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A Comparative Evaluation of Thermodynamic Models for Prediction of Wax Deposition 蜡沉积预测热力学模型的比较评价
Pub Date : 2021-12-09 DOI: 10.2118/207984-ms
J. Ismailova, A. Abdukarimov, B. Mombekov, D. Delikesheva, L. Zerpa, Zhasulan Dairov
Wax deposition on inner surfaces of pipelines is a costly problem for the petroleum industry. This flow assurance problem is of particular interest during the production and transportation of waxy oils in cold environments. An understanding of known mechanisms and available thermodynamic models will be useful for the management and planning of mitigation strategies for wax deposition. This paper presents a critical review of wax prediction models used for estimation of wax deposition based on chemical hydrocarbon compositions and thermobaric condition. The comparative analysis is applied to highlight the effective mechanisms guiding the wax deposition, and how this knowledge can be used to model and provide solutions to reducing wax deposition issues. One group of thermodynamic models assume that the precipitated wax is a solid solution. These models are divided into two categories: ideal (Erickson and Pedersen models) and non-ideal solutions (Won and Coutinho models). In the other group of models, the wax phase consists of many solid phases (Lira-Galeana model). The authors summarized the limitations of the models, evaluated, and identified ways to represent the overview of existing thermodynamical models for predicting wax precipitation. Within the strong demand from industry, the results of this manuscript can aid to aspire engineers and researcher.
对于石油工业来说,管道内表面的蜡沉积是一个代价高昂的问题。这种流动保证问题在寒冷环境中蜡质油的生产和运输过程中尤为重要。了解已知的机制和现有的热力学模型将有助于管理和规划减少蜡沉积的战略。本文综述了基于化学烃组成和热压条件的蜡沉积预测模型。通过对比分析,强调了指导蜡沉积的有效机制,以及如何利用这些知识来模拟和提供减少蜡沉积问题的解决方案。一组热力学模型假定沉淀的蜡是固溶体。这些模型分为两类:理想解(Erickson和Pedersen模型)和非理想解(Won和Coutinho模型)。在另一组模型中,蜡相由许多固相组成(Lira-Galeana模型)。作者总结了模型的局限性,评估,并确定了方法来代表现有的预测蜡沉淀的热力学模型的概述。在强烈的需求,从工业,这一手稿的结果可以帮助立志工程师和研究人员。
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引用次数: 0
60 Years Field Performance Data-Driven Analytics to Generate Updated Waterflood Field Development Plan in a North Kuwait Giant Carbonate Reservoir 60年油田动态数据驱动分析为北科威特巨型碳酸盐岩油藏制定更新的注水开发计划
Pub Date : 2021-12-09 DOI: 10.2118/207231-ms
B. Al-Otaibi, Issa Abu Shiekah, M. Jha, G. de Bruijn, P. Male, Shahad Al-Omair, H. Ibrahim
After 40 years of depletion drive, a mature, giant and multi-layer carbonate reservoir is developed through waterflooding. Oil production, sustained through infill drilling and new development patterns, is often associated with increasingly higher water production compared to earlier development phases. A field re-development plan has been established to alleviate the impact of reservoir heterogeneities on oil recovery, driven by the analysis of the historical performance of production and injection of a range of well types. The field is developed through historical opportunistic development concepts utilizing evolving technology trends. Therefore, the field has initially wide spacing vertical waterflooding patterns followed by horizontal wells, subjected to seawater or produced water injection, applying a range of wells placement or completion technologies and different water injection operating strategies. Systematic categorization, grouping and analyzing of a rich data set of wells performance have been complemented and integrated with insights from coarse full field and conceptual sector dynamic modeling activities. This workflow efficiently paved the way to optimize the field development aiming for increased oil recovery and cost saving opportunities. Integrated analysis of evolving historical development decisions revealed and ranked the primary subsurface and operational drivers behind the limited sweep efficiency and increased watercut. This helped mapping the impact of fundamental subsurface attributes from well placement, completion, or water injection strategies. Excellent vertical wells performance during the primary depletion and the early stage of water flooding was slowly outperformed by a more sustainable horizontal well production and injection strategy. This is consistent with a conceptual model in which the reservoir is dominated by extensive high conductive features that contributed in the early life of the field to good oil production before becoming the primary source of premature water breakthrough after a limited fraction of pore volume water was injected. The next level of analysis provided actual field evidence to support informed decisions to optimize the front runner horizontal wells development concept to cover wells length, orientation, vertical placement in the stratigraphy, spacing, pattern strategy and completion design. The findings enabled delivering updated field development plan covering the field life cycle to sustain and increase field oil production through adding ~ 200 additional wells and introducing more structured water flooding patterns in addition to establishing improved wells reservoir management practices. This integrated study manifests the power, efficiency and value from data driven analysis to capture lessons learned from evolving wells and development concepts applied in a complex brown field over six decades. The workflow enabled the delivery of an updated field development plan and prod
