The feasibility of using an exploding mercury jet as a high current opening switch has been evaluated at peak currents ranging from 7 kA to 125 kA. To provide a more realistic measure of actual performance, a spark gap was used to switch peak currents into varying RL loads. The roles of magnetic pinching, ionization, and skin effects in determination of scaling behavior and reproducibility are discussed for the range of currents studied. Supporting evidence for the roles of pinching and ionization in scaling is provided by spatially and temporally resolved spectra, which have been used to estimate the ion/neutral temperature and electron temperature in the plasma column formed by the exploding jet.
{"title":"Switching and scaling behavior of an exploding mercury jet","authors":"R. Criss, M. Rose","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.596499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.596499","url":null,"abstract":"The feasibility of using an exploding mercury jet as a high current opening switch has been evaluated at peak currents ranging from 7 kA to 125 kA. To provide a more realistic measure of actual performance, a spark gap was used to switch peak currents into varying RL loads. The roles of magnetic pinching, ionization, and skin effects in determination of scaling behavior and reproducibility are discussed for the range of currents studied. Supporting evidence for the roles of pinching and ionization in scaling is provided by spatially and temporally resolved spectra, which have been used to estimate the ion/neutral temperature and electron temperature in the plasma column formed by the exploding jet.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82817579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F.E. Peterkin, K. Schoenbach, R. Dougal, J. Hudgins
The bistable optically-controlled semiconductor switch (BOSS) is the only completely controllable high power solid-state switch which operates on sub-nanosecond to microsecond time scales. The present state of BOSS technology for pulsed power applications is discussed, including the limits of operation and potential extensions of these limits. Experiments to measure the electric field distribution during switching and the threshold breakdown fields for small gap (/spl sime/10's of /spl mu/m) GaAs switches are described. From these results, operating parameters for a laser diode controlled BOSS configuration are presented.
双稳态光控半导体开关(BOSS)是目前唯一一种在亚纳秒到微秒时间尺度上完全可控的高功率固态开关。讨论了脉冲功率应用的BOSS技术的现状，包括工作限制和这些限制的潜在扩展。本文描述了小间隙(/spl sime/10’s of /spl mu/m)砷化镓开关开关过程中的电场分布和阈值击穿场的测量实验。根据这些结果，给出了激光二极管控制的BOSS结构的工作参数。
{"title":"Developments toward laser diode driven bistable photoconductive switches (BOSS)","authors":"F.E. Peterkin, K. Schoenbach, R. Dougal, J. Hudgins","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.596507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.596507","url":null,"abstract":"The bistable optically-controlled semiconductor switch (BOSS) is the only completely controllable high power solid-state switch which operates on sub-nanosecond to microsecond time scales. The present state of BOSS technology for pulsed power applications is discussed, including the limits of operation and potential extensions of these limits. Experiments to measure the electric field distribution during switching and the threshold breakdown fields for small gap (/spl sime/10's of /spl mu/m) GaAs switches are described. From these results, operating parameters for a laser diode controlled BOSS configuration are presented.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89261771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the liner-ejecta experiments carried out at the Los Alamos pulsed power facility Pegasus II, a solid liner was magnetically imploded to impact on a target cylinder to produce the shock-induced ejecta. As a result of improved time resolution for the B-dot (dB/dt) probes fielded last fall, the authors began to notice a sharp jump in the B-dot curve occurring at a time very close to the expected liner-target collision time. This jump was also found in the time derivative of the calculated current (dI/dt) obtained from code simulation. They have shown that the jump is indeed caused by the collision as a sudden change of the liner velocity would induce a sudden jump in the time derivative of the inductance. They have derived a general formula for calculating the jump in dI/dt and verified that the result computed from it is in good agreement with the code simulation. Useful diagnostic applications of the B-dot jump are discussed.
