B. Baugh, Paul Wayne Whaley, S. Harnett, Layne N. Hammer, Zackary A. Kraeger, Shannon K. Fultz, Parker LaMascus
The University took the approach of trying to get students interested in engineering as a career by focusing on how we might help America become more energy independent, particularly in their wind prone area. This paper is a report on the resulting actual middle school, high school and college student testing demonstrating that the performance of wind turbines can be increased by a factor of at least 10 by updating and revising "best practices". The results clearly show that wind turbine power is a function of the total blade area rather than the conventional understanding that it is a function of the swept area. Includes test data and history of testing by university students, testing by students of area high and middle schools, and an explanation of why such a substantial improvement in performance is available at this time. This testing will lead not only to additional future student testing at the same size, and also a new generation of larger scale testing to confirm the results as something closer to a commercial size.
{"title":"Substantially Improved Wind Power Performance","authors":"B. Baugh, Paul Wayne Whaley, S. Harnett, Layne N. Hammer, Zackary A. Kraeger, Shannon K. Fultz, Parker LaMascus","doi":"10.4043/29470-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29470-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The University took the approach of trying to get students interested in engineering as a career by focusing on how we might help America become more energy independent, particularly in their wind prone area. This paper is a report on the resulting actual middle school, high school and college student testing demonstrating that the performance of wind turbines can be increased by a factor of at least 10 by updating and revising \"best practices\". The results clearly show that wind turbine power is a function of the total blade area rather than the conventional understanding that it is a function of the swept area.\u0000 Includes test data and history of testing by university students, testing by students of area high and middle schools, and an explanation of why such a substantial improvement in performance is available at this time. This testing will lead not only to additional future student testing at the same size, and also a new generation of larger scale testing to confirm the results as something closer to a commercial size.","PeriodicalId":10968,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, May 08, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80435824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. B. Raney, Gregg Walz, D. Kaminski, Stella Moscalu, Sourabh Dighe, P. Maguire, C. K. Peurifoy, R. D. Quates, S. Rettie, J. Świder, Alan Wilson, D. Baskett, P. Boster, Mike Byrd, Gregg Dickerson, S. Douglas, Charley Daniel Gallo, R. L. Graff, Jake Hennig, Quincy Michael Hodge, Daniel J Kluk, Man Pham, A. Rowe, L. Smiles, R. Urquhart, W. J. Parker
Anadarko started the initial development and qualification of 20 ksi equipment in 2013 for a Gulf of Mexico (GoM) project. That journey included an analysis of using depth-adjusted working pressure of 15 ksi equipment that allowed exploration and appraisal drilling of a high-pressure GoM prospect. It continued with the goal to develop and qualify a complete set of 20 ksi equipment for a deepwater GoM high-pressure development. The scope of development and qualification of High-Pressure, High-Temperature (HPHT) equipment included: 20 ksi deepwater Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU); 20 ksi subsea Blowout Preventer (BOP); 20 ksi Completions equipment for the upper completion including a subsurface safety valve, packers, chemical injection, wireline plugs, etc.; 20 ksi Intervention equipment including a thru-riser intervention string, a Tree Tieback Tool, workstring connection and an Integrated Workover Control System (IWOCS); 20 ksi Subsea Production equipment including wellhead, tree and a High Integrity Pressure Protection System (HIPPS). Anadarko formed the ‘20A project team’ initiative in order to qualify these critical deepwater components with a Rated Working Pressure (RWP) greater than 15 ksi. This project is coming to a close in 2019, with the qualification of over 200 components and assemblies to industry standards and meeting U.S. government requirements. This six year development journey of 20 ksi equipment development and qualification presented challenges and achieved breakthrough technologies for the industry. This journey, its organizational approach using systems engineering techniques and integration processes are presented.
