This paper introduces a probabilistic approach to significantly improve offshore site characterization from integrated geophysical, geological and geotechnical survey data, and from different technologies used from within each of these disciplines. The proposed Bayesian stratigraphy integration methodology is based on the sequential integration of available evidence (experimental observations, model predictions and experts’ beliefs), which allows for the reduction of uncertainty and improve the quality of geospatial analysis translated into higher stratigraphy resolution and higher confidence on the determination of sediments’ mechanical characteristics. A synthetic case study for a 2D heterogeneous shallow offshore soil media is presented to illustrate the overall methodology. One application of probabilistic cluster identification based on geological data is discussed (e.g. 1D density upscaling profile), as this is then transferred to a probabilistic geophysical inversion, including the corresponding uncertainty propagation and.
{"title":"Bayesian Stratigraphy Integration of Geophysical, Geological, and Geotechnical Surveys Data","authors":"Z. Medina-Cetina, J. Son, M. Moradi","doi":"10.4043/29674-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29674-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper introduces a probabilistic approach to significantly improve offshore site characterization from integrated geophysical, geological and geotechnical survey data, and from different technologies used from within each of these disciplines. The proposed Bayesian stratigraphy integration methodology is based on the sequential integration of available evidence (experimental observations, model predictions and experts’ beliefs), which allows for the reduction of uncertainty and improve the quality of geospatial analysis translated into higher stratigraphy resolution and higher confidence on the determination of sediments’ mechanical characteristics. A synthetic case study for a 2D heterogeneous shallow offshore soil media is presented to illustrate the overall methodology. One application of probabilistic cluster identification based on geological data is discussed (e.g. 1D density upscaling profile), as this is then transferred to a probabilistic geophysical inversion, including the corresponding uncertainty propagation and.","PeriodicalId":10968,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, May 08, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74760926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Taeyun Kim, Chulwoo Kim, Hyunki Park, Mungyu Kim, Donghun Lee
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the characteristics and superiority of new SMR process by comparison with competitive proven technologies such as single mixed refrigerant (SMR) and dual mixed refrigerant (DMR) and showing stable operation without changing the MR composition under various feed stream conditions. The new process has been developed based on SMR process that is used on current LNG production market to get higher performance showing the following attractive features in addition to the advantage of typical SMR process. ✓Achievement of Efficiency Enhancement by application of Advanced Vessel Economizer, Optimization of operating condition and Semi-DMR technologies✓Stable operation without changing the MR composition under various feed stream composition✓Compact configuration, easy operation and maintenance and low OPEX and CAPEX due to minimal equipment Two case studies were conducted to demonstrate the above features. The first case study is to compare the new SMR process with commercialized SMR and DMR process targeting at 3.5MTPA LNG production. As a result, the new SMR process showed 20.6% higher production efficiency than SMR-II Process [1] and 5.7% better than DRM process [2]. This means that less OPEX is required for the new liquefaction process. Also, the new liquefaction process required fewer equipment than the LNG SMR-II Process [1] and about half the number of equipment required than the LNG DMR Process [2], which means less CAPEX. The second case study was conducted in the variation of actual feed composition such as typical case, high inert, low inert, rich gas and it is verified that new SMR process operated stably without significant change of the MR composition under various feed stream composition. Through two case studies, the features of new liquefaction process and superior performance were demonstrated.
{"title":"Optimized SMR Process with Advanced Vessel Economizer","authors":"Taeyun Kim, Chulwoo Kim, Hyunki Park, Mungyu Kim, Donghun Lee","doi":"10.4043/29667-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29667-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the characteristics and superiority of new SMR process by comparison with competitive proven technologies such as single mixed refrigerant (SMR) and dual mixed refrigerant (DMR) and showing stable operation without changing the MR composition under various feed stream conditions.\u0000 The new process has been developed based on SMR process that is used on current LNG production market to get higher performance showing the following attractive features in addition to the advantage of typical SMR process. ✓Achievement of Efficiency Enhancement by application of Advanced Vessel Economizer, Optimization of operating condition and Semi-DMR technologies✓Stable operation without changing the MR composition under various feed stream composition✓Compact configuration, easy operation and maintenance and low OPEX and CAPEX due to minimal equipment\u0000 Two case studies were conducted to demonstrate the above features.\u0000 The first case study is to compare the new SMR process with commercialized SMR and DMR process targeting at 3.5MTPA LNG production. As a result, the new SMR process showed 20.6% higher production efficiency than SMR-II Process [1] and 5.7% better than DRM process [2]. This means that less OPEX is required for the new liquefaction process. Also, the new liquefaction process required fewer equipment than the LNG SMR-II Process [1] and about half the number of equipment required than the LNG DMR Process [2], which means less CAPEX.\u0000 The second case study was conducted in the variation of actual feed composition such as typical case, high inert, low inert, rich gas and it is verified that new SMR process operated stably without significant change of the MR composition under various feed stream composition. Through two case studies, the features of new liquefaction process and superior performance were demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":10968,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, May 08, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73724716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Romero Gomes da Silva Araújo, J. Freitas, Bruno Costa, Paulo Moreira, Fabrício Pereira Feitoza da Silva, Y. H. Oliveira
When Portland cement sheath is submitted to temperatures above 110 °C in oil well wellbore conditions, the compressive strength retrogression phenomenon is observed. This occurs due to the conversion of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) to unstable phases, resulting in low compressive strength and high permeability. To minimize that compressive strength issue, guidelines suggests the addition of 35-40% BWOC (By Weight Of Cement) of an extra silica source to balance the relation CaO/SiO2 and convert it into more stable calcium silicate phases. Silica flour (SF) is the silica source worldwide used as anti-strength retrogression agent in cementing operations. The present work presents rice husk ash (RHA) as a sustainable silica source, in alternative to SF, for temperature of the environments where compressive strength retrogression is pronounced. Four compositions of cement slurries were tested: (i) a 15.6 ppg slurry with no silica addition (SF0); (ii) a 15.6 ppg slurry with 35% BWOC of SF addition (SF35); (iii) a 15.0 ppg slurry with 35% BWOC RHA addition (RHA-1) and (iv) a 14.5 ppg with 35% BWOC of RHA (RHA-2). The samples were submitted to 60 °C and 110 °C at atmospheric and 2,000 psi curing pressure, respectively, during 7 days. A uniaxial compression test was performed to evaluate RHA as anti-strength retrogression agent. All experimental procedures were performed in accordance to API RP 10B-2. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were carried out to analyze the samples after temperature exposure. Results have shown that RHA samples developed more compressive strength in relation to the usual SF sample. Among the samples cured at 110 °C, RHA-1 presented the higher value of compressive strength (44.6 MPa), followed by sample SF35 (40.4 MPa) containing SF in its composition. The sample RHA-2 with 37.9 MPa of compressive strength was similar to SF35 and, as expected, the compressive strength of control sample SF0 was the lower with 28.3 MPa, due to the retrogression phenomenon. The samples cured at 60 °C showed the same tendency of 110 °C samples. XRD analysis showed the presence of typical stable crystalline phases such as xonotlite and tobermorite in cement samples containing RHA. The SEM images and TGA analyses were in accordance to XRD evaluations. As observed, RHA showed great potential as anti-strength retrogression agent even in weighted (15.0 ppg) or light weight (14.5 ppg) slurries. The sustainability of a renewable silica source makes the RHA an interesting alternative to the usual silica flour.
{"title":"Alternative Material to be Applied in Oil Well Cementing Subjected to High Temperatures to Avoid Compressive Strength Retrogression","authors":"Romero Gomes da Silva Araújo, J. Freitas, Bruno Costa, Paulo Moreira, Fabrício Pereira Feitoza da Silva, Y. H. Oliveira","doi":"10.4043/29397-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29397-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 When Portland cement sheath is submitted to temperatures above 110 °C in oil well wellbore conditions, the compressive strength retrogression phenomenon is observed. This occurs due to the conversion of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) to unstable phases, resulting in low compressive strength and high permeability. To minimize that compressive strength issue, guidelines suggests the addition of 35-40% BWOC (By Weight Of Cement) of an extra silica source to balance the relation CaO/SiO2 and convert it into more stable calcium silicate phases. Silica flour (SF) is the silica source worldwide used as anti-strength retrogression agent in cementing operations. The present work presents rice husk ash (RHA) as a sustainable silica source, in alternative to SF, for temperature of the environments where compressive strength retrogression is pronounced. Four compositions of cement slurries were tested: (i) a 15.6 ppg slurry with no silica addition (SF0); (ii) a 15.6 ppg slurry with 35% BWOC of SF addition (SF35); (iii) a 15.0 ppg slurry with 35% BWOC RHA addition (RHA-1) and (iv) a 14.5 ppg with 35% BWOC of RHA (RHA-2). The samples were submitted to 60 °C and 110 °C at atmospheric and 2,000 psi curing pressure, respectively, during 7 days. A uniaxial compression test was performed to evaluate RHA as anti-strength retrogression agent. All experimental procedures were performed in accordance to API RP 10B-2. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were carried out to analyze the samples after temperature exposure. Results have shown that RHA samples developed more compressive strength in relation to the usual SF sample. Among the samples cured at 110 °C, RHA-1 presented the higher value of compressive strength (44.6 MPa), followed by sample SF35 (40.4 MPa) containing SF in its composition. The sample RHA-2 with 37.9 MPa of compressive strength was similar to SF35 and, as expected, the compressive strength of control sample SF0 was the lower with 28.3 MPa, due to the retrogression phenomenon. The samples cured at 60 °C showed the same tendency of 110 °C samples. XRD analysis showed the presence of typical stable crystalline phases such as xonotlite and tobermorite in cement samples containing RHA. The SEM images and TGA analyses were in accordance to XRD evaluations. As observed, RHA showed great potential as anti-strength retrogression agent even in weighted (15.0 ppg) or light weight (14.5 ppg) slurries. The sustainability of a renewable silica source makes the RHA an interesting alternative to the usual silica flour.","PeriodicalId":10968,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, May 08, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74963105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yoori Kim, Seung-Mok Yeom, Sekwang Yoon, Jin-Kuk Kim, Suh-young Kwon, S. Hwang, Azmi B. Shariff
Natural gas consists of methane and other gases, which are mostly natural gas liquid (NGL), CO2, H2S and water. NGL generally refers the stream containing C2 or heavier hydrocarbons, mostly ethane and propane [5]. The recovery of C2+ components from the sale gas can enhance cost-effectivness in natural gas processing by selling highly valuable feedstocks for petrochemical sectors. The schematic block diagram for the cryogenic distillation process widely-used in the offshore environments, is illustrated in Figure 1. Feed gas is pre-cooled before being separated in the distillation column operated cryogenic conditions. J-T valves or turboexpanders are commonly used for the expansion of gas stream which is introduced for providing necessary cooling or cold condition required for the process, while a compander may be applied to increase energy efficiency. The turboexpander-based cryogenic distillation process has been the most widely used for extracting NGL from natural gas because of its high energy efficiency and ethane recovery performance, compared to other processes [15]. Various process configurations for turbo-expander processes have been developed for improving energy efficiency or ethane recovery or adaptability [11, 13], which includes: Gas Subcooled Process (GSP) Cold Residue Reflux process (CRR) Recycle Split Vapor process (RSV) Single Column Overhead REcycle (SCORE) Although there are differences in the configurations, in terms of heat recovery, power recovery and interconnectivity between streams, the unit operations and their sequences required for the NGL recovery through cryogenic distillation is more or less the same.
{"title":"Development and Demonstration of Novel Cryogenic Distillation Process for Offshore Gas Platform","authors":"Yoori Kim, Seung-Mok Yeom, Sekwang Yoon, Jin-Kuk Kim, Suh-young Kwon, S. Hwang, Azmi B. Shariff","doi":"10.4043/29441-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29441-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Natural gas consists of methane and other gases, which are mostly natural gas liquid (NGL), CO2, H2S and water. NGL generally refers the stream containing C2 or heavier hydrocarbons, mostly ethane and propane [5]. The recovery of C2+ components from the sale gas can enhance cost-effectivness in natural gas processing by selling highly valuable feedstocks for petrochemical sectors.\u0000 The schematic block diagram for the cryogenic distillation process widely-used in the offshore environments, is illustrated in Figure 1. Feed gas is pre-cooled before being separated in the distillation column operated cryogenic conditions. J-T valves or turboexpanders are commonly used for the expansion of gas stream which is introduced for providing necessary cooling or cold condition required for the process, while a compander may be applied to increase energy efficiency. The turboexpander-based cryogenic distillation process has been the most widely used for extracting NGL from natural gas because of its high energy efficiency and ethane recovery performance, compared to other processes [15]. Various process configurations for turbo-expander processes have been developed for improving energy efficiency or ethane recovery or adaptability [11, 13], which includes:\u0000 Gas Subcooled Process (GSP)\u0000 Cold Residue Reflux process (CRR)\u0000 Recycle Split Vapor process (RSV)\u0000 Single Column Overhead REcycle (SCORE)\u0000 Although there are differences in the configurations, in terms of heat recovery, power recovery and interconnectivity between streams, the unit operations and their sequences required for the NGL recovery through cryogenic distillation is more or less the same.","PeriodicalId":10968,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, May 08, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77876900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chunsheng Shen, Bing Li, Zhongbo Xu, Zhihua Hu, Liu Yancheng, Haibo Xu, Chao Liu, Ting Li
Most sands in Layer L70-L90 of P19 Oilfield are thin sands within interbedded sand and shale sets, which are below the seismic resolution of 17 m and could not be identified by seismic data. To improve development effects, the hierarchical method for fine description of thin sands within interbedded sand and shale sets deposited under shallow water delta was conducted through the integration of seismic attributes analysis, geological knowledge repository analog and constraint by depositional sequence. The successful application suggested that this technique not only has high prediction accuracy and application value, but also added new information to geological knowledge repositories of single sand in different depositional sequences and provided references for research and development of thin sand reservoir in similar oilfields in Bohai Bay.
{"title":"The Fine Description of Interbedded Sand-Shale Reservoirs in Shallow Water Delta : A Case Study of P19 Oilfield in Bohai Bay Basin, China","authors":"Chunsheng Shen, Bing Li, Zhongbo Xu, Zhihua Hu, Liu Yancheng, Haibo Xu, Chao Liu, Ting Li","doi":"10.4043/29334-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29334-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Most sands in Layer L70-L90 of P19 Oilfield are thin sands within interbedded sand and shale sets, which are below the seismic resolution of 17 m and could not be identified by seismic data. To improve development effects, the hierarchical method for fine description of thin sands within interbedded sand and shale sets deposited under shallow water delta was conducted through the integration of seismic attributes analysis, geological knowledge repository analog and constraint by depositional sequence. The successful application suggested that this technique not only has high prediction accuracy and application value, but also added new information to geological knowledge repositories of single sand in different depositional sequences and provided references for research and development of thin sand reservoir in similar oilfields in Bohai Bay.","PeriodicalId":10968,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, May 08, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79033681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years much progress has been made getting Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE), wind, wave and current/flow harnessed for use in electrical supply. This paper is aimed at giving the newcomer to ORE, both wind and Marine Hydro Kinetic (MHK) devices, an awareness and understanding of the basics. This includes what is needed to garner energy from natural offshore resources, what some of the issues/challenges are, and what some of the currently proposed solutions are and where they are in their maturity. Also included is a resource and reference list where further information may be obtained. This is not a definitive dialogue of everything that is happening in the ORE arena, but more an overview, orientation and guideline for the early entrant. This paper is focused on the physical and technical issues and does not endeavor to get into details regarding the financial and economics questions and details. The economic and financial element of this emerging industry is a very complex issue with many variables and deserves its own focus.
{"title":"An Overview and Awareness Briefing for Offshore Renewable Energy, Wind, Wave, Flow, Hydrokinetic and Thermal Convertors","authors":"R. Osborne","doi":"10.4043/29672-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29672-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In recent years much progress has been made getting Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE), wind, wave and current/flow harnessed for use in electrical supply.\u0000 This paper is aimed at giving the newcomer to ORE, both wind and Marine Hydro Kinetic (MHK) devices, an awareness and understanding of the basics. This includes what is needed to garner energy from natural offshore resources, what some of the issues/challenges are, and what some of the currently proposed solutions are and where they are in their maturity. Also included is a resource and reference list where further information may be obtained.\u0000 This is not a definitive dialogue of everything that is happening in the ORE arena, but more an overview, orientation and guideline for the early entrant.\u0000 This paper is focused on the physical and technical issues and does not endeavor to get into details regarding the financial and economics questions and details. The economic and financial element of this emerging industry is a very complex issue with many variables and deserves its own focus.","PeriodicalId":10968,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, May 08, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86817501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new pressure sensor technology packaged with a target for high stability and high reliability applications has been released, a single crystal integrated capacitance sensor that shows promising results for use in subsea and offshore environments. This paper details the laboratory results of qualification tests with a comparison to industry-leading technologies and presents some examples of how this sensor technology can be used to benefit the industry. Design validation testing was undertaken to full transmitters, in many cases with a direct comparison to quartz-based sensors. This technology could open doors to new applications, and it can be configured to the target application. The use of the sensor in certain applications has the potential to reduce costs and increase yield in offshore exploration and production. The qualification data presented here could provide insight into available transmitter capabilities. The single crystal integrated capacitance sensor could fill a gap in the industry for a sensor that stabilizes rapidly to thermal effects while exhibiting excellent long-term drift behavior. The thermal transient error is less than that of the quartz sensors it was tested against, and it allows for larger, continuously changing thermal gradients, with fewer errors. This sensor also allows for an increase in duration between zeroing, unlike typical piezoresistive sensor specifications. The packaging and electronics are customizable for a wide array of solutions. The configuration of the transmitters detailed in this paper was specifically tailored toward data rates of 1Hz or less, 175°C operation, and tolerance to H2S containing environments. Future possibilities can target higher resolution, data rates, and alternate temperatures.
{"title":"New Pressure Sensor Technology in the Offshore Industry","authors":"D. Andrew","doi":"10.4043/29328-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29328-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A new pressure sensor technology packaged with a target for high stability and high reliability applications has been released, a single crystal integrated capacitance sensor that shows promising results for use in subsea and offshore environments. This paper details the laboratory results of qualification tests with a comparison to industry-leading technologies and presents some examples of how this sensor technology can be used to benefit the industry. Design validation testing was undertaken to full transmitters, in many cases with a direct comparison to quartz-based sensors.\u0000 This technology could open doors to new applications, and it can be configured to the target application. The use of the sensor in certain applications has the potential to reduce costs and increase yield in offshore exploration and production. The qualification data presented here could provide insight into available transmitter capabilities.\u0000 The single crystal integrated capacitance sensor could fill a gap in the industry for a sensor that stabilizes rapidly to thermal effects while exhibiting excellent long-term drift behavior. The thermal transient error is less than that of the quartz sensors it was tested against, and it allows for larger, continuously changing thermal gradients, with fewer errors. This sensor also allows for an increase in duration between zeroing, unlike typical piezoresistive sensor specifications.\u0000 The packaging and electronics are customizable for a wide array of solutions. The configuration of the transmitters detailed in this paper was specifically tailored toward data rates of 1Hz or less, 175°C operation, and tolerance to H2S containing environments. Future possibilities can target higher resolution, data rates, and alternate temperatures.","PeriodicalId":10968,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, May 08, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91197676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to test the effectiveness and efficiency of nano-microspheres which can be used to effectively reduce water cut with a small slug size, a series of experimental tests have been conducted to evaluate the performance of nano-microspheres and factors affecting the performance. Those tests include hydration swelling characteristics, blocking and migration characteristics, salt resistance, shear resistance and so on. Based on the experimental study, detailed pilot test design were conducted by considering the different reservoir pore structures and microsphere sizes used for oil displacement, so that the slug size is minimized while the net revenue is maximized. Since 2009, deep profile control technology by injecting small slug-size nano-microsphere has been developed in offshore oilfields in Bohai Sea. The main mechanism of nano-microsphere is different from the traditional approaches which increase the water phase viscosity to improve mobility ratio. In nano-microsphere deep profile control technology, nano/micron level microspheres were dispersed in the water phase. Along with the water injected into formation, microspheres swell under the formation condition, plug the water channels, reduce the permeability of high permeable zone, dynamically change the water flow paths, thus increase the water sweeping efficiency. Since 2009, a total of 17 well patterns have implemented in QHD, BZ28, BZ29 oilfields in Bohai Sea. In all those tests, small slug sizes in the range from 0.01 to 0.02 PV were used. Water cut is reduced from 80% to 70% and cumulative oil production was increased by 13.1×106m3. The economic evaluation suggests that for every one dollar investment on this technology, 3.1 dollar can be made even when the oil price is $30 per barrel. So the project has a good technical and economic outcome even in extreme low oil prices.
{"title":"Experimental and Pilot Tests of Deep Profile Control by Injecting Small Slug-Size Nano-Microsphere in Offshore Oil Fields","authors":"Yanchun Su, Yanlai Li, Liliei Wang, Yifan He","doi":"10.4043/29452-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29452-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In order to test the effectiveness and efficiency of nano-microspheres which can be used to effectively reduce water cut with a small slug size, a series of experimental tests have been conducted to evaluate the performance of nano-microspheres and factors affecting the performance. Those tests include hydration swelling characteristics, blocking and migration characteristics, salt resistance, shear resistance and so on. Based on the experimental study, detailed pilot test design were conducted by considering the different reservoir pore structures and microsphere sizes used for oil displacement, so that the slug size is minimized while the net revenue is maximized. Since 2009, deep profile control technology by injecting small slug-size nano-microsphere has been developed in offshore oilfields in Bohai Sea. The main mechanism of nano-microsphere is different from the traditional approaches which increase the water phase viscosity to improve mobility ratio. In nano-microsphere deep profile control technology, nano/micron level microspheres were dispersed in the water phase. Along with the water injected into formation, microspheres swell under the formation condition, plug the water channels, reduce the permeability of high permeable zone, dynamically change the water flow paths, thus increase the water sweeping efficiency. Since 2009, a total of 17 well patterns have implemented in QHD, BZ28, BZ29 oilfields in Bohai Sea. In all those tests, small slug sizes in the range from 0.01 to 0.02 PV were used. Water cut is reduced from 80% to 70% and cumulative oil production was increased by 13.1×106m3. The economic evaluation suggests that for every one dollar investment on this technology, 3.1 dollar can be made even when the oil price is $30 per barrel. So the project has a good technical and economic outcome even in extreme low oil prices.","PeriodicalId":10968,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, May 08, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81414615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. B. Leal, A. L. Barroso, Xandel Miranda, L. Flores, Gutembergue Medeiros, C. Marcelino, Lillian Moranezi, Rogério Amadeu Pereira, F. S. Oliveira, Herick Bulhões Cândido
A significant number of horizontal wells have ultimately proven to be engineering failure impacting the productivity result negatively. This paper will discuss an approach of a suitable non-damaging fluid designed to drill a depleted and high BHT (Bottom Hole Temperature) horizontal well located on the Sergipe Basin, Northeastern Brazil. Particularly, the application of a customized Chelant /Enzyme filter cake Breaker System and potential Formation of emulsion was evaluated presenting results here. The performance of the fluid loss and viscosifier additives was then evaluated for high BHT. Finally, the necessity of the use of emulsion preventer was evaluated, since tests showed emulsion formation between RDF fluid loss and reservoir oil. The last step was to formulate RDF Breaker. These wellbore productive fluids are designed to attack specific RDF mudcake components; an enzyme and a chelant with the functionality to consume the starch and calcium carbonate components, respectively, minimizing reservoir damage. The results show that the temperature stabilizer displays favorable interactions with polymers when exposed to high temperatures, above 240 °F. The hydroxypropyl starch was selected as the fluid loss controller because it presented lower API filter volume under conditions of 243 ° F for 48h. Under the same conditions between the xanthan gum analyzed for the viscosifying additive, one showed better rheological results. An emulsion preventer selected displayed good results in the action against formation of emulsion of the API filter and the oil. Breaker effectiveness was proven with the Return Permeability Test performed, which showed acted as a mudcake remover formed by the RDF.
{"title":"Reservoir Drilling and Completion Best Practices: Well Productivity Assessment Applying Drill in Fluid, Chelant/Enzyme Breaker System and Stimulation Design on Onshore Well BHT Scenario in Brazil","authors":"A. B. Leal, A. L. Barroso, Xandel Miranda, L. Flores, Gutembergue Medeiros, C. Marcelino, Lillian Moranezi, Rogério Amadeu Pereira, F. S. Oliveira, Herick Bulhões Cândido","doi":"10.4043/29404-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29404-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A significant number of horizontal wells have ultimately proven to be engineering failure impacting the productivity result negatively. This paper will discuss an approach of a suitable non-damaging fluid designed to drill a depleted and high BHT (Bottom Hole Temperature) horizontal well located on the Sergipe Basin, Northeastern Brazil. Particularly, the application of a customized Chelant /Enzyme filter cake Breaker System and potential Formation of emulsion was evaluated presenting results here.\u0000 The performance of the fluid loss and viscosifier additives was then evaluated for high BHT. Finally, the necessity of the use of emulsion preventer was evaluated, since tests showed emulsion formation between RDF fluid loss and reservoir oil. The last step was to formulate RDF Breaker. These wellbore productive fluids are designed to attack specific RDF mudcake components; an enzyme and a chelant with the functionality to consume the starch and calcium carbonate components, respectively, minimizing reservoir damage.\u0000 The results show that the temperature stabilizer displays favorable interactions with polymers when exposed to high temperatures, above 240 °F. The hydroxypropyl starch was selected as the fluid loss controller because it presented lower API filter volume under conditions of 243 ° F for 48h. Under the same conditions between the xanthan gum analyzed for the viscosifying additive, one showed better rheological results. An emulsion preventer selected displayed good results in the action against formation of emulsion of the API filter and the oil. Breaker effectiveness was proven with the Return Permeability Test performed, which showed acted as a mudcake remover formed by the RDF.","PeriodicalId":10968,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, May 08, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76926063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Filipa Castro, Pedro Costa, F. Marques, Manuel Parente
Deep learning, a subset of machine learning, allows computers to perform certain tasks, such as image or video recognition, with human level performance. However, deep models need huge amounts of data to learn from, which requires that experts spend their time in the repetitive and non-scalable task of labelling datasets. Active learning suggests that one can minimize the cost of annotation if a model is allowed to smartly choose the best data samples to be labelled. Therefore, we propose a deep and active learning approach that aims to minimize the labelling effort while maximizing the performance of a model for a certain task. We present the task of detecting fish in Remote Operated Vehicles (ROV) videos as a real world problem in which our framework can be successfully applied. To start with, we demonstrate that active learning outperforms random sampling, which is the simplest approach for building a dataset. Besides, we study several active learning settings for the given task, namely different acquisition and aggregation functions. Finally, the proposed methodology is shown to achieve top performance in detecting fish by using only 19% of the available data, thus reducing the cost of building our fish dataset by more than 80%.
{"title":"Reducing Costs in Building a Dataset Using Deep and Active Learning","authors":"Filipa Castro, Pedro Costa, F. Marques, Manuel Parente","doi":"10.4043/29322-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29322-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Deep learning, a subset of machine learning, allows computers to perform certain tasks, such as image or video recognition, with human level performance. However, deep models need huge amounts of data to learn from, which requires that experts spend their time in the repetitive and non-scalable task of labelling datasets. Active learning suggests that one can minimize the cost of annotation if a model is allowed to smartly choose the best data samples to be labelled. Therefore, we propose a deep and active learning approach that aims to minimize the labelling effort while maximizing the performance of a model for a certain task. We present the task of detecting fish in Remote Operated Vehicles (ROV) videos as a real world problem in which our framework can be successfully applied. To start with, we demonstrate that active learning outperforms random sampling, which is the simplest approach for building a dataset. Besides, we study several active learning settings for the given task, namely different acquisition and aggregation functions. Finally, the proposed methodology is shown to achieve top performance in detecting fish by using only 19% of the available data, thus reducing the cost of building our fish dataset by more than 80%.","PeriodicalId":10968,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, May 08, 2019","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83865985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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