{"title":"Origin of the B-dot jump observed in precision liner experiments","authors":"H. Lee, J. Stokes, W. Broste","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.599749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.599749","url":null,"abstract":"In the liner-ejecta experiments carried out at the Los Alamos pulsed power facility Pegasus II, a solid liner was magnetically imploded to impact on a target cylinder to produce the shock-induced ejecta. As a result of improved time resolution for the B-dot (dB/dt) probes fielded last fall, the authors began to notice a sharp jump in the B-dot curve occurring at a time very close to the expected liner-target collision time. This jump was also found in the time derivative of the calculated current (dI/dt) obtained from code simulation. They have shown that the jump is indeed caused by the collision as a sudden change of the liner velocity would induce a sudden jump in the time derivative of the inductance. They have derived a general formula for calculating the jump in dI/dt and verified that the result computed from it is in good agreement with the code simulation. Useful diagnostic applications of the B-dot jump are discussed.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88087690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Kingsley, R. Pastore, H. Singh, G. Ayres, R. Burdalski, J. Agee
Power modulators for pulsed microwave applications, generally utilizing a thyratron-switched PFN, typically produce 50-120 kV, 1-2 kA microsecond timescale pulses with sub-microsecond (/spl sim/100-200 nsec) risetimes. This paper reviews an investigation into the feasibility of utilizing certain solid-state power switches at the relatively fast speeds required for HPM modulators. Different thyristor switches, an ABB HCT and an n-type MCT, were investigated in a fast (/spl sim/136 nsec), low-impedance 1.4-/spl mu/sec PFN. Limited success was obtained, as both switches demonstrated sub-microsecond switching times. The ABB HCT switching a bias of 944 V in 220 nsec. These results indicate that thyristor switches may be fast enough for some HPM modulator applications.
{"title":"Solid-state power switches for HPM modulators","authors":"L. Kingsley, R. Pastore, H. Singh, G. Ayres, R. Burdalski, J. Agee","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.596456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.596456","url":null,"abstract":"Power modulators for pulsed microwave applications, generally utilizing a thyratron-switched PFN, typically produce 50-120 kV, 1-2 kA microsecond timescale pulses with sub-microsecond (/spl sim/100-200 nsec) risetimes. This paper reviews an investigation into the feasibility of utilizing certain solid-state power switches at the relatively fast speeds required for HPM modulators. Different thyristor switches, an ABB HCT and an n-type MCT, were investigated in a fast (/spl sim/136 nsec), low-impedance 1.4-/spl mu/sec PFN. Limited success was obtained, as both switches demonstrated sub-microsecond switching times. The ABB HCT switching a bias of 944 V in 220 nsec. These results indicate that thyristor switches may be fast enough for some HPM modulator applications.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88182000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AMBIORIX is a high pulsed power generator designed and built by the HPP team of Valduc CEA center in 1985. This generator is now located in CESTA, a center of CEA near Bordeaux (France). AMBIORIX is formed with a Marx generator (maximum energy storage=300 kJ), water coaxial and triaxial lines. Output parameters are: 0,5 /spl Omega/ impedance; 1.2 MV diode voltage; 2.4 MA load current with a 40 nsec pulse duration. Three kinds of loads can be used: two bremsstrahlung diodes (V max=1.2 MV or V max=400 kV) and a ZPINCH diode. In this paper, the authors describe the generator and give major characteristics of various loads.
{"title":"Performances of AMBIORIX [pulsed power generator]","authors":"P. Romary, P. Eyl, J. Angles","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.599756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.599756","url":null,"abstract":"AMBIORIX is a high pulsed power generator designed and built by the HPP team of Valduc CEA center in 1985. This generator is now located in CESTA, a center of CEA near Bordeaux (France). AMBIORIX is formed with a Marx generator (maximum energy storage=300 kJ), water coaxial and triaxial lines. Output parameters are: 0,5 /spl Omega/ impedance; 1.2 MV diode voltage; 2.4 MA load current with a 40 nsec pulse duration. Three kinds of loads can be used: two bremsstrahlung diodes (V max=1.2 MV or V max=400 kV) and a ZPINCH diode. In this paper, the authors describe the generator and give major characteristics of various loads.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78652914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Bugaev, V. Zorin, B. Kovalchuk, V. Kuvshinov, N. Sochugov, P. Khryapov
The process of conversion of C/sub 2/-C/sub 4/ hydrocarbons was investigated, using nanosecond pulses (135 kV, 3 ns), in a plasmochemical reactor with a corona-streamer discharge. The principal products of conversion are acetylene, ethylene, and propylene. The conversion degree and the composition of the reaction products depend on the electrode gap spacing and its attendant corona-streamer-to-spark transition. The power demand for the production of alkenes is 8-10 kW/spl middot/h/kg.