{"title":"A Case Study – A Systems Approach for 20 ksi Equipment Qualification","authors":"J. B. Raney, Gregg Walz, D. Kaminski, Stella Moscalu, Sourabh Dighe, P. Maguire, C. K. Peurifoy, R. D. Quates, S. Rettie, J. Świder, Alan Wilson, D. Baskett, P. Boster, Mike Byrd, Gregg Dickerson, S. Douglas, Charley Daniel Gallo, R. L. Graff, Jake Hennig, Quincy Michael Hodge, Daniel J Kluk, Man Pham, A. Rowe, L. Smiles, R. Urquhart, W. J. Parker","doi":"10.4043/29273-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29273-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Anadarko started the initial development and qualification of 20 ksi equipment in 2013 for a Gulf of Mexico (GoM) project. That journey included an analysis of using depth-adjusted working pressure of 15 ksi equipment that allowed exploration and appraisal drilling of a high-pressure GoM prospect. It continued with the goal to develop and qualify a complete set of 20 ksi equipment for a deepwater GoM high-pressure development. The scope of development and qualification of High-Pressure, High-Temperature (HPHT) equipment included:\u0000 20 ksi deepwater Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU);\u0000 20 ksi subsea Blowout Preventer (BOP);\u0000 20 ksi Completions equipment for the upper completion including a subsurface safety valve, packers, chemical injection, wireline plugs, etc.;\u0000 20 ksi Intervention equipment including a thru-riser intervention string, a Tree Tieback Tool, workstring connection and an Integrated Workover Control System (IWOCS);\u0000 20 ksi Subsea Production equipment including wellhead, tree and a High Integrity Pressure Protection System (HIPPS).\u0000 Anadarko formed the ‘20A project team’ initiative in order to qualify these critical deepwater components with a Rated Working Pressure (RWP) greater than 15 ksi. This project is coming to a close in 2019, with the qualification of over 200 components and assemblies to industry standards and meeting U.S. government requirements. This six year development journey of 20 ksi equipment development and qualification presented challenges and achieved breakthrough technologies for the industry. This journey, its organizational approach using systems engineering techniques and integration processes are presented.","PeriodicalId":10968,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, May 08, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87598500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Rettie, Srinivas Badam, R. Urquhart, Gregg Walz
For new High-Pressure High-Temperature (HPHT) subsea technologies deployed in the United States Gulf of Mexico (GoM), the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) currently requires an Independent Third Party (I3P) review of the design and qualification. When these technologies are developed through a Joint Development Agreement (JDA) and involve a significant scope of new product development, the I3P review can become complex, and a lengthy endeavor. This paper outlines the management lessons learned through a case study of an I3P review performed on a JDA for subsea HPHT production equipment. In 2014, an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) and four Operators formed a JDA to develop new subsea production technologies for use in the GoM. The OEM has designed the JDA equipment suitable for 20 ksi / 350°F operation subsea, and performed activities to verify and validate the design. An I3P began reviewing the OEM's JDA work in 2016 to verify it meets the acceptance criteria established by industry standards, practices and procedures. Key management lessons from the JDA I3P review's organization, methodology, and practices were studied from an Operator's perspective. This paper describes the selection of the I3P for the JDA. The selection criterion includes the I3P's qualifications, experience, and resource availability. This paper identifies critical leadership attributes required of the I3P review participants: enforcing ground rules; using a common language across the teams; and deploying robust performance management tools. These attributes drive the convergence of the OEM and I3P review activities. Also discussed, are the importance of a mature OEM document register for timeliness and completeness of document availability for I3P review, and the need for streamlined procedures with a collaborative working approach to manage Findings from the I3P review. It discusses the value of standardizing I3P review reports, to convey the results of verification and validation activities to BSEE clearly and concisely. The paper concludes with identifying some pitfalls to be aware of when executing an I3P review. The results of studying an ongoing JDA I3P review as described in this paper provide useful guidance for Operators or OEMs in planning and executing I3P reviews of HPHT technology development programs. The case study's key lessons can aid others to implement an I3P review effectively and efficiently for BSEE's acceptance of new HPHT technology.
