This report summarizes the broad spectrum of activity in pulsed power technology in Ukraine during the last decade of the twentieth century. The purpose of this report is to acquaint the pulsed power community with the major centers in Ukraine which are conducting pulsed power research and developing applications associated with this technology. The pulsed power research and development of applications are being revamped as Ukraine's economy transitions to a free market economy. Because of current economic conditions, pulsed power development is constrained, especially in the experimental and development areas. Historically, development of pulsed power investigations in Ukraine was driven by the needs of experimental physics and by the new electrotechnology developments, as well as by the pure scientific interest of the researchers. The first application of pulsed power processes was magneto-impulse forming in the early 1960s. Gradually the pulsed power applications spread to other technologies (e.g., metal powder sintering) and to designs of special (pulsed) electromechanical devices. With participation of many institutes and research laboratories, the pulsed power technology is concentrated in centers in three cities.
{"title":"Pulsed power in Ukraine","authors":"V. Chemerys, I. Onyshchenko","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.596449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.596449","url":null,"abstract":"This report summarizes the broad spectrum of activity in pulsed power technology in Ukraine during the last decade of the twentieth century. The purpose of this report is to acquaint the pulsed power community with the major centers in Ukraine which are conducting pulsed power research and developing applications associated with this technology. The pulsed power research and development of applications are being revamped as Ukraine's economy transitions to a free market economy. Because of current economic conditions, pulsed power development is constrained, especially in the experimental and development areas. Historically, development of pulsed power investigations in Ukraine was driven by the needs of experimental physics and by the new electrotechnology developments, as well as by the pure scientific interest of the researchers. The first application of pulsed power processes was magneto-impulse forming in the early 1960s. Gradually the pulsed power applications spread to other technologies (e.g., metal powder sintering) and to designs of special (pulsed) electromechanical devices. With participation of many institutes and research laboratories, the pulsed power technology is concentrated in centers in three cities.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80292431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Pratap, J.P. Kajs, W. Walls, W. Weldon, J. Kitzmiller, S. K. Murthy
The compensated pulsed alternator (compulsator) is a versatile power supply capable of interfacing with the electromagnetic launcher in various ways. The method that has been explored at length with several systems is the single phase option. Several variants of this option, some using advanced pulse shaping techniques, have been discussed in prior publications. Besides this basic single pulse method of operating there are several other methods each with its pros and cons. The multi-phase option is discussed in this paper. Within the broad class of multi-phase systems there are further sub-classes, namely alternating current drive and unidirectional current drives. Thus the branching of these operating modes gives rise to a variety of operating modes. Each one of these operating modes is described and simulation results are presented.
{"title":"Operating modes for compulsator based electromagnetic launcher systems","authors":"S. Pratap, J.P. Kajs, W. Walls, W. Weldon, J. Kitzmiller, S. K. Murthy","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.596477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.596477","url":null,"abstract":"The compensated pulsed alternator (compulsator) is a versatile power supply capable of interfacing with the electromagnetic launcher in various ways. The method that has been explored at length with several systems is the single phase option. Several variants of this option, some using advanced pulse shaping techniques, have been discussed in prior publications. Besides this basic single pulse method of operating there are several other methods each with its pros and cons. The multi-phase option is discussed in this paper. Within the broad class of multi-phase systems there are further sub-classes, namely alternating current drive and unidirectional current drives. Thus the branching of these operating modes gives rise to a variety of operating modes. Each one of these operating modes is described and simulation results are presented.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73635967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nonthermal plasma reactors have recently been used for the treatment of gaseous pollutants. High energy electrons (several eV) are produced in the plasma while the gas remains near ambient temperatures. Pollutant molecules are decomposed by highly reactive chemical radicals created through electron collisions. The focus of this work is the treatment of pollutants from the exhaust of electric arc incinerators. A pulsed corona reactor capable of operation at exhaust temperatures of hundreds of degrees C has been constructed. This design can be used as a conventional pulsed corona reactor (wire-metal tube geometry) and has the potential for use as a hybrid reactor which incorporates a wire-tube geometry with a ceramic dielectric barrier on the inside surface of the metal tube. Pulse widths of a few 10's of ns and risetimes of less than 10 ns have been obtained. Specifically, the reactor performance as a function of temperature is investigated. The preliminary results of the destruction of gaseous pollutants from this prototype are presented along with electrical and chemical efficiencies of the device.