经过40年的衰竭驱油,经水驱开发出成熟的大型多层碳酸盐岩储层。与早期开发阶段相比,通过填充钻井和新的开发模式维持的石油产量通常与越来越高的产水量相关。通过对一系列井类型的生产和注入历史动态分析,制定了油田再开发计划,以减轻储层非均质性对采收率的影响。该领域是通过利用不断发展的技术趋势的历史机会主义开发概念开发的。因此,该油田最初采用宽间距的垂直注水模式,然后是水平井,进行海水或采出水注入,采用一系列的井位或完井技术以及不同的注水操作策略。系统的分类、分组和分析丰富的油井性能数据集,与粗糙的全油田和概念部门动态建模活动的见解相辅相成。该工作流程有效地为优化油田开发铺平了道路,旨在提高采收率并节省成本。对不断演变的历史开发决策进行综合分析,揭示并排名了影响波及效率有限和含水率增加的主要地下和操作驱动因素。这有助于绘制井位、完井或注水策略等基本地下属性的影响图。在初级枯竭和水驱早期,直井的优异表现逐渐被更可持续的水平井生产和注入策略所取代。这与一个概念模型是一致的,即储层以广泛的高导电性特征为主,这些特征在油田早期有助于良好的产油量,但在注入有限孔隙体积水后,成为过早见水的主要来源。下一阶段的分析提供了实际的现场证据,以支持优化领先水平井开发概念的明智决策,包括井的长度、方向、地层中的垂直位置、间距、模式策略和完井设计。该研究结果能够提供更新的油田开发计划,涵盖油田生命周期,通过增加约200口井,引入更多的结构化水驱模式,以及建立改进的油井油藏管理实践,来维持和提高油田产量。这项综合研究展示了数据驱动分析的力量、效率和价值,可以从60年来在复杂棕地应用的不断发展的井和开发理念中吸取经验教训。该工作流能够在一年内提供更新的油田开发计划和生产预测,通过利用数据分析来弥补地下模型的局限性,并为更耗时的建模活动提供指导。
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引用次数: 0
Procedural Automation of Ethane Recovery to Rejection in NGL Trains NGL列车乙烷回收与排放的程序自动化
Pub Date : 2021-12-09 DOI: 10.2118/208159-ms
Subhendu Sengupta, Vincent Goveas
This paper is based on successful implementation of procedural automation of Ethane (C2) recovery - rejection mode change using Yokogawa's Exapilot software, wherein ADNONC Gas Processing Habshan 5 & Sulphur management approved the implementation based on similar success of the Sulphur Recover Unit start-up/shutdown procedural automation & company's drive for digitalisation. Scope was to develop modules for automating C2 Recovery /Rejection change over procedure in NGL unit using M/s Yokogawa Exapilot software. These automated procedures aimed to standardize said mode change over operations by incorporating the operating know how and the expertise of skilled-experienced operators into the Exapilot system as a set of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) that are executed in right operating sequence for enhanced operating efficiency. Two main procedures & associated modules were designed, engineered and built using Exapilot to enable single-click change over automation for NGL units. Those were validated with operation and deployed in the Exapilot Server and were integrated with the Operator Consoles (HIS) for access, and was supplemented with operator training. Ethane Recovery to Rejection Mode Change Ethane Rejection to Recovery Mode Change Besides standardization and reduced change over time, this improved the critical asset integrity and lifespan of NGL section equipment by advocating systematic operations. Following benefits including major take away from this project: ➢ Standardized the mode change-over procedures & minimized human error by the digitalization of paper documentation procedures into electronic workflow process. Procedural Automation like Exapilot is powerful tool for digital transformation of batch/discrete operation like unit/equipment start-up/shutdown or grade/mode change over. ➢ Reduced inherent delay due to manual change over. Hence, minimizing the loss-opportunities & operating cost. Besides this tool can be used as training tool (when used in offline mode) which help operator succession plan & effective knowledge transfer ➢ Automated critical operation such as temperature/flow ramping, improved equipment integrity and prolonged equipment life. Procedural Automation using Exapilot thus can improve operation efficiency, asset integrity, equipment or material life span This paper presents a success story of procedural automation of batch operation in continuation of similar success in SRU start-up & shutdown automation. This tool along with proper integration work with DCS, has opened door for automation/digitalization in batch operation in continuous process not only in other sites of ADNOC Gas Processing and other ADNOC Group Companies but also in other industries that helps companies to enhance efficiency and fulfil their digitalization journey. Though Exapilot software belongs to M/s Yokogawa, however other DCS systems have similar software such as Honeywell DCS EPKS has E-procedure for procedural automation.