{"title":"A Case Study of an Independent Third Party Review of Subsea HPHT Technologies Designed and Qualified by a Joint Development Agreement","authors":"S. Rettie, Srinivas Badam, R. Urquhart, Gregg Walz","doi":"10.4043/29459-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29459-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 For new High-Pressure High-Temperature (HPHT) subsea technologies deployed in the United States Gulf of Mexico (GoM), the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) currently requires an Independent Third Party (I3P) review of the design and qualification. When these technologies are developed through a Joint Development Agreement (JDA) and involve a significant scope of new product development, the I3P review can become complex, and a lengthy endeavor. This paper outlines the management lessons learned through a case study of an I3P review performed on a JDA for subsea HPHT production equipment.\u0000 In 2014, an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) and four Operators formed a JDA to develop new subsea production technologies for use in the GoM. The OEM has designed the JDA equipment suitable for 20 ksi / 350°F operation subsea, and performed activities to verify and validate the design. An I3P began reviewing the OEM's JDA work in 2016 to verify it meets the acceptance criteria established by industry standards, practices and procedures. Key management lessons from the JDA I3P review's organization, methodology, and practices were studied from an Operator's perspective.\u0000 This paper describes the selection of the I3P for the JDA. The selection criterion includes the I3P's qualifications, experience, and resource availability. This paper identifies critical leadership attributes required of the I3P review participants: enforcing ground rules; using a common language across the teams; and deploying robust performance management tools. These attributes drive the convergence of the OEM and I3P review activities. Also discussed, are the importance of a mature OEM document register for timeliness and completeness of document availability for I3P review, and the need for streamlined procedures with a collaborative working approach to manage Findings from the I3P review. It discusses the value of standardizing I3P review reports, to convey the results of verification and validation activities to BSEE clearly and concisely. The paper concludes with identifying some pitfalls to be aware of when executing an I3P review.\u0000 The results of studying an ongoing JDA I3P review as described in this paper provide useful guidance for Operators or OEMs in planning and executing I3P reviews of HPHT technology development programs. The case study's key lessons can aid others to implement an I3P review effectively and efficiently for BSEE's acceptance of new HPHT technology.","PeriodicalId":10968,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, May 08, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73329055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Á. Aguilar, P. D. Pathak, J. Stevens, Claire R Foley
Subsea equipment covered by the API Spec 17 subcommittee has had limited focus on assessing fatigue life because of external environmental loads using traditional analysis methods. With the current trend of high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) development, the industry is migrating to an era of modern analysis methods with complex material testing programs to assess potential fatigue life impacts due to such high-pressure and -temperature exposures as well. This paper presents an approach and an example of a multiaxial strain-life analysis method that meets the provided HPHT design guidelines of API Technical Report 17TR8. The paper bridges the gap between theory and practicality in strain-life-based fatigue analysis and presents a robust process developed for HPHT nickel alloy components, which are part of the subsea 20,000-psi vertical monobore subsea tree. The endeavor includes strategizing for required material tests in environment, actual material testing, followed by material data processing, which includes statistical corrections and extraction of parameters necessary for efficient fatigue analysis. The components are then analyzed in finite-element analysis (FEA) with typical loading sequences as seen in its life of field. Finally, the FEA results are postprocessed using the critical plane approach for all nodes in the model. The governing equations are presented throughout the analysis to enable readers to develop their own results. The 20,000-psi vertical monobore tree fatigue analysis depends on the operations forecasted for its life cycle. Using the expected load histogram, a series of pressure and thermal analyses were executed to produce cycles to failure. Implementing the Palmgren–Miner's rule enabled obtaining the total damage produced by factory acceptance tests total field life shut-ins, and flow-in pressure cycles. This not only serves as verification that the required safety factor is met per API Technical Report 17TR8 but also enables making engineering assessments of "what-if" operations. In this sense, a change or addition of an operation will lead to a simple recalculation of fatigue damage without requiring performing the analysis from the ground up. The method also allows for computation of cycles to failure for a pressure range when the other pressure ranges and conditions don't change. In addition to the life cycle calculation, the method evaluates the damage of all nodes, which produces full-contour plots. The contour plots, in addition to displaying the hot-spot locations, when used with structural analysis results, enable the engineer to assess areas of improvement and product optimization. The method proposed gives an effective way to communicate and recommend the design life capabilities of a product to the operator to predict life expectancy for combinations of expected load scenarios.
API Spec 17分委员会所涵盖的海底设备在使用传统分析方法评估外部环境载荷导致的疲劳寿命方面关注有限。随着高压高温(HPHT)技术的发展，该行业正在进入一个现代分析方法的时代，该分析方法采用复杂的材料测试程序，以评估高压和高温暴露对疲劳寿命的潜在影响。本文提出了一种满足API技术报告17TR8中HPHT设计指南的多轴应变寿命分析方法和实例。本文弥合了基于应变寿命的疲劳分析理论与实践之间的差距，并提出了一种针对HPHT镍合金部件的鲁棒过程，该部件是水下20,000 psi立式单管水下采油树的一部分。这项工作包括制定所需的环境材料试验策略，实际材料试验，然后是材料数据处理，其中包括统计校正和提取有效疲劳分析所需的参数。然后在有限元分析(FEA)中对组件进行了典型的加载序列分析，以观察其现场寿命。最后，采用临界平面法对模型中所有节点的有限元结果进行后处理。控制方程在整个分析中呈现，使读者能够发展自己的结果。立式单柱采油树的疲劳分析取决于对其生命周期的预测操作。使用预期负载直方图，执行一系列压力和热分析，以产生失效循环。实施Palmgren-Miner规则，可以获得工厂验收测试、现场寿命关井和注入压力循环产生的总损害。这不仅可以验证API技术报告17TR8所要求的安全系数是否满足，还可以对“假设”操作进行工程评估。从这个意义上说，一个操作的改变或增加将导致疲劳损伤的简单重新计算，而不需要从头开始进行分析。该方法还允许在其他压力范围和条件不变的情况下计算压力范围内的失效循环。该方法除了进行生命周期计算外，还对所有节点的损伤情况进行评估，生成全等高线图。等高线图，除了显示热点位置，当与结构分析结果一起使用时，使工程师能够评估改进和产品优化的领域。该方法提供了一种有效的方式来沟通和推荐产品的设计寿命能力，以预测预期负载场景组合的预期寿命。
{"title":"Strain-Life Fatigue Analysis for HPHT Equipment: Theory to Validation","authors":"Á. Aguilar, P. D. Pathak, J. Stevens, Claire R Foley","doi":"10.4043/29534-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29534-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Subsea equipment covered by the API Spec 17 subcommittee has had limited focus on assessing fatigue life because of external environmental loads using traditional analysis methods. With the current trend of high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) development, the industry is migrating to an era of modern analysis methods with complex material testing programs to assess potential fatigue life impacts due to such high-pressure and -temperature exposures as well. This paper presents an approach and an example of a multiaxial strain-life analysis method that meets the provided HPHT design guidelines of API Technical Report 17TR8.\u0000 The paper bridges the gap between theory and practicality in strain-life-based fatigue analysis and presents a robust process developed for HPHT nickel alloy components, which are part of the subsea 20,000-psi vertical monobore subsea tree. The endeavor includes strategizing for required material tests in environment, actual material testing, followed by material data processing, which includes statistical corrections and extraction of parameters necessary for efficient fatigue analysis. The components are then analyzed in finite-element analysis (FEA) with typical loading sequences as seen in its life of field. Finally, the FEA results are postprocessed using the critical plane approach for all nodes in the model. The governing equations are presented throughout the analysis to enable readers to develop their own results.\u0000 The 20,000-psi vertical monobore tree fatigue analysis depends on the operations forecasted for its life cycle. Using the expected load histogram, a series of pressure and thermal analyses were executed to produce cycles to failure. Implementing the Palmgren–Miner's rule enabled obtaining the total damage produced by factory acceptance tests total field life shut-ins, and flow-in pressure cycles. This not only serves as verification that the required safety factor is met per API Technical Report 17TR8 but also enables making engineering assessments of \"what-if\" operations. In this sense, a change or addition of an operation will lead to a simple recalculation of fatigue damage without requiring performing the analysis from the ground up. The method also allows for computation of cycles to failure for a pressure range when the other pressure ranges and conditions don't change.\u0000 In addition to the life cycle calculation, the method evaluates the damage of all nodes, which produces full-contour plots. The contour plots, in addition to displaying the hot-spot locations, when used with structural analysis results, enable the engineer to assess areas of improvement and product optimization. The method proposed gives an effective way to communicate and recommend the design life capabilities of a product to the operator to predict life expectancy for combinations of expected load scenarios.","PeriodicalId":10968,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, May 08, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79263894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Deepwater Gulf of Mexico (USA), industry and regulatory requirements now require fatigue analysis of in-well barrier equipment for HPHT development wells. The S-N (stress-life) based analysis, specifically utilizing ASME BPVC Sec. VIII Div-2 Part 5 (2013), was the selected analysis methodology for a project. The project required analysis of oilfield grade precipitation hardened nickel-based alloys cyclically loaded in a high temperature environment with sour corrosive produced fluid characterized by significant H2S, CO2, and chlorides, and low pH. As part of the fatigue analysis, a suitable fatigue design curve needed to be selected for the desired metallurgy and environmental exposure. The team initially focused on utilizing an existing industry standard fatigue design curve, but after review, development of a unique corrosion fatigue design curve was required. The targeted initial fatigue design curve was the applicable curve found in ASME BPVC Sec. VIII Div-2 (2013). The team used a proprietary data set, from an environment representative of the expected downhole conditions of the project, collected for a previous project. The data set clearly demonstrated that the applicable ASME BPVC design curve (ASME BPVC Sec. VIII Div-2 2013) did not meet the required level of conservatism in this sour corrosive HPHT environment. The original intent of the data set likely was not to validate or develop a fatigue design curve and the test protocol did yield data that could readily be input into typical design curve analysis. Therefore, some advanced and novel analysis techniques were used to develop a unique S-N fatigue design curve that met the industry standard requirements for conservatively predicting fatigue failure and met the requirements for use within ASME BPVC Sec. VIII Div-2 Part 5 based analysis.
在美国深水墨西哥湾，行业和监管要求现在需要对高温高压开发井的井内屏障设备进行疲劳分析。基于S-N(应力寿命)的分析，特别是利用ASME BPVC Sec VIII Div-2 Part 5(2013)，是该项目选择的分析方法。该项目需要分析油田级沉淀硬化镍基合金在高温环境下循环加载的情况，该环境具有酸性腐蚀产液，其特征是含有大量H2S、CO2和氯化物，并且ph值较低。作为疲劳分析的一部分，需要根据所需的冶金和环境暴露选择合适的疲劳设计曲线。该团队最初专注于利用现有的行业标准疲劳设计曲线，但经过审查，需要开发一种独特的腐蚀疲劳设计曲线。目标初始疲劳设计曲线为ASME BPVC Sec. VIII Div-2(2013)中的适用曲线。该团队使用了一个专有的数据集，该数据集来自一个代表项目预期井下条件的环境，该数据集是从之前的项目中收集的。数据集清楚地表明，适用的ASME BPVC设计曲线(ASME BPVC Sec. VIII Div-2 2013)在这种酸性高压环境中不符合要求的保守性水平。数据集的初衷可能不是为了验证或开发疲劳设计曲线，测试方案确实产生了可以很容易地输入到典型设计曲线分析中的数据。因此，采用了一些先进和新颖的分析技术，开发了一种独特的S-N疲劳设计曲线，该曲线满足保守预测疲劳失效的行业标准要求，并满足ASME BPVC Sec. VIII Div-2 Part 5基于分析的使用要求。
{"title":"Development of a Sour HPHT Environment Corrosion-Fatigue S-N Design Curve","authors":"Michael J. Slavens, Kenneth F. Tyler","doi":"10.4043/29337-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29337-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In Deepwater Gulf of Mexico (USA), industry and regulatory requirements now require fatigue analysis of in-well barrier equipment for HPHT development wells. The S-N (stress-life) based analysis, specifically utilizing ASME BPVC Sec. VIII Div-2 Part 5 (2013), was the selected analysis methodology for a project. The project required analysis of oilfield grade precipitation hardened nickel-based alloys cyclically loaded in a high temperature environment with sour corrosive produced fluid characterized by significant H2S, CO2, and chlorides, and low pH. As part of the fatigue analysis, a suitable fatigue design curve needed to be selected for the desired metallurgy and environmental exposure.\u0000 The team initially focused on utilizing an existing industry standard fatigue design curve, but after review, development of a unique corrosion fatigue design curve was required. The targeted initial fatigue design curve was the applicable curve found in ASME BPVC Sec. VIII Div-2 (2013). The team used a proprietary data set, from an environment representative of the expected downhole conditions of the project, collected for a previous project. The data set clearly demonstrated that the applicable ASME BPVC design curve (ASME BPVC Sec. VIII Div-2 2013) did not meet the required level of conservatism in this sour corrosive HPHT environment. The original intent of the data set likely was not to validate or develop a fatigue design curve and the test protocol did yield data that could readily be input into typical design curve analysis. Therefore, some advanced and novel analysis techniques were used to develop a unique S-N fatigue design curve that met the industry standard requirements for conservatively predicting fatigue failure and met the requirements for use within ASME BPVC Sec. VIII Div-2 Part 5 based analysis.","PeriodicalId":10968,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, May 08, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79580245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Subsea electrification is envisaged as one of the key building blocks of deep-water oil and gas (O&G) production. Present power transmission and distribution (T&D) schemes almost exclusively employ high voltage AC (HVAC) technology