{"title":"A high temperature pulsed corona plasma reactor","authors":"R. Korzekwa, L. Rosocha","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.596470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.596470","url":null,"abstract":"Nonthermal plasma reactors have recently been used for the treatment of gaseous pollutants. High energy electrons (several eV) are produced in the plasma while the gas remains near ambient temperatures. Pollutant molecules are decomposed by highly reactive chemical radicals created through electron collisions. The focus of this work is the treatment of pollutants from the exhaust of electric arc incinerators. A pulsed corona reactor capable of operation at exhaust temperatures of hundreds of degrees C has been constructed. This design can be used as a conventional pulsed corona reactor (wire-metal tube geometry) and has the potential for use as a hybrid reactor which incorporates a wire-tube geometry with a ceramic dielectric barrier on the inside surface of the metal tube. Pulse widths of a few 10's of ns and risetimes of less than 10 ns have been obtained. Specifically, the reactor performance as a function of temperature is investigated. The preliminary results of the destruction of gaseous pollutants from this prototype are presented along with electrical and chemical efficiencies of the device.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73920409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes several methods which have been developed to improve the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of high pressure spark gap switches. Under pulse charged conditions, the voltage recovery process of the spark gap has been shown to be restricted by the residual ion population. This may be minimised by applying a suitable bias voltage across the gap. It is also possible to manipulate the V-p characteristic of a spark gap to improve the rate of rise of recovery voltage by reducing the recovery voltage dependence upon pressure. The combination of these effects has been shown to reduce the voltage recovery time of pulsed charged spark gaps from several hundred ms to several ms. Under DC conditions, it is possible to employ a corona discharge, found in a highly nonuniform field, to stabilise and control the voltage breakdown process. The use of corona stabilisation has enabled the operation of a spark gap at a PRF of more than 5 kHz, without employing gas flow techniques.
{"title":"Methods of improving the pulse repetition frequency of high pressure gas switches","authors":"S. Macgregor, S. Turnbull, F. A. Tuema, A. Phelps","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.596488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.596488","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes several methods which have been developed to improve the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of high pressure spark gap switches. Under pulse charged conditions, the voltage recovery process of the spark gap has been shown to be restricted by the residual ion population. This may be minimised by applying a suitable bias voltage across the gap. It is also possible to manipulate the V-p characteristic of a spark gap to improve the rate of rise of recovery voltage by reducing the recovery voltage dependence upon pressure. The combination of these effects has been shown to reduce the voltage recovery time of pulsed charged spark gaps from several hundred ms to several ms. Under DC conditions, it is possible to employ a corona discharge, found in a highly nonuniform field, to stabilise and control the voltage breakdown process. The use of corona stabilisation has enabled the operation of a spark gap at a PRF of more than 5 kHz, without employing gas flow techniques.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86241540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper studies theoretically and numerically the process of break of a weakly inertial electron loop which is created in the inductive storage circuit. An appropriate modelling problem is solved and a hydrodynamic theory is constructed to describe the process.
{"title":"Electron beam in an inductive storage circuit","authors":"A. Pashchenko, V. Novikov, Y. Tkach","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.599766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.599766","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies theoretically and numerically the process of break of a weakly inertial electron loop which is created in the inductive storage circuit. An appropriate modelling problem is solved and a hydrodynamic theory is constructed to describe the process.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87526097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Gehman, R.J. Gripshover, T. Berger, S. P. Bowen, R. Zia
High-purity water is the dielectric of choice for most pulsed-power machines. Increasing the electrical breakdown strength of high-purity water is one of the principle goals for pulsed power, because the energy density stored in the water increases as the square of the electric field. This paper concentrates on the impulse breakdown strength for long-stress times (i.e., greater than 65 microseconds). Previous work at Dahlgren has shown that the breakdown strength is independent of stress time in this regime. Our hypothesis is that impurities control the breakdown behavior of nominally high-purity water. Specifically, we present experimental data that shows the use of filtration methods designed to remove organic material and particulates (which don't affect the resistivity of water), improves the breakdown strength. Earlier results that showed a time variation for improvements in breakdown strength are explained. An experimental design to achieve even greater improvements in breakdown strength is presented.
