The pulse sharpening effect of nonlinear transmission lines (NLTL) with nonlinear power capacitors has been applied to fast high voltage pulse generation. NLTL can be utilized for high repetitive operation, since NLTL consist of only passive elements. The main problem of the scheme is difficulty of obtaining nonlinear power capacitors with high withstand voltage. In this study, the authors employed commercially available BaTiO/sub 3/ ceramic capacitors as the nonlinear power capacitors, and confirmed the high voltage operation of NLTL in the voltage range of up to 20 kV.
{"title":"Fast high voltage pulse generator with nonlinear transmission line for high repetitive operation","authors":"S. Ibuka, T. Miyazawa, A. Ishii, S. Ishii","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.599807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.599807","url":null,"abstract":"The pulse sharpening effect of nonlinear transmission lines (NLTL) with nonlinear power capacitors has been applied to fast high voltage pulse generation. NLTL can be utilized for high repetitive operation, since NLTL consist of only passive elements. The main problem of the scheme is difficulty of obtaining nonlinear power capacitors with high withstand voltage. In this study, the authors employed commercially available BaTiO/sub 3/ ceramic capacitors as the nonlinear power capacitors, and confirmed the high voltage operation of NLTL in the voltage range of up to 20 kV.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75666395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Smith, D. Morton, D. Giri, H. Lackner, C. Baum, J. Marek
This paper describes the design and test of a radiating system for impulse-like waveforms. The antenna is a 3.66 meter diameter paraboloidal reflector fed by a pair of conical TEM feed structures. The pulse generator that feeds the TEM structures incorporates an electromagnetic lens to ensure a near-ideal spherical TEM wavelaunch, and a/spl ges/120 kV, /spl sim/100 atm. hydrogen switch operating in burst mode at up to 200 Hz. The antenna radiates a waveform which is the time-derivative of the double exponential [/spl sim/100 ps, 45 nsec 10-90% rise and fall] waveform supplied by the pulser.
{"title":"Design, fabrication and testing of a paraboloidal reflector antenna and pulser system for impulse-like waveforms","authors":"I. Smith, D. Morton, D. Giri, H. Lackner, C. Baum, J. Marek","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.596455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.596455","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the design and test of a radiating system for impulse-like waveforms. The antenna is a 3.66 meter diameter paraboloidal reflector fed by a pair of conical TEM feed structures. The pulse generator that feeds the TEM structures incorporates an electromagnetic lens to ensure a near-ideal spherical TEM wavelaunch, and a/spl ges/120 kV, /spl sim/100 atm. hydrogen switch operating in burst mode at up to 200 Hz. The antenna radiates a waveform which is the time-derivative of the double exponential [/spl sim/100 ps, 45 nsec 10-90% rise and fall] waveform supplied by the pulser.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73706953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Comparative analysis of the characteristics for the gas insulated three-electrode spark gaps and vacuum insulated three-electrode spark gaps is presented in this paper. The experimental part of this paper includes the testing of spark gap models. Two spark gap types were tested: one having the third electrode inside the main electrode and one having a separate third electrode, both being insulated by vacuum or gas (under pressure, providing the same operating voltage as for a vacuum insulated spark gap). Both types of spark gaps were theoretically sized in the optimal way. Several characteristic are determined experimentally: (1) the influence of the gas and vacuum insulation parameters on the spark gap functioning and (2) the influence of the rate of rise and injected energy of the triggering pulse on the spark gap functioning. Two types of gases were applied: SF/sub 6/ gas, N/sub 2/ gas and three vacuum (residual) pressures: 10/sup -1/ Pa, 10/sup -4/ Pa, and 10/sup -6/ Pa. Also, three electrode materials were used: copper, steel and tungsten. The spark gap switching time and delay time are measured.