{"title":"Experiments on the conversion of lower hydrocarbons with the use of nanosecond discharges","authors":"S. Bugaev, V. Zorin, B. Kovalchuk, V. Kuvshinov, N. Sochugov, P. Khryapov","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.599778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.599778","url":null,"abstract":"The process of conversion of C/sub 2/-C/sub 4/ hydrocarbons was investigated, using nanosecond pulses (135 kV, 3 ns), in a plasmochemical reactor with a corona-streamer discharge. The principal products of conversion are acetylene, ethylene, and propylene. The conversion degree and the composition of the reaction products depend on the electrode gap spacing and its attendant corona-streamer-to-spark transition. The power demand for the production of alkenes is 8-10 kW/spl middot/h/kg.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74165966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An experimental facility has been developed to test and evaluate the performance of a range of pulsed power components for repetitive applications. The facility is capable of operating at pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs) up to 10 kHz and allows both DC (up to 80 kV) and pulse charged (up to 300 kV) conditions to be evaluated. The system is comprised of three separate sections: the primary power source; the intermediate charging circuit; and a pulse forming network (PFN). The performance of a particular component in any one of the three sections may be monitored using diagnostics which include RC dividers, current probes and D-dot voltage probes. The system is described in detail along with a number of experimental results from repetitive testing.
{"title":"A high PRF pulsed power experimental facility","authors":"S. Macgregor, S. Turnbull, F. A. Tuema, A. Phelps","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.599809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.599809","url":null,"abstract":"An experimental facility has been developed to test and evaluate the performance of a range of pulsed power components for repetitive applications. The facility is capable of operating at pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs) up to 10 kHz and allows both DC (up to 80 kV) and pulse charged (up to 300 kV) conditions to be evaluated. The system is comprised of three separate sections: the primary power source; the intermediate charging circuit; and a pulse forming network (PFN). The performance of a particular component in any one of the three sections may be monitored using diagnostics which include RC dividers, current probes and D-dot voltage probes. The system is described in detail along with a number of experimental results from repetitive testing.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88206696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Paiva, S. Sundvold, G. Morelli, C. Powell, R. Hamil, J. Corley, P. Pankuch, K. Law, J. Alexander
A UV laser trigger system has been designed to trigger the eight SF/sub 6/ filled high voltage switches in the Jupiter module. The system is compact and modular allowing for approximately thirty lasers to be triggered simultaneously in the full Jupiter design. The laser will be kinematically mounted near the high voltage section to minimize the path length to the high voltage switches and decrease the sensitivity to misalignment. The laser system is specifically built for the purpose of triggering the Jupiter module. It is a 265 nm UV laser system designed to generate eight simultaneous laser pulses of 10 mJ each with a 13 nsec pulsewidth. A 1061 nm solid-state Nd:Cr:GSGG laser is frequency quadrupled with a two stage doubling process. The 1061 nm fundamental laser energy is frequency doubled with a type II KTP crystal to generate 530 nm energy. The 530 nm output is frequency doubled with a type I KD*P crystal to generate 265 nm energy. The 265 nm pulse is split into eight parallel channels with a system of partially reflecting mirrors. Low timing jitter and a stable energy output level for the system were achieved. The entire optical system was packaged in a rugged, sealed aluminum structure 10"/spl times/19"/spl times/2.75". The size of the laser electronics unit is 7"/spl times/8"/spl times/8".
{"title":"Laser trigger system for the Jupiter module","authors":"R. Paiva, S. Sundvold, G. Morelli, C. Powell, R. Hamil, J. Corley, P. Pankuch, K. Law, J. Alexander","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.596812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.596812","url":null,"abstract":"A UV laser trigger system has been designed to trigger the eight SF/sub 6/ filled high voltage switches in the Jupiter module. The system is compact and modular allowing for approximately thirty lasers to be triggered simultaneously in the full Jupiter design. The laser will be kinematically mounted near the high voltage section to minimize the path length to the high voltage switches and decrease the sensitivity to misalignment. The laser system is specifically built for the purpose of triggering the Jupiter module. It is a 265 nm UV laser system designed to generate eight simultaneous laser pulses of 10 mJ each with a 13 nsec pulsewidth. A 1061 nm solid-state Nd:Cr:GSGG laser is frequency quadrupled with a two stage doubling process. The 1061 nm fundamental laser energy is frequency doubled with a type II KTP crystal to generate 530 nm energy. The 530 nm output is frequency doubled with a type I KD*P crystal to generate 265 nm energy. The 265 nm pulse is split into eight parallel channels with a system of partially reflecting mirrors. Low timing jitter and a stable energy output level for the system were achieved. The entire optical system was packaged in a rugged, sealed aluminum structure 10\"/spl times/19\"/spl times/2.75\". The size of the laser electronics unit is 7\"/spl times/8\"/spl times/8\".","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88856565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Kirbie, S. Hawkins, B. Hickman, B. Lee, M. Newton, C. Ollis, C. Brooksby, D. Gilbert, D. Longinotti, E. Eubank
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and EG&G Energy Measurements are developing a new solid-state power system for two proposed accelerators. One of the accelerators is a circular arrangement of induction cells called a recirculator for accelerating heavy ions for inertial fusion, the other is a linear induction accelerator for electron beams called the Advanced Radiographic Machine (ARM). The need for complex pulse agility in these accelerators led us to examine solid-state switching components that have an on/off capability. The intrinsic speed of solid-state switching satisfies our high PRF requirements, while the on/off switching action of some semiconductor devices enables us to select an arbitrary pulse width. To accommodate these requirements, we selected field effect transistors (FETs) as the preferred switching elements. The same FET switching technology applies to both accelerators due to their similar pulse requirements. For our research, two full-scale prototypes were built-a 5 kV induction recirculator cell and a single 15 kV induction modulator for the ARM accelerator. We discuss the general network features that are common to both machines, followed by performance and modeling data.
{"title":"Development of solid-state induction modulators for high PRF accelerators","authors":"H. Kirbie, S. Hawkins, B. Hickman, B. Lee, M. Newton, C. Ollis, C. Brooksby, D. Gilbert, D. Longinotti, E. Eubank","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.596518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.596518","url":null,"abstract":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and EG&G Energy Measurements are developing a new solid-state power system for two proposed accelerators. One of the accelerators is a circular arrangement of induction cells called a recirculator for accelerating heavy ions for inertial fusion, the other is a linear induction accelerator for electron beams called the Advanced Radiographic Machine (ARM). The need for complex pulse agility in these accelerators led us to examine solid-state switching components that have an on/off capability. The intrinsic speed of solid-state switching satisfies our high PRF requirements, while the on/off switching action of some semiconductor devices enables us to select an arbitrary pulse width. To accommodate these requirements, we selected field effect transistors (FETs) as the preferred switching elements. The same FET switching technology applies to both accelerators due to their similar pulse requirements. For our research, two full-scale prototypes were built-a 5 kV induction recirculator cell and a single 15 kV induction modulator for the ARM accelerator. We discuss the general network features that are common to both machines, followed by performance and modeling data.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77580205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors consider a boundary excitation problem of electric and magnetic fields using a nano-second voltage pulse in the inter-electrode space, filled with a dielectric adjacent to air or vacuum. The field topography and its variations vs. time up to breakdown initiation are calculated. It is shown that a natural induction-caused volume charge appears on the dielectric surface. Conclusions are made as to the possibilities and mapping of this breakdown initiation.
{"title":"Theory of the initial stage of electric breakdown along a dielectric surface as caused by nano-second voltage pulse","authors":"A. