modern applications such as cellular telephone, satellite communication, radar system, global positioning system, and microwave remote sensing systems. Experiments and results abound for microwave properties determination for inorganic materials. Focus has recently been shifted to agricultural waste composite for microwave application. It is on this basis that this work primarily focuses on investigates microwave transmission coefficients and electric field visualization of different rice husk/PCL sizes placed inside a rectangular waveguide using the finite element method (FEM). Determination of the transmission coefficient for different thickness of rice husk/PCL composites were performed at X-band frequency using FEM. The thicknesses for the rice husk/PCL composites simulated were 10, 15, 20, 30, and 50 mm. The results of the simulation for the transmission coefficient revealed that the 50 mm composites had the lowest value of 0.148468 for the transmission coefficient at 12 GHz while the electric field visualization showed that the 50 mm composites have the least value of electric field intensity. The results confirms that the 50 mm thick sample absorbs the highest radiation. Based on the results obtained, all sample thickness can be used for microwave dummies.","PeriodicalId":10935,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, April 25, 2022","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78424133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alum and related aluminum salts are used extensively in a variety of papermaking operations. The versatility of these aluminum additives stems from the ability of the various aluminum species to adsorb and interact with the other materials in the papermaking system. Underlying these interactions is the aqueous chemistry of the aluminum ion. A review of the current views on the aqueous chemistry of the aluminum ion and papermaking aluminum chemistry is presented. Application of the aqueous aluminum equilibria to aluminum adsorption and alum-rosin sizing are also discussed.
{"title":"The chemistry of aluminum salts in papermaking","authors":"T. R. Arnson","doi":"10.32964/tj65.3.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/tj65.3.125","url":null,"abstract":"Alum and related aluminum salts are used extensively in a variety of papermaking operations. The versatility of these aluminum additives stems from the ability of the various aluminum species to adsorb and interact with the other materials in the papermaking system. Underlying these interactions is the aqueous chemistry of the aluminum ion. A review of the current views on the aqueous chemistry of the aluminum ion and papermaking aluminum chemistry is presented. Application of the aqueous aluminum equilibria to aluminum adsorption and alum-rosin sizing are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":10935,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, April 25, 2022","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73343985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work, gums from guar seeds were evaluated as a potential precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) filler pre-flocculant to induce functional filler in papermaking applications. In recent years, guar has been conidered one of the promising wet-end additives due to its abundance, rich source of hemicellulose content, and bio-degradability. However, application of guar gum in filler pretreatment methods for producing high ash paper has scarcely been reported. In this paper, the flocculating ability of three types of guar gum was established with charge analysis and turbidity (NTU) of the system at 1% and 5% for each gum: native gum (NG) having a degree of substitution (DS) of 0, and cationic gums having a DS value of 0.07 (CL) and 0.15 (CH). It was interesting to observe that even at a 5% dose of G, the charge density of PCC did not deviate much from the initial values. The system carried a weak negativeharge, resulting in an unstable colloidal suspension that led to PCC-PCC particle bridging. On the other hand, the operative mechanism of CL and CH during adsorption and PCC flocculation was predicted to be charge neutralization and electrostatic-patch formation, accompanied by particle bridging. Note that CL, with a maximum 47.5% eduction in residual turbidity of PCC at a 1% dose, was much more efficient in doing so than the other two gums; NG had a 40% maximum reduction in residual turbidity at a 5% dose and CH had a maximum 30% reduction at a 1% ose. Later on, floc formation and structure were correlated with optical and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images. In the next set of trials, paper properties were determined by varying the different gum dosages from 0.2% to 5% at a constant dose of 20% filler. It is also noteworthy to mention that with 1% CL (low DS) dose, PCC retention increased by 39%, which also enhanced the tensile, tear, burst, and opacity properties by 11%, 19%, 5%, and 4.4%, respectively, without significantly affecting the bulk properties. Further, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed that pre-flocculating PCC with a 1% gum dose did not induce any change in crystalline transformation. Based on observation, it was found that cationic gums with low DS values re a better choice for maximizing the strength of paper while maintaining bulk and high opacity when pre-flocculaion is adopted to increase the filler retention in paper.