{"title":"Triggered three-electrode spark gaps","authors":"P. Osmokrović, N. Arsic, N. Kartalović","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.599713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.599713","url":null,"abstract":"Comparative analysis of the characteristics for the gas insulated three-electrode spark gaps and vacuum insulated three-electrode spark gaps is presented in this paper. The experimental part of this paper includes the testing of spark gap models. Two spark gap types were tested: one having the third electrode inside the main electrode and one having a separate third electrode, both being insulated by vacuum or gas (under pressure, providing the same operating voltage as for a vacuum insulated spark gap). Both types of spark gaps were theoretically sized in the optimal way. Several characteristic are determined experimentally: (1) the influence of the gas and vacuum insulation parameters on the spark gap functioning and (2) the influence of the rate of rise and injected energy of the triggering pulse on the spark gap functioning. Two types of gases were applied: SF/sub 6/ gas, N/sub 2/ gas and three vacuum (residual) pressures: 10/sup -1/ Pa, 10/sup -4/ Pa, and 10/sup -6/ Pa. Also, three electrode materials were used: copper, steel and tungsten. The spark gap switching time and delay time are measured.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78704423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Key elements of the 36 MJ Atlas capacitor bank have been evaluated for individual probabilities of failure. These have been combined to estimate system reliability which is to be greater than 95% on each experimental shot. This analysis utilizes Weibull or Weibull-like distributions with increasing probability of failure with the number of shots. For transmission line insulation, a minimum thickness is obtained and for the railgaps, a method for obtaining a maintenance interval from forthcoming life tests is suggested.
{"title":"Atlas reliability analysis","authors":"Richard Bartsch","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.596514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.596514","url":null,"abstract":"Key elements of the 36 MJ Atlas capacitor bank have been evaluated for individual probabilities of failure. These have been combined to estimate system reliability which is to be greater than 95% on each experimental shot. This analysis utilizes Weibull or Weibull-like distributions with increasing probability of failure with the number of shots. For transmission line insulation, a minimum thickness is obtained and for the railgaps, a method for obtaining a maintenance interval from forthcoming life tests is suggested.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75953138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Sorenson, A. Obst, N. King, A. Scannapieco, H. Lee, M. Sheppard, J. Roberts, D. Platts, A. Taylor, S. Watson, M. Hockaday, B. Malone, C. Ciarcia, B. Frogget, D. Westley, R. Flurer, P. Watts, K. Peterson, B. Pritchett, D. Malson, D. Crain
An in-line holographic imaging system has been developed for hydrodynamic experiments at the Pegasus facility located at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Holography offers the unique capability to record distributions of particles over a three dimensional volume. The system to be discussed is used to measure particle distributions of ejecta emitted after a cylindrical aluminum liner (5.0 cm in diameter, 2.0 cm high) impacts a target (3.0 cm in diameter). The ejecta emerge from the target traveling up to 7 mm//spl mu/s and moves toward the axial center of the system where the holographic imaging is performed. In-line holography is particularly suited for the Pegasus pulsed power facility where the geometry restrictions make off axis holography impractical. In order to record the fast moving particles a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser system has been implemented which produces a 80 ps 20 millijoule pulse at 532 nm. An optical relay system composed of a Fourier optical lens pair has been developed which is placed 4.0 cm from the center of the region of interest. This relay lens pair forms an intermediate image 32 cm from the object plane and the hologram is placed 4 cm downstream from the intermediate image. The holographic system and resolution capability is discussed.
{"title":"In-line particle field holography at Pegasus","authors":"D. Sorenson, A. Obst, N. King, A. Scannapieco, H. Lee, M. Sheppard, J. Roberts, D. Platts, A. Taylor, S. Watson, M. Hockaday, B. Malone, C. Ciarcia, B. Frogget, D. Westley, R. Flurer, P. Watts, K. Peterson, B. Pritchett, D. Malson, D. Crain","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.599747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.599747","url":null,"abstract":"An in-line holographic imaging system has been developed for hydrodynamic experiments at the Pegasus facility located at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Holography offers the unique capability to record distributions of particles over a three dimensional volume. The system to be discussed is used to measure particle distributions of ejecta emitted after a cylindrical aluminum liner (5.0 cm in diameter, 2.0 cm high) impacts a target (3.0 cm in diameter). The ejecta emerge from the target traveling up to 7 mm//spl mu/s and moves toward the axial center of the system where the holographic imaging is performed. In-line holography is particularly suited for the Pegasus pulsed power facility where the geometry restrictions make off axis holography impractical. In order to record the fast moving particles a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser system has been implemented which produces a 80 ps 20 millijoule pulse at 532 nm. An optical relay system composed of a Fourier optical lens pair has been developed which is placed 4.0 cm from the center of the region of interest. This relay lens pair forms an intermediate image 32 cm from the object plane and the hologram is placed 4 cm downstream from the intermediate image. The holographic system and resolution capability is discussed.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79181910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chirped pulse compression is achieved in transmit modes with wideband antennas, such as log periodic dipole arrays (LPDA), where the matched filters are the antennas. In this paper, a modulation technique is described which compresses ultra wideband (UWB) signals on conventional LPDAs. In transmit modes, high power microwaves (HPM) applications are found with wideband transmitting antennas, such as LPDA, where the matched filters are the antennas. The strong phase dispersion usually encountered with LPDAs creates substantial distortion in the shape of wideband signals or pulses. This distortion is greatly reduced with either a change in the FM from linear to exponential or with a modification in the log periodicity of the array elements to a linear periodicity.