本文基于使用横河Exapilot软件成功实施乙烷(C2)回收-拒绝模式改变的程序自动化,其中ADNONC气体处理Habshan 5和硫磺管理部门基于硫磺回收装置启动/关闭程序自动化的类似成功和公司对数字化的推动批准了实施。范围是使用M/s Yokogawa Exapilot软件开发NGL装置中自动化C2恢复/拒绝转换程序的模块。这些自动化程序旨在通过将操作知识和经验丰富的熟练操作员的专业知识整合到Exapilot系统中,作为一套标准操作程序(sop),以正确的操作顺序执行,以提高操作效率,从而使上述操作模式的变化标准化。使用Exapilot设计、设计和构建了两个主要程序和相关模块,可以实现NGL装置的一键切换自动化。通过操作验证,部署在Exapilot服务器上,并与操作员控制台(HIS)集成,以进行访问,并辅以操作员培训。除了标准化和减少随时间的变化外,通过提倡系统操作,该方法还提高了NGL分段设备的关键资产完整性和使用寿命。本项目的主要收获如下:(一)规范模式转换流程,将纸质文档流程数字化为电子工作流程,最大限度地减少人为错误。像Exapilot这样的程序自动化是批量/离散操作(如单元/设备启动/关闭或等级/模式转换)数字化转换的强大工具。减少手动切换造成的固有延迟。因此,最大限度地减少了损失机会和运营成本。此外,该工具还可以作为培训工具(在离线模式下使用时),有助于操作人员的继任计划和有效的知识传递。因此,使用Exapilot的程序自动化可以提高操作效率、资产完整性、设备或材料寿命。本文介绍了批量操作程序自动化的成功案例,延续了SRU启动和关闭自动化的类似成功。该工具以及与DCS的适当集成工作,不仅在ADNOC天然气处理和其他ADNOC集团公司的其他站点,而且在其他行业,帮助公司提高效率并实现数字化之旅,为连续过程中的批量操作自动化/数字化打开了大门。虽然Exapilot软件属于横河M/s,但其他DCS系统也有类似的软件,如霍尼韦尔DCS EPKS有E-procedure程序自动化。
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引用次数: 0
A Novel Approach to First in the World Retrieval of Open Water Vertical Xmas Tree 开放水域垂直圣诞树世界首例检索新方法
Pub Date : 2021-12-09 DOI: 10.2118/207376-ms
W. Liew, El Khalil Mohamed M’Bareck Heboul, Mohamad Shahril Majid Bin Allapitchai, S. Sellapan, Ahmad Luqman Bin Johan, Ahmad Hafizi Bin Ahmad Zaini, Mohd Hairi Bin Abdul Razak, Puteri Dharmilla Syafawati Binti Dharma Dian, Ahmad Zharif Bin Abdullah, William Zomerdijk
Wells plug & abandonment was carried out in a deepwater field (Field C) offshore West Africa. There were 15 deepwater subsea wells in this field. Thirteen of the wells were completed with Open Water Vertical Xmas Tree (OXT) while remaining two were completed with Enhanced Vertical Xmas Tree (EVXT). In the wells with Open Water Vertical Xmas Tree (OXT), the upper completion tubing and hanger were ran together with the Xmas Tree in a single run. This posed challenges to Operator in retrieving the Xmas Tree. This paper will discuss the novel approach used by Operator in the OXT retrieval. Due to the design of OXT which was different from most of the vertical Xmas Trees (XT) in the world, there were a few challenges in the process of XTs retrieval. If the XTs and upper completion tubing were retrieved in reversal of the way it was completed, it will exposed the well to prolonged duration of single barrier until a BOP can be latched on for subsequent activities. On top of that, the Original Equipment Manufacturer's Completion Workover Riser (CWOR) system and Support Landing Structure (SLS) was not available in full package to be utilized in this project. Furthermore, there were constraints on the rig moonpool space, handling of OXT on surface and clashes between the rig's BOP and existing subsea structures. In managing the risk of well exposure to single proven and monitored barrier during the process of OXT retrieval, Operator has evaluated a few options and came out with a novel approach in the OXT retrieval which managed to minimize exposure time and reduce risk in operations. In contrary to the original principle of well completion here, after a barrier was established in the well, the OXTs was retrieved separately from the upper completion tubing to allow rig BOP to be latched onto wellhead in shortest possible time. To achieve this objective, operations