to drive the electrical processing units in the seabed, such as pump and compressor motors. Although HVAC transmission is reliable and simple to control, it exhibits a serious drawback with increasing step-out distance in terms of high reactive power requirements and reduction in peak power transfer capability for the subsea transmission cable. Moreover, most of the existing subsea T&D architectures employ a hub-and-spoke architecture with a single power receiving node. As a result, these systems are vulnerable to single-point failure. In order to address the above issues, two novel subsea architectures, based on high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission, are proposed in this paper. HVDC offers a significant advantage over HVAC systems for longer transmission distances with additional power processing units embedded in the system. Both these architectures employ a subsea DC distribution bus concept to supply multiple subsea loads which represent current scenario of increasing subsea consumers. The performance of the proposed architectures is illustrated through simulation for distinct events such as rated power flow, load step-up/down and load side breaker closing. Relevant results are discussed to summarize the advantages and challenges for the proposed power transmission architectures.
{"title":"Novel HVDC Power Transmission Architectures for Subsea Grid","authors":"Anindya Ray, K. Rajashekara, H. Krishnamoorthy","doi":"10.4043/29412-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29412-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Subsea electrification is envisaged as one of the key building blocks of deep-water oil and gas (O&G) production. Present power transmission and distribution (T&D) schemes almost exclusively employ high voltage AC (HVAC) technology to drive the electrical processing units in the seabed, such as pump and compressor motors. Although HVAC transmission is reliable and simple to control, it exhibits a serious drawback with increasing step-out distance in terms of high reactive power requirements and reduction in peak power transfer capability for the subsea transmission cable. Moreover, most of the existing subsea T&D architectures employ a hub-and-spoke architecture with a single power receiving node. As a result, these systems are vulnerable to single-point failure.\u0000 In order to address the above issues, two novel subsea architectures, based on high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission, are proposed in this paper. HVDC offers a significant advantage over HVAC systems for longer transmission distances with additional power processing units embedded in the system. Both these architectures employ a subsea DC distribution bus concept to supply multiple subsea loads which represent current scenario of increasing subsea consumers. The performance of the proposed architectures is illustrated through simulation for distinct events such as rated power flow, load step-up/down and load side breaker closing. Relevant results are discussed to summarize the advantages and challenges for the proposed power transmission architectures.","PeriodicalId":10968,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, May 08, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75267961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carsten Mahler, Markus Glaser, Simon Schoch, S. Marx, Stefan Schluenss, Tobias Winter, Julian Popp, Sebastian Imle
The all-electric control system, as proposed with this paper, provides improved HSE, reduced costs, and increases safety and reliability compared to an electrohydraulic system. This paper describes the approach for the development of a novel all-electric safety actuation system. Key to this concept is the centralized battery, which is utilized to provide the system with the required amount of energy during valve actuation for normal operation and in case of a power cut or communication loss. Since instantaneous power for valve operation is supplied by the battery, continuous power demand remains at a similar level for current electrohydraulic solutions. This paper includes a detailed analysis to evaluate the safety and reliability capability of the proposed all-electric system. It also covers root causes for failure modes and suitable mitigations to prevent occurrence or for failure impact reduction. Further objective is the analysis of common cause failures, which are critical for safety function execution. The paper is a result of the work of a joint industry project.