{"title":"High power microwave generation with pulse compression","authors":"A. Biggs","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.596795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.596795","url":null,"abstract":"Chirped pulse compression is achieved in transmit modes with wideband antennas, such as log periodic dipole arrays (LPDA), where the matched filters are the antennas. In this paper, a modulation technique is described which compresses ultra wideband (UWB) signals on conventional LPDAs. In transmit modes, high power microwaves (HPM) applications are found with wideband transmitting antennas, such as LPDA, where the matched filters are the antennas. The strong phase dispersion usually encountered with LPDAs creates substantial distortion in the shape of wideband signals or pulses. This distortion is greatly reduced with either a change in the FM from linear to exponential or with a modification in the log periodicity of the array elements to a linear periodicity.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84479711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A large area (15 cm /spl times/15 cm) uniform vacuum ultraviolet light source employing a surface discharge pumping scheme has been developed for semiconductor processing applications. A low inductance pulsed power circuit for initiating the large area uniform surface discharge was constructed. The total stored energy in the capacitors (4.2 /spl mu/F) is 1.9 kJ when charged to 30 kV. A current pulse of 1.5 /spl mu/s with a peak of 210 kA is deposited to the discharge load from the three capacitor modules. The uniformity of the light over the large area surface discharge is 5% on the surface from visible light measurement when alumina is used as a discharge plate material.
{"title":"Development of an intense surface discharge pumped vacuum ultraviolet lamp","authors":"H. Hatanaka, R. Sze","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.599829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.599829","url":null,"abstract":"A large area (15 cm /spl times/15 cm) uniform vacuum ultraviolet light source employing a surface discharge pumping scheme has been developed for semiconductor processing applications. A low inductance pulsed power circuit for initiating the large area uniform surface discharge was constructed. The total stored energy in the capacitors (4.2 /spl mu/F) is 1.9 kJ when charged to 30 kV. A current pulse of 1.5 /spl mu/s with a peak of 210 kA is deposited to the discharge load from the three capacitor modules. The uniformity of the light over the large area surface discharge is 5% on the surface from visible light measurement when alumina is used as a discharge plate material.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85476619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Barinov, G. S. Belenki, G. I. Dolgachev, Y. Kovalev, D. D. Maslennikov, M. Nitishinski, A. Ushakov, L. Zakatov
The report represents the results of experimental research into the plasma opening switch (POS) in an applied longitudinal magnetic field. Applying magnetic field on an area of the POS reduced the electron component of the current through the POS on a stage of sharp increase of the resistance. The POS which has been chosen for the experiments is one of the versions which the authors used in the repetitive pulsed power X-ray generator RS-20. The parameters of the the electron accelerator are as follows: electron energy 2.5 MeV; electron beam current 10-20 kA; pulse width 100 ns; and average power 10-20 kW. The scheme of the electron diode which is represented allowed X-ray flow focusing.
{"title":"Repetitive plasma opening switch in the magnetic field","authors":"N. Barinov, G. S. Belenki, G. I. Dolgachev, Y. Kovalev, D. D. Maslennikov, M. Nitishinski, A. Ushakov, L. Zakatov","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.599760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.599760","url":null,"abstract":"The report represents the results of experimental research into the plasma opening switch (POS) in an applied longitudinal magnetic field. Applying magnetic field on an area of the POS reduced the electron component of the current through the POS on a stage of sharp increase of the resistance. The POS which has been chosen for the experiments is one of the versions which the authors used in the repetitive pulsed power X-ray generator RS-20. The parameters of the the electron accelerator are as follows: electron energy 2.5 MeV; electron beam current 10-20 kA; pulse width 100 ns; and average power 10-20 kW. The scheme of the electron diode which is represented allowed X-ray flow focusing.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84111779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. G. Bezuglov, I. Galakhov, A. S. Gasheev, I. A. Gruzin, S. Gudov, A. Il'yn, G. A. Kirillov, Yu. P. Kuzmichev, A. Kucherov, S. L. Logutenko, V. M. Murugov, V. Osin, I. N. Pegoev, V. N. Petrakov, V. Zolotovski
The 67 MJ, 50 kV capacitor bank is described for the pumping system of the high-power iodine laser of the ISKRA-5 facility, Russia. The main results of its operation over five years are presented and recommendations are formulated for designing facilities of such a scale.