{"title":"Comparative study of guar gum and its cationic derivatives as pre-flocculating polymers for PCC fillers in papermaking applications","authors":"I. Ghosh, C. Sharma, R. Tandon","doi":"10.32964/tj21.4.203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/tj21.4.203","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, gums from guar seeds were evaluated as a potential precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) filler pre-flocculant to induce functional filler in papermaking applications. In recent years, guar has been conidered one of the promising wet-end additives due to its abundance, rich source of hemicellulose content, and bio-degradability. However, application of guar gum in filler pretreatment methods for producing high ash paper has scarcely been reported. In this paper, the flocculating ability of three types of guar gum was established with charge analysis and turbidity (NTU) of the system at 1% and 5% for each gum: native gum (NG) having a degree of substitution (DS) of 0, and cationic gums having a DS value of 0.07 (CL) and 0.15 (CH). It was interesting to observe that even at a 5% dose of G, the charge density of PCC did not deviate much from the initial values. The system carried a weak negativeharge, resulting in an unstable colloidal suspension that led to PCC-PCC particle bridging. On the other hand, the operative mechanism of CL and CH during adsorption and PCC flocculation was predicted to be charge neutralization and electrostatic-patch formation, accompanied by particle bridging. Note that CL, with a maximum 47.5% eduction in residual turbidity of PCC at a 1% dose, was much more efficient in doing so than the other two gums; NG had a 40% maximum reduction in residual turbidity at a 5% dose and CH had a maximum 30% reduction at a 1% ose. Later on, floc formation and structure were correlated with optical and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images. In the next set of trials, paper properties were determined by varying the different gum dosages from 0.2% to 5% at a constant dose of 20% filler. It is also noteworthy to mention that with 1% CL (low DS) dose, PCC retention increased by 39%, which also enhanced the tensile, tear, burst, and opacity properties by 11%, 19%, 5%, and 4.4%, respectively, without significantly affecting the bulk properties. Further, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed that pre-flocculating PCC with a 1% gum dose did not induce any change in crystalline transformation. Based on observation, it was found that cationic gums with low DS values re a better choice for maximizing the strength of paper while maintaining bulk and high opacity when pre-flocculaion is adopted to increase the filler retention in paper.","PeriodicalId":10935,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, April 25, 2022","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77510440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hard calcium carbonate scale often forms on the agitators in smelt dissolving tanks. The effects of this scale on mixing are not well understood. While mixing in tanks has often been modeled in the literature, there have been no studies involving agitator scaling. To better understand the impact of agitator scaling on hydrodynamics and tank concentrations, a steady state, three-dimensional (3D) model has been developed for a smelt dissolving tank at a kraft pulp mill. In this work, four cases are compared: an agitator with no scaling, mild scaling, moderate scaling, and extreme scaling. The extreme scaling case is representative of scale buildup on a dissolving tank agitator that was significant enough that the agitator had to be stopped and cleaned. The reduction in the agitator fluid jet velocity is relatively small for the mild and moderate scaling cases, but it becomes more significant for the extreme scaling case, for which the results indicate that the mixing of the smelt with the weak wash is likely poor and that there would thus be a risk of smelt pooling.
{"title":"Effects of agitator blade scaling on mixing in dissolving tanks","authors":"Patrick A. Gareau, M. Bussman, N. Demartini","doi":"10.32964/tj21.4.189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/tj21.4.189","url":null,"abstract":"Hard calcium carbonate scale often forms on the agitators in smelt dissolving tanks. The effects of this scale on mixing are not well understood. While mixing in tanks has often been modeled in the literature, there have been no studies involving agitator scaling. To better understand the impact of agitator scaling on hydrodynamics and tank concentrations, a steady state, three-dimensional (3D) model has been developed for a smelt dissolving tank at a kraft pulp mill. In this work, four cases are compared: an agitator with no scaling, mild scaling, moderate scaling, and extreme scaling. The extreme scaling case is representative of scale buildup on a dissolving tank agitator that was significant enough that the agitator had to be stopped and cleaned. The reduction in the agitator fluid jet velocity is relatively small for the mild and moderate scaling cases, but it becomes more significant for the extreme scaling case, for which the results indicate that the mixing of the smelt with the weak wash is likely poor and that there would thus be a risk of smelt pooling.","PeriodicalId":10935,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, April 25, 2022","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88968540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Studies on the behavior of wood polysaccharides inside and outside the cell wall were carried out under varying conditions using the electron microscope in combination with physico-chemical methods to gain new information on the super- molecular structure of the polysaccharides. Several fractions containing different polyoses were obtained by fractionation of the alkali extract of holocellulose. Isolated polyoses are at least partially able to arrange themselves in fibrillar elements. After delignification, the cellulose is recognizable within the cell wall as microfibrils with an average diameter of about 250 À. However, these fibrillar units seem to be rather unstable as they can easily be split into units 120 À in diameter by chemical treatment. After partial hydrolysis, isolated cellulose shows more subunits about 30 A in diameter at higher magnification. Moreover, the more sensitive portions of the fibrils in the longitudinal direction are attacked by partial hydrolysis, and these portions seem to grow with increasing duration of the hydrolysis. Fractionation of cellulose isolated from thermally treated wood shows that the chain fragments are multiples about 300 À in length, A tentative model of the supermolecular arrangement of the cellulose in relation to the other cell wall components is presented.