was planned to be carried out on a dual activity derrick rig. Meanwhile, a non-OEM rental CWOR system was used together with Tree Running Tool from the OEM CWOR system to access the wells for intervention work and subsequently retrieve the OXTs. By doing this, the combined CWOR stack exceeded the height limitation at the rig's moonpool. Some modifications were carried out to allow the operations to happen. A novel approach was also used to handle the OXT on surface without the OEM Support Landing Structure - which simplified the operations and reduced HSE risks. Solution was also put into place to enable latching of the rig BOP onto wellheads on Drill Centre although there were risk of clashing initially.
在西非海上的一个深水油田(油田C)进行了井塞弃井作业。该油田共有15口深水海底井。其中13口井采用开放水域垂直采油树(OXT)完成,其余2口井采用增强型垂直采油树(EVXT)完成。在使用开放水域垂直采油树(OXT)的井中,上部完井油管和悬挂器与采油树一起下入一次。这给作业者打捞圣诞树带来了挑战。本文将讨论算子在文本检索中的新方法。由于OXT的设计与世界上大多数垂直圣诞树(XT)不同,因此在XT的检索过程中存在一些挑战。如果xt和上部完井油管的回采方式与完井方式相反,则井筒将面临长时间的单道隔离,直到防喷器可以锁紧以进行后续作业。最重要的是,原始设备制造商的完井修井隔水管(CWOR)系统和支撑着陆结构(SLS)没有完整的封装,无法在该项目中使用。此外,钻井平台的月池空间、地面OXT的处理以及钻井平台的防喷器与现有海底结构之间的冲突也受到了限制。在OXT回收过程中,为了管理井筒暴露于单个已验证和监测屏障的风险,作业者评估了几种选择,并提出了一种新的OXT回收方法,该方法能够最大限度地减少暴露时间,降低作业风险。与最初的完井原则相反,在井中建立屏障后,oxt从上部完井油管中单独取出,以便在尽可能短的时间内将钻机防喷器固定在井口上。为了实现这一目标,计划在双活动井架上进行作业。同时,使用非OEM的租赁CWOR系统与OEM CWOR系统的下入工具一起进入油井进行修井作业,随后回收oxt。通过这样做,组合CWOR堆栈超过了钻机月池的高度限制。进行了一些修改以允许操作发生。该公司还采用了一种新颖的方法,无需OEM支持着陆结构即可在地面处理OXT,从而简化了操作并降低了HSE风险。尽管一开始存在发生碰撞的风险,但该解决方案仍然能够将钻井防喷器锁在钻井中心的井口上。
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引用次数: 0
New-Age Kolmogorov Full-Function Neural Network KNN Offers High-Fidelity Reservoir Predictions via Estimation of Core, Well Log, Map and Seismic Properties 新时代Kolmogorov全函数神经网络KNN通过估算岩心、测井曲线、地质图和地震特性,提供高保真的储层预测
Pub Date : 2021-12-09 DOI: 10.2118/207575-ms
I. Priezzhev, D. Danko, U. Strecker
Instead of relying on analytical functions to approximate property relationships, this innovative hybrid neural network technique offers highly adaptive, full-function (!) predictions that can be applied to different subsurface data types ranging from (1.) core-to-log prediction (permeability), (2.) multivariate property maps (oil-saturated thickness maps), and, (3.) petrophysical properties from 3D seismic data (i.e., hydrocarbon pore volume, instantaneous velocity). For each scenario a separate example is shown. In case study 1, core measurements are used as the target array and well log data serve training. To analyze the uncertainty of predicted estimates, a second oilfield case study applies 100 iterations of log data from 350 wells to obtain P10-P50-P90 probabilities by randomly removing 40% (140 wells) for validation purposes. In a third case study elastic logs and a low-frequency model are used to predict seismic properties. KNN generates a high level of freedom operator with only one (or more) hidden layer(s). Iterative parameterization precludes that high correlation coefficients arise from overtraining. Because the key advantage of the Kolmogorov neural network (KNN) is to permit non-linear, full-function approximations of reservoir properties, the KNN approach provides a higher-fidelity solution in comparison to other linear or non-linear neural net regressions. KNN offers a fast-track alternative to classic reservoir property predictions from model-based seismic inversions by combining (a) Kolmogorov's Superposition Theorem and (b) principles of genetic inversion (Darwin's "Survival of the fittest") together with Tikhonov regularization and gradient theory. In practice, this is accomplished by minimizing an objective function on multiple and simultaneous outputs from full-function (via look-up table) Kolmogorov neural network runs. All case studies produce high correlations between actual and predicted properties when compared to other stochastic or deterministic inversions. For instance, in the log to seismic prediction better (simulated) resolution of neural network results can be discerned compared to traditional inversion results. Moreover, all blind tests match the overall shape of prominent log curve deflections with a higher degree of fidelity than from inversion. An important fringe benefit of KNN application is the observed increase in seismic resolution that by comparison falls between the seismic resolution of a model-based inversion and the simulated resolution from seismic stochastic inversion.
这种创新的混合神经网络技术提供了高度自适应的全功能预测,可以应用于不同的地下数据类型,包括:(1)岩心到测井曲线的预测(渗透率),(2)多元属性图(含油厚度图),(3)三维地震数据的岩石物理属性(即碳氢化合物孔隙体积、瞬时速度)。对于每个场景,都显示了一个单独的示例。在案例研究1中,岩心测量数据被用作目标阵列,测井数据用于训练。为了分析预测估计的不确定性,第二个油田案例研究对350口井的测井数据进行了100次迭代,通过随机剔除40%(140口井)来获得P10-P50-P90概率。在第三个案例研究中,使用弹性测井和低频模型来预测地震特性。KNN生成一个高度自由的算子,只有一个(或多个)隐藏层。迭代参数化排除了过度训练产生的高相关系数。由于Kolmogorov神经网络(KNN)的主要优势是允许对储层性质进行非线性、全函数逼近,因此与其他线性或非线性神经网络回归相比,KNN方法提供了更高保真度的解决方案。KNN通过结合(a) Kolmogorov叠加定理和(b)遗传反演原理(达尔文的“适者生存”)以及Tikhonov正则化和梯度理论,为基于模型的地震反演的经典储层属性预测提供了一种快速替代方案。在实践中,这是通过最小化全功能(通过查找表)Kolmogorov神经网络运行的多个同时输出的目标函数来实现的。与其他随机或确定性反转相比,所有案例研究都产生了实际和预测属性之间的高度相关性。例如,在测井到地震的预测中,与传统的反演结果相比,神经网络结果可以识别出更好的(模拟)分辨率。此外,与反演相比,所有盲测都能以更高的保真度匹配突出的对数曲线偏差的整体形状。KNN应用的一个重要附带好处是,通过比较,基于模型的反演的地震分辨率与地震随机反演的模拟分辨率之间的差异,可以观察到地震分辨率的提高。
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引用次数: 0
COVID-19 Case Manager App for Oil & Gas Companies 针对石油和天然气公司的COVID-19案例管理应用程序
Pub Date : 2021-12-09 DOI: 10.2118/207329-ms
Shamrose Yaqoob, Salman Ali Khan
As COVID-19 quickly spread across the globe to reach pandemic levels, companies across every industry had to quickly adapt their business practices to allow employees to connect virtually and work remotely. This addressed new complications in several areas, including contact tracing. This paper reviews an approach that Siemens Energy took to remove the errors and inefficiencies in manually conducting contact tracing by automating the process using an end-to-end case manager app. The app, which provides full transparency, analytics, and support, fully digitizes contact tracing from each employee's mobile device or computer. We discuss the features of the app, how it has been used in the UAE region, and the benefits that the company has realized in automating contact tracing—including faster tracing time, improved accuracy, and greater compliance with UAE COVID requirements. In just a few months’ time, the app went from an idea to a fully-developed and widely used application—which is now approved for use in company facilities and business units around the world.
随着COVID-19在全球迅速蔓延,达到大流行的程度,每个行业的公司都必须迅速调整其业务实践,允许员工进行虚拟连接和远程工作。这解决了包括接触者追踪在内的几个领域的新并发症。本文回顾了西门子能源采用的一种方法,通过使用端到端案例管理应用程序自动化流程,消除了手动进行接触者追踪的错误和低效率。该应用程序提供了完全的透明度、分析和支持,将每个员工的移动设备或计算机上的接触者追踪完全数字化。我们讨论了该应用程序的功能,它在阿联酋地区的使用情况,以及该公司在自动化接触者追踪方面实现的好处,包括更快的追踪时间、更高的准确性和更符合阿联酋COVID要求。在短短几个月的时间里,这个应用程序从一个想法发展成为一个完全开发和广泛使用的应用程序,现在已经被批准在世界各地的公司设施和业务部门使用。
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引用次数: 0
Upscaling Float-over Installation 升级浮式安装
Pub Date : 2021-12-09 DOI: 10.2118/207741-ms
Rory van Doorn, Sebastiaan Polkamp
This paper presents the latest developments in Transport and Installation methods for Topsides up to 38,500mt. For such heavy-weight structures Boskalis introduces a solution by combining the beneficial features of a Heavy Transport Vessel dry-transportation with the advantages of a DP2 Barge float-over installation. This unique Transport and Installation approach, a so called "Piggyback T&I", may be characterized as follows:
本文介绍了高达38,500吨的上层平台运输和安装方法的最新发展。对于这种重型结构,Boskalis介绍了一种解决方案,该解决方案结合了重型运输船干式运输的优点和DP2驳船浮式安装的优点。这种独特的运输和安装方式,即所谓的“背驮式运输和安装”,其特点如下:
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引用次数: 0
The Evolution of CaCO3 Scaling Potential in ADNOC Reservoirs Under Water Flooding and CO2 WAG Scenarios 水驱和CO2 WAG情景下ADNOC储层CaCO3结垢势演化
Pub Date : 2021-12-09 DOI: 10.2118/208193-ms
Giulia Ness, K. Sorbie, Ali Hassan Al Mesmari, S. Masalmeh
Wells producing from an oilfield in Abu Dhabi were investigated to understand the CaCO3 scaling risk at current production conditions, and to predict how the downhole and topside scaling potential will change during a planned CO2 WAG project. The results of this study will be used to design the correct scale inhibitor treatment for each production phase. A rigorous scale prediction procedure for pH dependent scales previously published by the authors was applied using a commercial integrated PVT and aqueous modelling software package to produce scale prediction profiles through the system. This procedure was applied to run many sensitivity studies and determine the impact of field data variables on the final scale predictions. These results were used to examine the scaling potential of current and future fluids by creating a diagnostic "what if" chart. Some of the main variables investigated include changes in operating pressure, CO2 and H2S concentrations and variable water cut. Scale prediction profiles through the entire system from reservoir to stock tank conditions were obtained using the above modelling procedure. The main findings in this study are: (i) That CaCO3 scale is not predicted to form at separator conditions under any of the current or future scenarios investigated for these wells. This is due to the high separator pressure which holds enough CO2 in solution to keep the pH low and prevent scale precipitation. (ii) The water at stock tank conditions was found to be the critical point in the system where the CaCO3 scaling risk is severe, and where preventative action must be taken. (iii) Implementing CO2 WAG does not affect CaCO3 scaling risk at separator conditions where fluids remain undersaturated. However, the additional CO2 dissolves more CaCO3 rock in the reservoir producing higher alkalinity fluids which result in more CaCO3 scale precipitation at stock tank conditions. (iv) Fluids entering the wellbore are likely to precipitate some CaCO3 (albeit at a fairly low saturation ratio, SR) due to a significant pressure drop and the relatively high temperature, and this is not associated with the-bubble point in this case. This downhole scaling potential becomes slightly worse by an increase in CO2 concentration during CO2 WAG operations.(v) Scale inhibitor may or may not be required to treat downhole fluids depending on the wellbore pressure drop, but it is always necessary to treat fluids downstream of the separator due to the very high scaling potential at stock tank conditions. By applying a rigorous scale prediction procedure, it was possible to study the impact of CO2 WAG on the risk of CaCO3 scale precipitation downhole and topside for this field. These results highlight the current threat downhole and at stock tank conditions in particular and show how this will worsen with the implementation of CO2 WAG and this will require a chemical treatment review.
研究人员对阿布扎比某油田的油井进行了调查,以了解当前生产条件下CaCO3结垢风险,并预测在计划中的CO2 WAG项目中,井下和上层结垢潜力将如何变化。这项研究的结果将用于为每个生产阶段设计正确的阻垢剂处理。作者先前发表的一种严格的pH依赖尺度的尺度预测程序,使用商业集成PVT和水性建模软件包,通过系统生成尺度预测剖面。该程序应用于许多敏感性研究,并确定现场数据变量对最终规模预测的影响。通过创建诊断“假设”图表,这些结果用于检查当前和未来流体的结垢潜力。研究的一些主要变量包括操作压力、CO2和H2S浓度的变化以及含水率的变化。利用上述建模方法,得到了从储层到储罐整个系统的规模预测曲线。本研究的主要发现是:(i)在对这些井进行调查的任何当前或未来情景下,预计在分离器条件下都不会形成CaCO3结垢。这是由于分离器压力高,溶液中含有足够的二氧化碳,以保持低pH值,防止水垢沉淀。(ii)发现储罐条件下的水是系统中CaCO3结垢风险严重的临界点,必须采取预防措施。(三)在流体处于不饱和状态的分离器条件下,实施CO2 WAG不会影响碳酸钙结垢风险。然而,额外的CO2溶解了储层中更多的CaCO3岩石,产生了更高的碱度流体,导致储罐条件下更多的CaCO3垢沉淀。(iv)由于较大的压降和相对较高的温度,进入井筒的流体可能会析出一些CaCO3(尽管饱和度SR相当低),而在这种情况下,这与气泡点无关。(5)根据井筒压降的不同,可能需要也可能不需要使用阻垢剂来处理井下流体,但由于储罐条件下的结垢潜力非常高,因此始终有必要处理分离器下游的流体。通过应用严格的结垢预测程序,可以研究CO2 WAG对该油田井下和上层CaCO3结垢沉淀风险的影响。这些结果突出了目前井下和储罐条件下的威胁,并显示了二氧化碳WAG的实施将如何恶化,这需要进行化学处理审查。
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引用次数: 2
Fracture Height Prediction Model Utilizing Openhole Logs, Mechanical Models, and Temperature Cooldown Analysis with Machine Learning Algorithms 利用裸眼测井、力学模型和机器学习算法的温度冷却分析,建立裂缝高度预测模型
Pub Date : 2021-12-09 DOI: 10.2118/207975-ms
AbdulMuqtadir Khan, Abdullah Binziad, Abdullah Subaii, D. Bannikov, Maksim Ponomarev, Sergey Parkhonyuk
Vertical wells require diagnostic techniques after minifrac pumping to interpret fracture height growth. This interpretation provides vital input to hydraulic fracturing redesign workflows. The temperature log is the most widely used technique to determine fracture height through cooldown analysis. A data science approach is proposed to leverage available measurements, automate the interpretation process, and enhance operational efficiency while keeping confidence in the fracturing design. Data from 55 wells were ingested to establish proof of concept.The selected geomechanical rock texture parameters were based on the fracturing theory of net-pressure-controlled height growth. Interpreted fracture height from input temperature cooldown analysis was merged with the structured dataset. The dataset was constructed at a high vertical depth of resolution of 0.5 to 1 ft. Openhole log data such as gamma-ray and bulk density helped to characterize the rock type, and calculated mechanical properties from acoustic logs such as in-situ stress and Young's modulus characterize the fracture geometry development. Moreover, injection rate, volume, and net pressure during the calibration treatment affect the fracture height growth. A machine learning (ML) workflow was applied to multiple openhole log parameters, which were integrated with minifrac calibration parameters along with the varying depth of the reservoir. The 55 wells datasets with a cumulative 120,000 rows were divided into training and testing with a ratio of 80:20. A comparative algorithm study was conducted on the test set with nine algorithms, and CatBoost showed the best results with an RMSE of 4.13 followed by Random Forest with 4.25. CatBoost models utilize both categorical and numerical data. Stress, gamma-ray, and bulk density parameters affected the fracture height analyzed from the post-fracturing temperature logs. Following successful implementation in the pilot phase, the model can be extended to horizontal wells to validate predictions from commercial simulators where stress calculations were unreliable or where stress did not entirely reflect changes in rock type. By coupling the geometry measurement technology with data analysis, a useful automated model was successfully developed to enhance operational efficiency without compromising any part of the workflow. The advanced algorithm can be used in any field where precise fracture placement of a hydraulic fracture contributes directly to production potential. Also, the model can play a critical role in cube development to optimize lateral landing and lateral density for exploration fields.