{"title":"Safety Capability of an All-Electric Production System","authors":"Carsten Mahler, Markus Glaser, Simon Schoch, S. Marx, Stefan Schluenss, Tobias Winter, Julian Popp, Sebastian Imle","doi":"10.4043/29472-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29472-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The all-electric control system, as proposed with this paper, provides improved HSE, reduced costs, and increases safety and reliability compared to an electrohydraulic system. This paper describes the approach for the development of a novel all-electric safety actuation system. Key to this concept is the centralized battery, which is utilized to provide the system with the required amount of energy during valve actuation for normal operation and in case of a power cut or communication loss. Since instantaneous power for valve operation is supplied by the battery, continuous power demand remains at a similar level for current electrohydraulic solutions.\u0000 This paper includes a detailed analysis to evaluate the safety and reliability capability of the proposed all-electric system. It also covers root causes for failure modes and suitable mitigations to prevent occurrence or for failure impact reduction. Further objective is the analysis of common cause failures, which are critical for safety function execution. The paper is a result of the work of a joint industry project.","PeriodicalId":10968,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, May 08, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81966079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Under the seabed, gas hydrates are buried as solid materials that consist of water and gas molecules. Dissociation of gas hydrates induce mechanical properties change because solid-phase gas hydrates transformed to gas and liquid phase. Due to dissociation of gas hydrates, the bearing sediments can be collapsed or subsided. The triaxial test is a method for evaluating the mechanical properties of soil. Confining stress is applied to the specimen for simulating in-situ condition of the soil and axial loading is applied to induce shear failure. The modulus value can be derived through the relationship between the applying load and the strain level. Also cohesion and friction angle can be obtained based on the peak strength value according to various conditions of the confining stress. In the case of gas hydrate-bearing sediments, the mechanical properties change by the cementation effect of the gas hydrates. Therefore, experimental research for mechanical properties of gas hydrate-bearing sediments are required to understand mechanical behaviors of the sediments. However, high pressure and low temperature conditions are necessary to maintain stable condition of gas hydrates during the experiments. The triaxial tests should be conducted under the gas hydrate stable environment. In this study, in order to simulate the gas hydrate-bearing sediments, we constructed a system that can perform triaxial tests under high pressure and low temperature environment. Then, triaxial tests were carried out using specimens of gas hydrate-bearing sediments. Mechanical properties that achieved from the triaxial tests can be used as input parameters for the numerical analysis, which simulate the gas hydrate dissociation process.
{"title":"Triaxial Test System for Gas Hydrate-Bearing Sediments with Stable Conditions","authors":"C. Kang, A. Kim, G. Cho, J. Lee","doi":"10.4043/29655-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29655-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Under the seabed, gas hydrates are buried as solid materials that consist of water and gas molecules. Dissociation of gas hydrates induce mechanical properties change because solid-phase gas hydrates transformed to gas and liquid phase. Due to dissociation of gas hydrates, the bearing sediments can be collapsed or subsided. The triaxial test is a method for evaluating the mechanical properties of soil. Confining stress is applied to the specimen for simulating in-situ condition of the soil and axial loading is applied to induce shear failure. The modulus value can be derived through the relationship between the applying load and the strain level. Also cohesion and friction angle can be obtained based on the peak strength value according to various conditions of the confining stress. In the case of gas hydrate-bearing sediments, the mechanical properties change by the cementation effect of the gas hydrates. Therefore, experimental research for mechanical properties of gas hydrate-bearing sediments are required to understand mechanical behaviors of the sediments. However, high pressure and low temperature conditions are necessary to maintain stable condition of gas hydrates during the experiments. The triaxial tests should be conducted under the gas hydrate stable environment. In this study, in order to simulate the gas hydrate-bearing sediments, we constructed a system that can perform triaxial tests under high pressure and low temperature environment. Then, triaxial tests were carried out using specimens of gas hydrate-bearing sediments. Mechanical properties that achieved from the triaxial tests can be used as input parameters for the numerical analysis, which simulate the gas hydrate dissociation process.","PeriodicalId":10968,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, May 08, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87180696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chen Yuan, S. Ting, Zhao Ying, Xing Wen Wang, Mo Xi Qu, Wang Jie
Natural gas hydrate is an ice-like crystal formed by methane and water, which is a new type of strategic energy with huge reserves. The exploitation of deep-sea hydrate will cause a large amount of decomposition of hydrate, which will decrease the sediment strength. In this paper, firstly, the influence of three main distribution patterns of hydrate on mechanical parameters is analyzed and the hydrate reservoirs suitable for actual production are judged. Then, reservoir constitutive models and hydrate decomposition and flow models are established based on previous studies. Different distribution patterns of hydrate are established by changing the hydrate content in the reservoir. Finally, simulations are carried out under different production pressure, and parameters such as hydrate saturation are output. Then input those parameters into Mohr-Coulomb model to compare the changes of mechanical properties of reservoir during the exploitation and judge whether the hydrate reservoir is disturbed. Consequently, the critical production pressure is determined. Then, the optimal production rate of different types of reservoir can be determined by adjusting production pressure within the critical bottom hole pressure. The work of this paper will provide a certain reference value for the rational and safe production of hydrate in the future.