{"title":"Effects of filtration on the impulse breakdown strength of high-purity water","authors":"V. Gehman, R.J. Gripshover, T. Berger, S. P. Bowen, R. Zia","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.596686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.596686","url":null,"abstract":"High-purity water is the dielectric of choice for most pulsed-power machines. Increasing the electrical breakdown strength of high-purity water is one of the principle goals for pulsed power, because the energy density stored in the water increases as the square of the electric field. This paper concentrates on the impulse breakdown strength for long-stress times (i.e., greater than 65 microseconds). Previous work at Dahlgren has shown that the breakdown strength is independent of stress time in this regime. Our hypothesis is that impurities control the breakdown behavior of nominally high-purity water. Specifically, we present experimental data that shows the use of filtration methods designed to remove organic material and particulates (which don't affect the resistivity of water), improves the breakdown strength. Earlier results that showed a time variation for improvements in breakdown strength are explained. An experimental design to achieve even greater improvements in breakdown strength is presented.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85365998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By an advanced research programme, a concept for a space-based Doppler windlidar is established on the basis of an electron-beam sustained CO/sub 2/ laser. A mission time of 3 years corresponding to 10/sup 9/ laser pulses is projected. Aspects of a required 130 kV pulse transformer and a high voltage interconnection are studied on a breadboard model, which addresses selected space issues and investigates the feasibility of a compact low-mass design of less than 50 kg for the pulse transformer. The specified voltage pulse is generated by discharging a pulse forming network into the primary winding of the pulse transformer. The testing of the developed breadboard confirms the selected design. The measured pulse length is above 8 /spl mu/s and the pulse rise time is below 1.3 /spl mu/s. A successful long-term operation of more than 3.5 million pulses is completed.
{"title":"Design of a 130 kV pulsed power supply for a spacebased CO/sub 2/ laser","authors":"M. Gollor, W. Schaper","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.599732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.599732","url":null,"abstract":"By an advanced research programme, a concept for a space-based Doppler windlidar is established on the basis of an electron-beam sustained CO/sub 2/ laser. A mission time of 3 years corresponding to 10/sup 9/ laser pulses is projected. Aspects of a required 130 kV pulse transformer and a high voltage interconnection are studied on a breadboard model, which addresses selected space issues and investigates the feasibility of a compact low-mass design of less than 50 kg for the pulse transformer. The specified voltage pulse is generated by discharging a pulse forming network into the primary winding of the pulse transformer. The testing of the developed breadboard confirms the selected design. The measured pulse length is above 8 /spl mu/s and the pulse rise time is below 1.3 /spl mu/s. A successful long-term operation of more than 3.5 million pulses is completed.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91336890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Grimes, M. Grothaus, W. North, D. Brittain, R. Norander, D. Kajonpong
The Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) is a family of radars that was designed and built in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Originally, there were three BMEWS sites: Thule, Greenland; Clear, Alaska; and Fylingsdale, England. Currently, there is only one remaining site, at Clear, Alaska, that still uses eighteen of the original design transmitters. Each transmitter uses a pair of modulating-anode klystrons which provide a combined peak output of 2.5 MW at 425 MHz with 2 ms pulses at 27 pps. Very few modifications have been implemented on the transmitters in the thirty years since the site became operational. Many of the parts required to service the equipment are now difficult to obtain and cost prohibitive. Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) has redesigned the pulse modulator for the transmitter final-stage power amplifier. The redesigned pulse modulator operates at -120 kV, uses a floating deck configuration, and is a form-fit-and-function replacement for the original unit. The design approach included: (1) minimizing the size of the floating chassis to reduce self-capacitance for reduced switch-tube power dissipation; (2) keeping support circuitry simple for fewer failures and ease of maintenance; and (3) using conventional parts to make the electronics supportable for many years to come.
{"title":"A new modulator design for the BMEWS transmitter","authors":"M. Grimes, M. Grothaus, W. North, D. Brittain, R. Norander, D. Kajonpong","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.596791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.596791","url":null,"abstract":"The Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) is a family of radars that was designed and built in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Originally, there were three BMEWS sites: Thule, Greenland; Clear, Alaska; and Fylingsdale, England. Currently, there is only one remaining site, at Clear, Alaska, that still uses eighteen of the original design transmitters. Each transmitter uses a pair of modulating-anode klystrons which provide a combined peak output of 2.5 MW at 425 MHz with 2 ms pulses at 27 pps. Very few modifications have been implemented on the transmitters in the thirty years since the site became operational. Many of the parts required to service the equipment are now difficult to obtain and cost prohibitive. Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) has redesigned the pulse modulator for the transmitter final-stage power amplifier. The redesigned pulse modulator operates at -120 kV, uses a floating deck configuration, and is a form-fit-and-function replacement for the original unit. The design approach included: (1) minimizing the size of the floating chassis to reduce self-capacitance for reduced switch-tube power dissipation; (2) keeping support circuitry simple for fewer failures and ease of maintenance; and (3) using conventional parts to make the electronics supportable for many years to come.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90815211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The combustion of solid propellants subjected to plasma augmentation, has been studied with a 300 kJ maximum stored energy pulse forming network (PFN) in the range of 1 kJ/g of electrical energy over a 1.2 ms pulse length. A closed chamber vessel is used for the combustion of these solid propellants in which the plasma is injected via a plasma generator. To characterize the effects of such plasma augmentation on propellant combustion over a longer pulse length, this PFN was upgraded to a maximum stored energy output of 400 kJ with a 2.4 ms pulse length. This report discusses the theoretical calculations, PFN upgrade design and fabrication details. Also provided are the design and modifications of the plasma generator that allows a delayed plasma injection with respect to the propellent ignition. Details of the plasma delay firings are also discussed.
{"title":"A pulse forming network design for electrothermal-chemical combustion characterization of solid propellants","authors":"M. Del Guercio, I. Stobie, G. Katulka, W. Oberle","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.596493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.596493","url":null,"abstract":"The combustion of solid propellants subjected to plasma augmentation, has been studied with a 300 kJ maximum stored energy pulse forming network (PFN) in the range of 1 kJ/g of electrical energy over a 1.2 ms pulse length. A closed chamber vessel is used for the combustion of these solid propellants in which the plasma is injected via a plasma generator. To characterize the effects of such plasma augmentation on propellant combustion over a longer pulse length, this PFN was upgraded to a maximum stored energy output of 400 kJ with a 2.4 ms pulse length. This report discusses the theoretical calculations, PFN upgrade design and fabrication details. Also provided are the design and modifications of the plasma generator that allows a delayed plasma injection with respect to the propellent ignition. Details of the plasma delay firings are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81190532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Ducimetière, U. Jansson, G. Schroder, E. Vossenberg, M. Barnes, G. Wait
Two counter-rotating proton beams will be injected into the LHC at an energy of 450 GeV by two kicker magnet systems, producing magnetic field pulses of approximately 750 ns rise time and 6.6 /spl mu/s flat top duration. To avoid dilution of the beam emittance during injection, a stringent design requirement of the system is a flat top ripple of the magnetic field of less than /spl plusmn/0.5%. Both injection systems are composed of 4 travelling wave kicker magnets of 2.17 m length each, powered by pulse forming networks (PFNs) and matched to their characteristic impedance. To achieve the high required kick strength of 1.2 Tm, for a compact and cost efficient design, a comparably low characteristic impedance of 5 /spl Omega/ has been chosen. The electrical circuit of the system is being designed with the help of PSpice computer modelling. Most known parasitic elements are included in the model to obtain a realistic pulse response prediction. The present paper reports on design and modeling results of the LHC injection kicker magnet system that has several novel and demanding design requirements.
{"title":"Design of the injection kicker magnet system for CERN's 14 TeV proton collider LHC","authors":"L. Ducimetière, U. Jansson, G. Schroder, E. Vossenberg, M. Barnes, G. Wait","doi":"10.2172/132743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2172/132743","url":null,"abstract":"Two counter-rotating proton beams will be injected into the LHC at an energy of 450 GeV by two kicker magnet systems, producing magnetic field pulses of approximately 750 ns rise time and 6.6 /spl mu/s flat top duration. To avoid dilution of the beam emittance during injection, a stringent design requirement of the system is a flat top ripple of the magnetic field of less than /spl plusmn/0.5%. Both injection systems are composed of 4 travelling wave kicker magnets of 2.17 m length each, powered by pulse forming networks (PFNs) and matched to their characteristic impedance. To achieve the high required kick strength of 1.2 Tm, for a compact and cost efficient design, a comparably low characteristic impedance of 5 /spl Omega/ has been chosen. The electrical circuit of the system is being designed with the help of PSpice computer modelling. Most known parasitic elements are included in the model to obtain a realistic pulse response prediction. The present paper reports on design and modeling results of the LHC injection kicker magnet system that has several novel and demanding design requirements.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79328831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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