{"title":"The 67 MJ, 50 kV capacitor bank for the high-power iodine laser of the facility ISKRA-5: description and experience","authors":"V. G. Bezuglov, I. Galakhov, A. S. Gasheev, I. A. Gruzin, S. Gudov, A. Il'yn, G. A. Kirillov, Yu. P. Kuzmichev, A. Kucherov, S. L. Logutenko, V. M. Murugov, V. Osin, I. N. Pegoev, V. N. Petrakov, V. Zolotovski","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.599733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.599733","url":null,"abstract":"The 67 MJ, 50 kV capacitor bank is described for the pumping system of the high-power iodine laser of the ISKRA-5 facility, Russia. The main results of its operation over five years are presented and recommendations are formulated for designing facilities of such a scale.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72805027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Corley, P. Pankuch, R. Hamil, J. J. Ramirez, K. Law, L. Bennett, M. Mazarakis, K. Prestwich, J. Alexander, S. Drennan, J. Ruscetti, C. Pritchard, P. Corcoran, J. Fockler, I. Smith, R. Altes, A. R. Miller
Jupiter is a proposed 15-20 MJ laboratory X-ray source. It would store /spl sim/100 MJ in the Marx generators and deliver /spl sim/500 TW to drive high power z-pinch implosions. The pulsed power requirements for Jupiter were evaluated by a national review panel which concluded that the modular IVA technology as used in HERMES III is capable of meeting these requirements. Modularity of construction permits design verification with less than a full size system and offers the flexibility to meet changing requirements. A program to validate this approach at the required power levels has begun with the construction and testing of components that will comprise a full scale IVA generator module. The IVA module will provide a nominal 10 MV, 1.8 MA, 100 ns FWHM output pulse and will consist of four submodules. Each submodule is composed of a Marx generator, two intermediate energy storage capacitors (ISCs) four pulse forming lines (PFLs), one voltage adder cavity (VAC), plus other associated switches and hardware. A conceptual design for this IVA module has been completed. Initial designs for the ISC, PFL, and their gas switches are also complete and hardware has been procured. Testing of these components is underway at Sandia National Laboratories. Discussions of these designs and results of tests are presented in this paper.
{"title":"Component design, development, and testing of an inductive voltage adder (IVA) system for Jupiter","authors":"J. Corley, P. Pankuch, R. Hamil, J. J. Ramirez, K. Law, L. Bennett, M. Mazarakis, K. Prestwich, J. Alexander, S. Drennan, J. Ruscetti, C. Pritchard, P. Corcoran, J. Fockler, I. Smith, R. Altes, A. R. Miller","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.599823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.599823","url":null,"abstract":"Jupiter is a proposed 15-20 MJ laboratory X-ray source. It would store /spl sim/100 MJ in the Marx generators and deliver /spl sim/500 TW to drive high power z-pinch implosions. The pulsed power requirements for Jupiter were evaluated by a national review panel which concluded that the modular IVA technology as used in HERMES III is capable of meeting these requirements. Modularity of construction permits design verification with less than a full size system and offers the flexibility to meet changing requirements. A program to validate this approach at the required power levels has begun with the construction and testing of components that will comprise a full scale IVA generator module. The IVA module will provide a nominal 10 MV, 1.8 MA, 100 ns FWHM output pulse and will consist of four submodules. Each submodule is composed of a Marx generator, two intermediate energy storage capacitors (ISCs) four pulse forming lines (PFLs), one voltage adder cavity (VAC), plus other associated switches and hardware. A conceptual design for this IVA module has been completed. Initial designs for the ISC, PFL, and their gas switches are also complete and hardware has been procured. Testing of these components is underway at Sandia National Laboratories. Discussions of these designs and results of tests are presented in this paper.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73393366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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