{"title":"Critical Production Pressure and Optimal Gas Production Rate to Avoid Hydrate Reservoir Disturbance","authors":"Chen Yuan, S. Ting, Zhao Ying, Xing Wen Wang, Mo Xi Qu, Wang Jie","doi":"10.4043/29664-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29664-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Natural gas hydrate is an ice-like crystal formed by methane and water, which is a new type of strategic energy with huge reserves. The exploitation of deep-sea hydrate will cause a large amount of decomposition of hydrate, which will decrease the sediment strength.\u0000 In this paper, firstly, the influence of three main distribution patterns of hydrate on mechanical parameters is analyzed and the hydrate reservoirs suitable for actual production are judged. Then, reservoir constitutive models and hydrate decomposition and flow models are established based on previous studies. Different distribution patterns of hydrate are established by changing the hydrate content in the reservoir. Finally, simulations are carried out under different production pressure, and parameters such as hydrate saturation are output. Then input those parameters into Mohr-Coulomb model to compare the changes of mechanical properties of reservoir during the exploitation and judge whether the hydrate reservoir is disturbed. Consequently, the critical production pressure is determined. Then, the optimal production rate of different types of reservoir can be determined by adjusting production pressure within the critical bottom hole pressure. The work of this paper will provide a certain reference value for the rational and safe production of hydrate in the future.","PeriodicalId":10968,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, May 08, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91147143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vertical upward multiphase flow through a blowout preventer (BOP) during a gas kick event produces complex fluid flow transients. Further complicating these transients is the fluid phase interactions during BOP closing event. The resultant pressure and flowrate transients are critical parameters that influence the BOP design and should be used to estimate if the BOP can close-on/control a kick event. In this paper, a hydro-mechanical two-phase flow model is developed to predict the fluid pressure and flowrate conditions for fully open and closing BOP during a gas kick. The case of a 20,000 psi reservoir is investigated along with a wel depth, from the rig floor to the borehole, ranging from 10,000 ft to 20,000 ft. The results illuminate the dependence of model-based BOP pressure rated design on the formation productivity index during a gas kick event. Furthermore, using a model-based approach for determining such information is essential in the development of next generation pressure control equipment standards and equipment certification, risk minimization to drilling crew and rig assets and reduction of well intervention frequency. High pressure definition based on pore pressure and/or BOP rated working pressure are discussed as well.
{"title":"BOP Pressure and Flowrate Conditions During High Pressure Gas Kick Control","authors":"Ala E. Omrani, M. Franchek, Yingjie Tang","doi":"10.4043/29565-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29565-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Vertical upward multiphase flow through a blowout preventer (BOP) during a gas kick event produces complex fluid flow transients. Further complicating these transients is the fluid phase interactions during BOP closing event. The resultant pressure and flowrate transients are critical parameters that influence the BOP design and should be used to estimate if the BOP can close-on/control a kick event. In this paper, a hydro-mechanical two-phase flow model is developed to predict the fluid pressure and flowrate conditions for fully open and closing BOP during a gas kick. The case of a 20,000 psi reservoir is investigated along with a wel depth, from the rig floor to the borehole, ranging from 10,000 ft to 20,000 ft. The results illuminate the dependence of model-based BOP pressure rated design on the formation productivity index during a gas kick event. Furthermore, using a model-based approach for determining such information is essential in the development of next generation pressure control equipment standards and equipment certification, risk minimization to drilling crew and rig assets and reduction of well intervention frequency. High pressure definition based on pore pressure and/or BOP rated working pressure are discussed as well.","PeriodicalId":10968,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, May 08, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89514918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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