Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.016
Keevon Flohr , Michael Janeček , Lingyun Wang , Vicente Valle , Shaohua Pi , Rui T. Peixoto , Susana da Silva
Human retinal organoids (hRetOrg) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have emerged as powerful in vitro systems for studying retinal development, modeling retinal diseases, and evaluating therapeutic strategies. However, current genetic manipulation approaches, such as stable hiPSC line generation and viral transduction, are laborious and costly, offering limited spatial specificity and high variability in transgene expression. Here, we report a rapid, scalable, and spatially precise electroporation-based platform for efficient plasmid-based gene delivery in early-stage hRetOrg. Our method enables tunable and region-specific transfection of retinal progenitor cells without viral vectors or clonal selection. When coupled with resonant-scanning two-photon microscopy, this approach allows fast live cell imaging of whole organoids with subcellular resolution. Taken together, our versatile system supports high-throughput genetic manipulation and imaging in intact hRetOrg, advancing studies of human retinal development, gene function, and disease pathophysiology.
{"title":"Electroporation-based gene delivery and whole-organoid imaging in human retinal organoids","authors":"Keevon Flohr , Michael Janeček , Lingyun Wang , Vicente Valle , Shaohua Pi , Rui T. Peixoto , Susana da Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human retinal organoids (hRetOrg) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have emerged as powerful <em>in vitro</em> systems for studying retinal development, modeling retinal diseases, and evaluating therapeutic strategies. However, current genetic manipulation approaches, such as stable hiPSC line generation and viral transduction, are laborious and costly, offering limited spatial specificity and high variability in transgene expression. Here, we report a rapid, scalable, and spatially precise electroporation-based platform for efficient plasmid-based gene delivery in early-stage hRetOrg. Our method enables tunable and region-specific transfection of retinal progenitor cells without viral vectors or clonal selection. When coupled with resonant-scanning two-photon microscopy, this approach allows fast live cell imaging of whole organoids with subcellular resolution. Taken together, our versatile system supports high-throughput genetic manipulation and imaging in intact hRetOrg, advancing studies of human retinal development, gene function, and disease pathophysiology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"530 ","pages":"Pages 148-159"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145696081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.12.001
Janina Kueper , Ivan Moskowitz , Rolf Stottmann , Irene Zohn , Mustafa K. Khokha
{"title":"Challenges and opportunities for understanding the genetic causes of congenital anomalies","authors":"Janina Kueper , Ivan Moskowitz , Rolf Stottmann , Irene Zohn , Mustafa K. Khokha","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"530 ","pages":"Pages 160-170"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145667574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1016/S0012-1606(25)00329-X
{"title":"Outside Back Cover - Graphical abstract TOC/TOC in double column/Cover image legend if applicable, Bar code, Abstracting and Indexing information","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0012-1606(25)00329-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0012-1606(25)00329-X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"529 ","pages":"Page OBC"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145614436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.012
Ben Dillon Cox , Hailong Yang , Joshua Moore , Neha Ahuja , Kirk Amundson , Nicole Aponte-Santiago , Cagney Coomer , Yan Gong , Amy L. Herbert , Concepcion Manzano , Jesús Martínez-Gómez , James Satterlee , Siobhán M. Brady , Crystal D. Rogers
Developmental biology stands at a crossroads. While some have suggested the field is in decline, we, early-career developmental biologists, see an era of renewal driven by conceptual expansion, technical innovation, and cross-disciplinary integration. In this Commentary, we reflect on discussions from a 2024 workshop of postdoctoral scholars from across North America, outlining shared challenges and opportunities that will shape the field's future. We argue that the perceived crisis in developmental biology stems not from a lack of relevance, but from a narrow definition that overlooks its broader reach, from embryogenesis to regeneration, stem cell biology, aging, and environmental responsiveness. We highlight how emerging model organisms, single-cell systems, and advances in imaging and genomics now enable comparative and mechanistic insights across the tree of life. To sustain this progress, we call for renewed investment in basic research, structural reforms to support early-career scientists, and accessible community-driven resources for emerging model systems. Finally, we emphasize the importance of public engagement, equitable mentorship, and acknowledgment of the field's complex history to foster an inclusive and resilient scientific community. Together, these efforts can reprogram the trajectory of developmental biology and secure its central place in understanding the origins and dynamics of life.