{"title":"Ultrastructural behavior of cell wall polysaccharides","authors":"D. Fengel","doi":"10.32964/tj53.3.497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32964/tj53.3.497","url":null,"abstract":"Studies on the behavior of wood polysaccharides inside and outside the cell wall were carried out under varying conditions using the electron microscope in combination with physico-chemical methods to gain new information on the super- molecular structure of the polysaccharides. Several fractions containing different polyoses were obtained by fractionation of the alkali extract of holocellulose. Isolated polyoses are at least partially able to arrange themselves in fibrillar elements. After delignification, the cellulose is recognizable within the cell wall as microfibrils with an average diameter of about 250 À. However, these fibrillar units seem to be rather unstable as they can easily be split into units 120 À in diameter by chemical treatment. After partial hydrolysis, isolated cellulose shows more subunits about 30 A in diameter at higher magnification. Moreover, the more sensitive portions of the fibrils in the longitudinal direction are attacked by partial hydrolysis, and these portions seem to grow with increasing duration of the hydrolysis.\u0000Fractionation of cellulose isolated from thermally treated wood shows that the chain fragments are multiples about 300 À in length, A tentative model of the supermolecular arrangement of the cellulose in relation to the other cell wall components is presented.","PeriodicalId":10935,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, April 25, 2022","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81375759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A CO2 foam pilot was conducted in a heterogeneous carbonate reservoir in East Seminole Field, Permian Basin USA. The primary objective was to achieve in-depth CO2 mobility control to increase CO2 sweep efficiency and improve oil recovery in an inverted 40 acre 5-spot pattern. Foam was injected in a rapid surfactant-alternating-gas (SAG) strategy with 10 days of surfactant solution injection followed by 20 days of CO2 injection. We implemented a laboratory to field upscaling approach which included foam formulation screening, numerical modeling, and field monitoring to verify foam generation and CO2 mobility reduction. The monitoring campaign obtained baseline before the pilot and monitored reservoir response to foam injection. This included conducting baseline and pilot phase CO2 and water injection profile logs, interwell CO2 tracer tests and collecting injection bottom hole pressure data and flow rates. Transient analysis was also conducted to assess foam development at reservoir conditions. The effectiveness of foam in improving overall recovery was also evaluated. Results indicate that foam was generated and CO2 mobility was reduced during the pilot based upon higher differential pressures during the SAG cycles compared to an identical water-alternating-gas (WAG) cycle. CO2 breakthrough was also delayed with foam compared to the baseline test without foam. Injection profile logs from the foam injector showed that flow increased into unswept reservoir intervals and was diverted from a high permeability streak. The effectiveness of foam in improving the overall oil recovery revealed that the foam pilot produced 30% more oil than the pattern's projected performance without foam, despite injecting at half of the historical rate during the pilot. This work presents the complete field results and analysis from the successful implementation of CO2 foam mobility control.
{"title":"CO2 Foam Pilot in a Heterogeneous Carbonate Reservoir: Analysis and Results","authors":"Z. Alcorn, A. Graue, M. Karakas","doi":"10.2118/209359-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/209359-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A CO2 foam pilot was conducted in a heterogeneous carbonate reservoir in East Seminole Field, Permian Basin USA. The primary objective was to achieve in-depth CO2 mobility control to increase CO2 sweep efficiency and improve oil recovery in an inverted 40 acre 5-spot pattern. Foam was injected in a rapid surfactant-alternating-gas (SAG) strategy with 10 days of surfactant solution injection followed by 20 days of CO2 injection. We implemented a laboratory to field upscaling approach which included foam formulation screening, numerical modeling, and field monitoring to verify foam generation and CO2 mobility reduction. The monitoring campaign obtained baseline before the pilot and monitored reservoir response to foam injection. This included conducting baseline and pilot phase CO2 and water injection profile logs, interwell CO2 tracer tests and collecting injection bottom hole pressure data and flow rates. Transient analysis was also conducted to assess foam development at reservoir conditions. The effectiveness of foam in improving overall recovery was also evaluated.\u0000 Results indicate that foam was generated and CO2 mobility was reduced during the pilot based upon higher differential pressures during the SAG cycles compared to an identical water-alternating-gas (WAG) cycle. CO2 breakthrough was also delayed with foam compared to the baseline test without foam. Injection profile logs from the foam injector showed that flow increased into unswept reservoir intervals and was diverted from a high permeability streak. The effectiveness of foam in improving the overall oil recovery revealed that the foam pilot produced 30% more oil than the pattern's projected performance without foam, despite injecting at half of the historical rate during the pilot. This work presents the complete field results and analysis from the successful implementation of CO2 foam mobility control.","PeriodicalId":10935,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, April 25, 2022","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72713735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Pérez, H. García, D. Gutiérrez, Hector A. Rodriguez, S. Mehta, R. G. Moore, M. Ursenbach, B. Sequera-Dalton, E. Manrique
Colombia is evaluating different steam-based hybrid oil recovery technologies as a strategy to face current challenges in the development of heavy oil reservoirs. Oil price volatility, the need for an energy transition, and carbon footprint reduction are factors limiting the commercial deployment of conventional steam injection projects. Ecopetrol evaluates the hybrid steam methods at laboratory scale as one of the different options to overcome current constraints developing heavy oil resources. The ongoing experimental program is supported by numerical modeling as a prior step to upscale the results at the pilot-scale. This study aims to present history match results and describe the numerical modeling approach of hybrid steam experiments (50 mm diameter × 1.1 m long assembly) and compare it against the baseline steam injection simulation. The first hybrid test involved the injection of steam and flue gas considering consecutive floods that included a saturated steam flood (SSF), a flue gas slug injection, and a second saturated steam flood. The second test was a steam and solvent injection following the same experimental protocol (SSF + solvent + SSF). The variables matched included produced fluids, pressures, produced gas compositions, and temperature profiles. One important feature is that all three models use the same set of water-oil relative permeability curves obtained from an independent experiment. Also, it was assumed those curves are not a function of temperature, which simplifies the modeling and allows focusing on the physical mechanisms relevant to each experiment. For instance, for the hybrid steam-flue gas test, it was necessary to include an additional set of gas-oil relative permeability curves to account for the presence of the flue gas in the gas phase. The hybrid steam-solvent test was focused on modeling the mixing of the native oil with the injected solvent. The proposed workflow led to a good history match of all variables, particularly total produced fluids, temperature profiles, and injection pressures. Additional recommendations are provided based on laboratory observations to understand important mechanisms such as trapped gas, relative permeability hysteresis, and solvent characteristics. A new methodology to simulate hybrid steam methods is provided. The proposed numerical approach incorporates novel energy efficiency and carbon intensity indexes to guide the decision-making and identify recovery strategies driven by its efficiency and reduce carbon footprint. Both hybrid tests led to energy efficiency improvements and reduction in carbon intensity up to 20%. These indexes combined with experimental results will be key input parameters for designing and commissioning future pilot tests using numerical simulations at the field scale.
哥伦比亚正在评估不同的蒸汽基混合采油技术，以应对当前稠油油藏开发面临的挑战。油价波动、能源转型需求和碳足迹减少是限制常规注汽项目商业部署的因素。Ecopetrol在实验室规模上评估了混合蒸汽方法，认为这是克服目前稠油资源开发限制的不同选择之一。正在进行的实验项目由数值模拟支持，作为中试规模结果升级的前一步。本研究旨在提供历史匹配结果，描述混合蒸汽实验(直径50 mm × 1.1 m长组件)的数值模拟方法，并将其与基线蒸汽注入模拟进行比较。第一次混合测试涉及注入蒸汽和烟气，考虑连续驱油，包括饱和蒸汽驱(SSF)、烟气段塞注入和第二次饱和蒸汽驱。第二次测试是按照相同的实验方案(SSF +溶剂+ SSF)进行蒸汽和溶剂注入。匹配的变量包括产出流体、压力、产出气体成分和温度分布。一个重要的特点是，这三种模型都使用了同一组从独立实验中获得的水-油相对渗透率曲线。此外，假设这些曲线不是温度的函数，这简化了建模，并允许将重点放在与每个实验相关的物理机制上。例如，对于混合蒸汽-烟气试验，有必要包括一组额外的气-油相对渗透率曲线，以解释气相中烟气的存在。蒸汽-溶剂混合试验的重点是模拟原生油与注入溶剂的混合。所提出的工作流程可以很好地匹配所有变量，特别是总产液、温度分布和注入压力。根据实验室观察提供了额外的建议，以了解重要的机制，如捕获气体，相对渗透率滞后和溶剂特性。提出了一种新的模拟混合蒸汽方法的方法。本文提出的数值方法引入了新的能效和碳强度指标，以指导决策，确定效率驱动的恢复策略，减少碳足迹。这两项混合测试都提高了能源效率，并将碳强度降低了20%。这些指标与实验结果相结合，将成为设计和调试未来在现场规模上使用数值模拟的中试试验的关键输入参数。
{"title":"Energy Efficient Steam-Based Hybrid Technologies: Modeling Approach of Laboratory Experiments","authors":"R. Pérez, H. García, D. Gutiérrez, Hector A. Rodriguez, S. Mehta, R. G. Moore, M. Ursenbach, B. Sequera-Dalton, E. Manrique","doi":"10.2118/209439-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/209439-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Colombia is evaluating different steam-based hybrid oil recovery technologies as a strategy to face current challenges in the development of heavy oil reservoirs. Oil price volatility, the need for an energy transition, and carbon footprint reduction are factors limiting the commercial deployment of conventional steam injection projects. Ecopetrol evaluates the hybrid steam methods at laboratory scale as one of the different options to overcome current constraints developing heavy oil resources. The ongoing experimental program is supported by numerical modeling as a prior step to upscale the results at the pilot-scale.\u0000 This study aims to present history match results and describe the numerical modeling approach of hybrid steam experiments (50 mm diameter × 1.1 m long assembly) and compare it against the baseline steam injection simulation. The first hybrid test involved the injection of steam and flue gas considering consecutive floods that included a saturated steam flood (SSF), a flue gas slug injection, and a second saturated steam flood. The second test was a steam and solvent injection following the same experimental protocol (SSF + solvent + SSF).\u0000 The variables matched included produced fluids, pressures, produced gas compositions, and temperature profiles. One important feature is that all three models use the same set of water-oil relative permeability curves obtained from an independent experiment. Also, it was assumed those curves are not a function of temperature, which simplifies the modeling and allows focusing on the physical mechanisms relevant to each experiment. For instance, for the hybrid steam-flue gas test, it was necessary to include an additional set of gas-oil relative permeability curves to account for the presence of the flue gas in the gas phase. The hybrid steam-solvent test was focused on modeling the mixing of the native oil with the injected solvent. The proposed workflow led to a good history match of all variables, particularly total produced fluids, temperature profiles, and injection pressures. Additional recommendations are provided based on laboratory observations to understand important mechanisms such as trapped gas, relative permeability hysteresis, and solvent characteristics.\u0000 A new methodology to simulate hybrid steam methods is provided. The proposed numerical approach incorporates novel energy efficiency and carbon intensity indexes to guide the decision-making and identify recovery strategies driven by its efficiency and reduce carbon footprint. Both hybrid tests led to energy efficiency improvements and reduction in carbon intensity up to 20%. These indexes combined with experimental results will be key input parameters for designing and commissioning future pilot tests using numerical simulations at the field scale.","PeriodicalId":10935,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, April 25, 2022","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82060443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Díez, A. Ocampo, A. Restrepo, Jonny Patiño, Juan Rayo, Diego Ayala, Luis Rueda
Gas injection has become one of the most investigated methods for enhanced oil recovery in unconventional reservoirs. Nonetheless, the presence of natural and induced fractures negatively impacts the gas injection efficiency due to its channeling towards nearby wells or poor coverage in the treated area due to lack of conformance. To overcome these difficulties and boost the oil recovery process by gas injection, this work presents a novel gas dispersible foam technology to improve the sweep efficiency of gas injection in unconventional IOR/EOR projects. The development and evaluation of this technology has passed through a series of laboratory assurance stages that include fluids characterization, compatibility, and extensive coreflooding tests. A modelling approach is also presented, which was validated using lab and field data taken from the implementation of the technique in an extremely low porosity, tight and naturally fractured quartz-arenite gas condensate reservoir in Colombia. The workflow herein presented encompasses interdisciplinary components such as laboratory evaluation, reservoir modeling, treatment design, and wellsite setup and execution. Laboratory testing and inter-well field applications results, along with the development and testing of a phenomenological modelling approach, demonstrate that the gas dispersible foam injection can be a high potential technique for oil and/or condensate recovery in unconventional reservoirs given its proven ability to improve the deep reservoir gas conformance and avoid the lack of gas containment during gas injection IOR/EOR in unconventional plays. Lab results in a tight naturally fractured sample, suggest that the estimated incremental oil recovery was ~36% and the effective gas mobility reduction was ~45%. This technique also exhibited less chemical adsorption losses, which contributes to better chemical emplacement and longer durability. The main results of the field application, including a progressive decrease in gas injectivity at the gas injector, a consistent reduction in GOR with an associated oil increase at the influenced producer well, and a reported treatment durability of ~ 6 months, were all properly represented by the model. Each step of the workflow herein proposed not only assures the gas-based projects success, but also allows for smaller logistics footprint at the well location, along with less water consumption, which translates into cheaper and more efficient gas injection conformance operations.
{"title":"A Novel Gas Dispersible Foam Technology Can Improve the Efficiency of Gas Injection Processes for IOR-EOR Operations in Unconventional Reservoirs","authors":"K. Díez, A. Ocampo, A. Restrepo, Jonny Patiño, Juan Rayo, Diego Ayala, Luis Rueda","doi":"10.2118/209381-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/209381-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Gas injection has become one of the most investigated methods for enhanced oil recovery in unconventional reservoirs. Nonetheless, the presence of natural and induced fractures negatively impacts the gas injection efficiency due to its channeling towards nearby wells or poor coverage in the treated area due to lack of conformance. To overcome these difficulties and boost the oil recovery process by gas injection, this work presents a novel gas dispersible foam technology to improve the sweep efficiency of gas injection in unconventional IOR/EOR projects.\u0000 The development and evaluation of this technology has passed through a series of laboratory assurance stages that include fluids characterization, compatibility, and extensive coreflooding tests. A modelling approach is also presented, which was validated using lab and field data taken from the implementation of the technique in an extremely low porosity, tight and naturally fractured quartz-arenite gas condensate reservoir in Colombia. The workflow herein presented encompasses interdisciplinary components such as laboratory evaluation, reservoir modeling, treatment design, and wellsite setup and execution.\u0000 Laboratory testing and inter-well field applications results, along with the development and testing of a phenomenological modelling approach, demonstrate that the gas dispersible foam injection can be a high potential technique for oil and/or condensate recovery in unconventional reservoirs given its proven ability to improve the deep reservoir gas conformance and avoid the lack of gas containment during gas injection IOR/EOR in unconventional plays. Lab results in a tight naturally fractured sample, suggest that the estimated incremental oil recovery was ~36% and the effective gas mobility reduction was ~45%. This technique also exhibited less chemical adsorption losses, which contributes to better chemical emplacement and longer durability. The main results of the field application, including a progressive decrease in gas injectivity at the gas injector, a consistent reduction in GOR with an associated oil increase at the influenced producer well, and a reported treatment durability of ~ 6 months, were all properly represented by the model.\u0000 Each step of the workflow herein proposed not only assures the gas-based projects success, but also allows for smaller logistics footprint at the well location, along with less water consumption, which translates into cheaper and more efficient gas injection conformance operations.","PeriodicalId":10935,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, April 25, 2022","volume":"444 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76055871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Pérez, Héctor Arnoldo Rodréguez, Gabriel Julian Rendón, Brayan Guillermo Plata, Lina Marcela Salinas, C. Barbosa, L. García, F. A. Rojas, J. A. Orrego, Lucy Johanna León, José Gabriel St. Bernard, E. Manrique
Steam injection has been the thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) to develop heavy and extra heavy crude oil reservoirs worldwide. However, oil price volatility, trends in the energy transition, and steam injection carbon footprint are influential factors limiting the commercial deployment of steam-based EOR technologies. In response to these new challenges, hybrid steam methods such as cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) with preformed foam have become energy and environmentally efficient technology revitalizing mature wells in Colombia. Since mid-2019, six field tests of preformed foam injection previous to the steam cycle have been implemented to optimize CSS processes in mature wells (> 10 cycles) of a heavy oil field located in the Middle Magdalena Valley (MMV). The technology includes injecting the foaming agent with nitrogen as non-condensable gas using a specially designed wellhead mixer that can generate a stable foam at the surface and inject it as a diverting agent before the steam cycle is injected. This paper describes the field test evaluation from design to production performance, including foam formation monitoring strategies based on produced water geochemistry. Results will also be described in terms of energy efficiency (E.E.) and carbon intensity (C.I) indexes, defined as criteria to evaluate potential development plans in different assets of the MMV. The first two pilot wells initiated last July 2019 have reported incremental oil recoveries that exceed 20 KBO. As of October 2021, one of the wells is still producing above the baseline, representing an improvement in E.E. and C.I. Once the baseline production is reached, a second CSS with foam is scheduled as part of the EOR program. In December 2020, two additional tests were implemented. Higher steam injection pressures were observed, suggesting the flow diversion to lower permeabilities and unswept oil intervals as recorded during the first pilot wells. Both wells are showing encouraging performance, and results will also be described. Regarding the geochemical analysis, the increase in the total concentration of water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC) confirms the production of unswept zones within the pay interval. Specific WSOC were identified (i.e., Ox and OxS classes, where X ≥ 2, detected by (-)ESI FT-ICR-MS) as natural tracers to complement ongoing project interpretation. Based on the results observed, different development scenarios are under consideration. This study provides new insights to optimize CSS in mature wells operating since the early 1980s supported by a novel surface foam generator, affordable monitoring strategies, and developed energy efficiency indexes aligned with lower carbon footprint goals established in Colombia in the era of the energy transition.
{"title":"Optimizing Production Performance, Energy Efficiency and Carbon Intensity with Preformed Foams in Cyclic Steam Stimulation in a Mature Heavy Oil Field: Pilot Results and Development Plans","authors":"R. Pérez, Héctor Arnoldo Rodréguez, Gabriel Julian Rendón, Brayan Guillermo Plata, Lina Marcela Salinas, C. Barbosa, L. García, F. A. Rojas, J. A. Orrego, Lucy Johanna León, José Gabriel St. Bernard, E. Manrique","doi":"10.2118/209399-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/209399-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Steam injection has been the thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) to develop heavy and extra heavy crude oil reservoirs worldwide. However, oil price volatility, trends in the energy transition, and steam injection carbon footprint are influential factors limiting the commercial deployment of steam-based EOR technologies. In response to these new challenges, hybrid steam methods such as cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) with preformed foam have become energy and environmentally efficient technology revitalizing mature wells in Colombia.\u0000 Since mid-2019, six field tests of preformed foam injection previous to the steam cycle have been implemented to optimize CSS processes in mature wells (> 10 cycles) of a heavy oil field located in the Middle Magdalena Valley (MMV). The technology includes injecting the foaming agent with nitrogen as non-condensable gas using a specially designed wellhead mixer that can generate a stable foam at the surface and inject it as a diverting agent before the steam cycle is injected.\u0000 This paper describes the field test evaluation from design to production performance, including foam formation monitoring strategies based on produced water geochemistry. Results will also be described in terms of energy efficiency (E.E.) and carbon intensity (C.I) indexes, defined as criteria to evaluate potential development plans in different assets of the MMV.\u0000 The first two pilot wells initiated last July 2019 have reported incremental oil recoveries that exceed 20 KBO. As of October 2021, one of the wells is still producing above the baseline, representing an improvement in E.E. and C.I. Once the baseline production is reached, a second CSS with foam is scheduled as part of the EOR program. In December 2020, two additional tests were implemented. Higher steam injection pressures were observed, suggesting the flow diversion to lower permeabilities and unswept oil intervals as recorded during the first pilot wells. Both wells are showing encouraging performance, and results will also be described. Regarding the geochemical analysis, the increase in the total concentration of water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC) confirms the production of unswept zones within the pay interval. Specific WSOC were identified (i.e., Ox and OxS classes, where X ≥ 2, detected by (-)ESI FT-ICR-MS) as natural tracers to complement ongoing project interpretation. Based on the results observed, different development scenarios are under consideration.\u0000 This study provides new insights to optimize CSS in mature wells operating since the early 1980s supported by a novel surface foam generator, affordable monitoring strategies, and developed energy efficiency indexes aligned with lower carbon footprint goals established in Colombia in the era of the energy transition.","PeriodicalId":10935,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, April 25, 2022","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84736365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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