直井需要在微型压裂泵送后使用诊断技术来解释裂缝高度的增长。该解释为水力压裂重新设计工作流程提供了重要的输入。温度测井是通过冷却期分析来确定裂缝高度最广泛使用的技术。提出了一种数据科学方法,利用现有的测量数据,自动化解释过程,提高作业效率,同时保持对压裂设计的信心。研究人员收集了55口井的数据,以验证这一概念。选取的地质力学岩石结构参数基于净压力控制高度增长的压裂理论。从输入温度冷却分析中解释的裂缝高度与结构化数据集合并。该数据集建立在0.5至1英尺的高垂直深度,裸眼测井数据(如伽马射线和体积密度)有助于表征岩石类型,并通过声学测井(如地应力和杨氏模量)计算力学特性,表征裂缝的几何形态发展。此外,在校正处理过程中,注入速度、体积和净压力都会影响裂缝高度的增长。将机器学习(ML)工作流程应用于多个裸眼测井参数,这些参数与随储层深度变化的minifrac校准参数集成在一起。55口井的数据集(累计12万行)被分成训练和测试两部分,比例为80:20。在9种算法的测试集上进行算法对比研究,CatBoost的RMSE为4.13,效果最好,其次是Random Forest, RMSE为4.25。CatBoost模型同时利用分类和数值数据。根据压裂后的温度测井分析,应力、伽马射线和体积密度参数会影响裂缝高度。在试验阶段成功实施后,该模型可以扩展到水平井,以验证商业模拟器的预测,在应力计算不可靠或应力不能完全反映岩石类型变化的情况下。通过将几何测量技术与数据分析相结合,成功开发了一个有用的自动化模型,在不影响工作流程任何部分的情况下提高了操作效率。这种先进的算法可用于水力裂缝的精确压裂位置直接影响生产潜力的任何领域。此外,该模型还可以在立方体开发中发挥关键作用,以优化勘探领域的横向着陆点和横向密度。
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引用次数: 1
Case Study of a Novel Autonomous Real-Time Monitoring, Control and Analysis System, to Maximize Production Uptime on Sustained Annulus Pressure Wells, While Improving HSE and Compliance with Double Barrier Well Integrity Policies 新型自主实时监测、控制和分析系统的案例研究,以最大限度地延长持续环空压力井的生产正常运行时间,同时提高HSE水平,并符合双屏障井完整性政策
Pub Date : 2021-12-09 DOI: 10.2118/208114-ms
Rylan Paul Dsouza, R. Cornwall, Alan David Brodie, Pedro Patela, H. Daghmouni, Mohammad Hariz Arakkalakkam, Venkata Praveen Kumar Boni, Asif Khan Haq Dad Khan
This paper describes an innovative solution for the safe and effective management of wells with unplanned sustained annulus pressure (SAP). The solution restores double barrier integrity in the well and provides reliable real time annulus pressure and temperature data. It also has the functionality to autonomously bleed-off the annulus pressure at a pre-determined set point. As a result, the nature and severity of the SAP can be better understood, and in many cases wells that would otherwise have been closed in awaiting workover can remain in production.
本文介绍了一种创新的解决方案,用于安全有效地管理具有计划外持续环空压力(SAP)的井。该解决方案恢复了井中双屏障的完整性,并提供可靠的实时环空压力和温度数据。它还具有在预先确定的设定点自动排出环空压力的功能。因此,可以更好地了解SAP的性质和严重程度,并且在许多情况下,在等待修井期间关闭的井可以继续生产。
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引用次数: 0
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