{"title":"Reprogramming our fate: a postdoctoral reflection on current challenges and prospects for developmental biology","authors":"Ben Dillon Cox , Hailong Yang , Joshua Moore , Neha Ahuja , Kirk Amundson , Nicole Aponte-Santiago , Cagney Coomer , Yan Gong , Amy L. Herbert , Concepcion Manzano , Jesús Martínez-Gómez , James Satterlee , Siobhán M. Brady , Crystal D. Rogers","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developmental biology stands at a crossroads. While some have suggested the field is in decline, we, early-career developmental biologists, see an era of renewal driven by conceptual expansion, technical innovation, and cross-disciplinary integration. In this Commentary, we reflect on discussions from a 2024 workshop of postdoctoral scholars from across North America, outlining shared challenges and opportunities that will shape the field's future. We argue that the perceived crisis in developmental biology stems not from a lack of relevance, but from a narrow definition that overlooks its broader reach, from embryogenesis to regeneration, stem cell biology, aging, and environmental responsiveness. We highlight how emerging model organisms, single-cell systems, and advances in imaging and genomics now enable comparative and mechanistic insights across the tree of life. To sustain this progress, we call for renewed investment in basic research, structural reforms to support early-career scientists, and accessible community-driven resources for emerging model systems. Finally, we emphasize the importance of public engagement, equitable mentorship, and acknowledgment of the field's complex history to foster an inclusive and resilient scientific community. Together, these efforts can reprogram the trajectory of developmental biology and secure its central place in understanding the origins and dynamics of life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"530 ","pages":"Pages 132-137"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145596238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-21DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.011
David Paulding , Simon J.Y. Han , Jonathan Timmons , Michelle Caye , Alexa Riedel , Samantha A. Brugmann , Lindsey Barske
Nuclear receptors are iteratively deployed during neural crest development, from pre-induction through differentiation stages. NR2F1 and NR2F2 in particular have been proposed as broad regulators of early neural crest gene expression in mammals, but the timing, extent, and redundancy of their developmental requirement has remained unclear, as Nr2f1 and Nr2f2 single mouse mutants present only minimal craniofacial phenotypes. Here we report the dynamic expression patterns of Nr2f1 and Nr2f2 in the mouse cranial neural crest from specification through post-migratory stages. Combined conditional knockout of both Nr2f1 and Nr2f2 in the neural crest with Wnt1-Cre or Pax3Cre caused severe midfacial clefting, loss of the maxilla and palate, and hypoplasticity of all other facial skeletal elements except the distal mandible. These perinatal phenotypes were rooted in a major shortage of pharyngeal arch mesenchyme at mid-gestation. This in turn traced to a deficiency of migrating neural crest cells, first evident in the trailing part of the first arch migratory stream at embryonic day 8.75. RNAseq at a slightly earlier stage revealed downregulation of many migratory neural crest genes, including a possible direct target, the phospholipase Plcg2. These findings reveal a vital requirement for NR2F1/2 within the later-forming cranial neural crest.
{"title":"Cranial neural crest shortage leads to extensive craniofacial anomalies in mice mutant for the NR2F1/2 nuclear receptors","authors":"David Paulding , Simon J.Y. Han , Jonathan Timmons , Michelle Caye , Alexa Riedel , Samantha A. Brugmann , Lindsey Barske","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nuclear receptors are iteratively deployed during neural crest development, from pre-induction through differentiation stages. NR2F1 and NR2F2 in particular have been proposed as broad regulators of early neural crest gene expression in mammals, but the timing, extent, and redundancy of their developmental requirement has remained unclear, as <em>Nr2f1</em> and <em>Nr2f2</em> single mouse mutants present only minimal craniofacial phenotypes. Here we report the dynamic expression patterns of <em>Nr2f1</em> and <em>Nr2f2</em> in the mouse cranial neural crest from specification through post-migratory stages. Combined conditional knockout of both <em>Nr2f1</em> and <em>Nr2f2</em> in the neural crest with <em>Wnt1-</em>Cre or <em>Pax3</em><sup>Cre</sup> caused severe midfacial clefting, loss of the maxilla and palate, and hypoplasticity of all other facial skeletal elements except the distal mandible. These perinatal phenotypes were rooted in a major shortage of pharyngeal arch mesenchyme at mid-gestation. This in turn traced to a deficiency of migrating neural crest cells, first evident in the trailing part of the first arch migratory stream at embryonic day 8.75. RNAseq at a slightly earlier stage revealed downregulation of many migratory neural crest genes, including a possible direct target, the phospholipase <em>Plcg2</em>. These findings reveal a vital requirement for NR2F1/2 within the later-forming cranial neural crest.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"530 ","pages":"Pages 102-118"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145586210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-20DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.014
Nozomu M. Totsuka, Kohji Hotta
Metamorphosis is a key event in development that is conserved in many marine organisms. Ciona intestinalis type A induces metamorphosis through the settlement of papillae onto the substrate. The papilla consists of collocytes (CCs), primary sensory neurons (PSNs), and axial columnar cells (ACCs), but it remains unclear whether PSNs alone can induce metamorphosis. Manipulating single neurons is crucial for elucidating the neural network system that drives metamorphosis. In this study, we developed an optogenetic system in which ChrimsonR, a red-shifted mutant of channelrhodopsin, was expressed exclusively in PSNs, enabling metamorphosis to be induced by light stimulation. A Ciona-optimized self-cleaving peptide, T2A, was used to co-express the Ca2+ indicator GCaMP6s, allowing us to monitor neural activity during light stimulation. Activation of PSNs alone induced a series of metamorphic events, including epidermal backward movement, mesenchymal cell extravasation, and tail regression. Furthermore, we confirmed that metamorphosis proceeded to the juvenile stage. Metamorphosis was induced even with intermittent light stimulation, and the total stimulation time required for its initiation was approximately 6 min. The optogenetic system developed in this study may significantly contribute to elucidating the link between neuronal function and metamorphosis at the single-cell level.
{"title":"Optogenetic activation of primary sensory neurons induces metamorphosis in Ciona","authors":"Nozomu M. Totsuka, Kohji Hotta","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metamorphosis is a key event in development that is conserved in many marine organisms. <em>Ciona intestinalis</em> type A induces metamorphosis through the settlement of papillae onto the substrate. The papilla consists of collocytes (CCs), primary sensory neurons (PSNs), and axial columnar cells (ACCs), but it remains unclear whether PSNs alone can induce metamorphosis. Manipulating single neurons is crucial for elucidating the neural network system that drives metamorphosis. In this study, we developed an optogenetic system in which ChrimsonR, a red-shifted mutant of channelrhodopsin, was expressed exclusively in PSNs, enabling metamorphosis to be induced by light stimulation. A <em>Ciona</em>-optimized self-cleaving peptide, T2A, was used to co-express the Ca<sup>2+</sup> indicator GCaMP6s, allowing us to monitor neural activity during light stimulation. Activation of PSNs alone induced a series of metamorphic events, including epidermal backward movement, mesenchymal cell extravasation, and tail regression. Furthermore, we confirmed that metamorphosis proceeded to the juvenile stage. Metamorphosis was induced even with intermittent light stimulation, and the total stimulation time required for its initiation was approximately 6 min. The optogenetic system developed in this study may significantly contribute to elucidating the link between neuronal function and metamorphosis at the single-cell level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"530 ","pages":"Pages 77-85"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145581925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-20DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.015
Suneel S. Apte
Tissues comprise not only cells, but also extracellular matrix (ECM), which is assembled from some of the most abundant molecules in animals. ECM composition and organization underlie the tissue architecture of most organs by design and is thus optimized for their principal physiologic functions. While the structural role of ECM is widely accepted, its regulatory role is often overlooked. We identified a crucial role for ECM proteoglycans aggrecan and versican and the proteases which degrade them in ensuring dimorphism of the umbilical arteries and vein in relation to rapid closure of the umbilical arteries at birth. Another study which sought to define the roles of proteases in the vasculature, unexpectedly uncovered a requirement for ADAMTS9, a secreted protease, in trimming pericellular versican in the late-gestation myometrium. This activity was found to be necessary for priming the myometrium for sufficiently strong uterine contraction at parturition. These studies and others showed that fine tuning of umbilical vascular and myometrial ECM is crucial for survival of the species and illustrate how regulatory processes of the ECM can modulate smooth muscle cell phenotype. In addition to the outcomes, the underlying narrative illustrates how a mix of curiosity, happenstance, exploration of tangents, interdisciplinary collaboration and generous sharing of resources is rewarding and has a significant role in scientific discoveries.
{"title":"A serendipitous convergence- insights on extracellular matrix proteoglycans and their proteolysis in ensuring successful mammalian birth","authors":"Suneel S. Apte","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tissues comprise not only cells, but also extracellular matrix (ECM), which is assembled from some of the most abundant molecules in animals. ECM composition and organization underlie the tissue architecture of most organs by design and is thus optimized for their principal physiologic functions. While the structural role of ECM is widely accepted, its regulatory role is often overlooked. We identified a crucial role for ECM proteoglycans aggrecan and versican and the proteases which degrade them in ensuring dimorphism of the umbilical arteries and vein in relation to rapid closure of the umbilical arteries at birth. Another study which sought to define the roles of proteases in the vasculature, unexpectedly uncovered a requirement for ADAMTS9, a secreted protease, in trimming pericellular versican in the late-gestation myometrium. This activity was found to be necessary for priming the myometrium for sufficiently strong uterine contraction at parturition. These studies and others showed that fine tuning of umbilical vascular and myometrial ECM is crucial for survival of the species and illustrate how regulatory processes of the ECM can modulate smooth muscle cell phenotype. In addition to the outcomes, the underlying narrative illustrates how a mix of curiosity, happenstance, exploration of tangents, interdisciplinary collaboration and generous sharing of resources is rewarding and has a significant role in scientific discoveries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"530 ","pages":"Pages 70-76"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145581964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.013
Zainab Afzal, Deepak Kumar
From inception, the environment plays a critical role, first in the development of an organism, and later, as adults, in how an organism through homeostatic processes may undergo changes in response to external exposures or insults. Exposure during early development can impact future susceptibility to diseases, and adult exposure has been observed to cause epigenetic changes that can be passed down to generations. This review aims to address the dual aspects of environmental response; 1) at the level of an organism, focusing on how an organism adapts or responds to environmental toxins (yin), and 2) at the cellular level, examining how a single cell develops into a complete organism (yang). Bridging the gap between these two forms of exposure, the intrinsic at level of a cell and the extrinsic at the level of an organism, and their response is becoming increasingly critical due to changes in our current exposure landscapes and the consequent need to understand the etiologies behind the rise in various developmental and diseased states.
{"title":"Environmental yin-yang: how external cues are processed at the level of cells and at the level of an organism","authors":"Zainab Afzal, Deepak Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>From inception, the environment plays a critical role, first in the development of an organism, and later, as adults, in how an organism through homeostatic processes may undergo changes in response to external exposures or insults. Exposure during early development can impact future susceptibility to diseases, and adult exposure has been observed to cause epigenetic changes that can be passed down to generations. This review aims to address the dual aspects of environmental response; 1) at the level of an organism, focusing on how an organism adapts or responds to environmental toxins (yin), and 2) at the cellular level, examining how a single cell develops into a complete organism (yang). Bridging the gap between these two forms of exposure, the intrinsic at level of a cell and the extrinsic at the level of an organism, and their response is becoming increasingly critical due to changes in our current exposure landscapes and the consequent need to understand the etiologies behind the rise in various developmental and diseased states.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"530 ","pages":"Pages 57-69"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145573596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-18DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.009
A.B. Pandhare , S.V. Mulik , A.S. Patil , D. Sohn , N.B. Birajdar , V.M. Khot , Moonis Ali Khan , A. Manikandan , Lalitha Gnanasekaran , D.S. Vijayan , S. Santhoshkumar , B.E. Keshta , S.D. Delekar , R.P. Patil
This study employs an eco-friendly approach to synthesize superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (SPIO) using Aegle Marmelos (A. Marmelos) pulp extract as a surfactant as well as a reducing agent. The pulp extract from A. marmelos is medicinally employed to treat cholera, diabetes, skin infections, earaches, blood purification, and heart problems. Further, the XRD and TEM analyses confirmed the formation of SPIO nanoparticles with a cubic structure and crystallite sizes ranging from 5 to 12 nm. The FE-SEM showed that the SPIO displayed a uniform distribution with quasi-spherical morphology. FTIR evaluation directed the existence of iron-oxygen (Fe-O) bonds, while XPS analysis confirmed iron (Fe) in both +3 and + 2 oxidation states. SQUID studies verify the superparamagnetic nature of the material, with a magnetization (Ms) of 42.02 emu/g. Following characterization, the hyperthermia performance and specific loss power (SLP) of SPIO nanoparticles were systematically explored to assess their dependency on concentration, frequency, and the alternating magnetic field (AC field). These SPIO nanoparticles exhibit excellent hyperthermia proficiency (42–45 °C), with SLP values of 153.48 and 40.33 W/g at concentrations of 1 mg/mL in aqueous media (DI H2O) and ethylene glycol media (E.G.), respectively, under an AC field (400 A). Furthermore, different concentrations of SPIO were tested for acute toxicity using a static renewal bioassay method. The results indicate non-toxic behavior towards vital organs such as the ovaries, gills, liver, heart, kidneys, brain, and muscles of the benthopelagic fish Cirrhinusmrigala. These findings highlight the potential of the SPIO nanoparticles as biocompatible for magnetic hyperthermia applications (MHT). These newly developed SPIO nanoparticles are suitable for deployment in the medical field, as they exhibit remarkable performance in the treatment of MHT when exposed to an AC field.
{"title":"Plant-mediated synthesis of biocompatible Fe3O4 nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia therapy: A preclinical study in pharmaceutical nanotechnology","authors":"A.B. Pandhare , S.V. Mulik , A.S. Patil , D. Sohn , N.B. Birajdar , V.M. Khot , Moonis Ali Khan , A. Manikandan , Lalitha Gnanasekaran , D.S. Vijayan , S. Santhoshkumar , B.E. Keshta , S.D. Delekar , R.P. Patil","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employs an eco-friendly approach to synthesize superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) nanoparticles (SPIO) using <em>Aegle Marmelos (A. Marmelos)</em> pulp extract as a surfactant as well as a reducing agent. The pulp extract from <em>A. marmelos</em> is medicinally employed to treat cholera, diabetes, skin infections, earaches, blood purification, and heart problems. Further, the XRD and TEM analyses confirmed the formation of SPIO nanoparticles with a cubic structure and crystallite sizes ranging from 5 to 12 nm. The FE-SEM showed that the SPIO displayed a uniform distribution with quasi-spherical morphology. FTIR evaluation directed the existence of iron-oxygen (Fe-O) bonds, while XPS analysis confirmed iron (Fe) in both +3 and + 2 oxidation states. SQUID studies verify the superparamagnetic nature of the material, with a magnetization (Ms) of 42.02 emu/g. Following characterization, the hyperthermia performance and specific loss power (SLP) of SPIO nanoparticles were systematically explored to assess their dependency on concentration, frequency, and the alternating magnetic field (AC field). These SPIO nanoparticles exhibit excellent hyperthermia proficiency (42–45 °C), with SLP values of 153.48 and 40.33 W/g at concentrations of 1 mg/mL in aqueous media (DI H<sub>2</sub>O) and ethylene glycol media (E.G.), respectively, under an AC field (400 A). Furthermore, different concentrations of SPIO were tested for acute toxicity using a static renewal bioassay method. The results indicate non-toxic behavior towards vital organs such as the ovaries, gills, liver, heart, kidneys, brain, and muscles of the benthopelagic fish <em>Cirrhinusmrigala</em>. These findings highlight the potential of the SPIO nanoparticles as biocompatible for magnetic hyperthermia applications (MHT). These newly developed SPIO nanoparticles are suitable for deployment in the medical field, as they exhibit remarkable performance in the treatment of MHT when exposed to an AC field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"530 ","pages":"Pages 119-131"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145556572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.010
Sydney E. Christensen , Maria Ali , Jorden N. Holland, Bruce B. Riley
The zebrafish otic vesicle initially develops with only two sensory maculae, each with distinct functions. The anterior utricular macula is indispensable for vestibular function, while the posterior saccular macula is the primary auditory endorgan in zebrafish. The unique identities of these maculae are specified in the early otic vesicle by differing levels of Fgf vs. Shh signaling, but few downstream effectors have been identified. pou3f3b is the only saccule-specific marker known, but its function has not been established. We generated a knockout allele of pou3f3b and found that it causes a persistent delay in accumulation of saccular hair cells due to a failure to activate saccular expression of fgf3. In addition, saccular hair cells exhibit reduced expression of Otoferlin caused by ectopic expression of neurog1. Defects in saccular hair cell development are fully rescued by misexpressing fgf3 or knocking down neurog1. Misexpression of pou3f3b causes loss of utricular pax5 expression and further truncates neurog1 in the posterior otic vesicle but does not otherwise alter macular development. In addition to regulating saccular development, pou3f3b is also expressed in a previously undescribed population of non-neuronal cells that delaminate from the otic vesicle and migrate together with developing neuroblasts to promote their maturation. Mutant neuroblasts show a marked delay in activation of expression of neurod1, causing a transient delay in accumulation of mature SAG neurons. Thus pou3f3b is required for timely development of SAG neurons and saccular/auditory hair cells.
{"title":"Zebrafish pou3f3b controls saccular/auditory development and marks non-neuronal cells that delaminate from the otic vesicle to promote neuroblast maturation","authors":"Sydney E. Christensen , Maria Ali , Jorden N. Holland, Bruce B. Riley","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The zebrafish otic vesicle initially develops with only two sensory maculae, each with distinct functions. The anterior utricular macula is indispensable for vestibular function, while the posterior saccular macula is the primary auditory endorgan in zebrafish. The unique identities of these maculae are specified in the early otic vesicle by differing levels of Fgf vs. Shh signaling, but few downstream effectors have been identified. <em>pou3f3b</em> is the only saccule-specific marker known, but its function has not been established. We generated a knockout allele of <em>pou3f3b</em> and found that it causes a persistent delay in accumulation of saccular hair cells due to a failure to activate saccular expression of <em>fgf3.</em> In addition, saccular hair cells exhibit reduced expression of Otoferlin caused by ectopic expression of <em>neurog1</em>. Defects in saccular hair cell development are fully rescued by misexpressing <em>fgf3</em> or knocking down <em>neurog1</em>. Misexpression of <em>pou3f3b</em> causes loss of utricular <em>pax5</em> expression and further truncates <em>neurog1</em> in the posterior otic vesicle but does not otherwise alter macular development. In addition to regulating saccular development, <em>pou3f3b</em> is also expressed in a previously undescribed population of non-neuronal cells that delaminate from the otic vesicle and migrate together with developing neuroblasts to promote their maturation. Mutant neuroblasts show a marked delay in activation of expression of <em>neurod1</em>, causing a transient delay in accumulation of mature SAG neurons. Thus <em>pou3f3b</em> is required for timely development of SAG neurons and saccular/auditory hair cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"530 ","pages":"Pages 38-48"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145556491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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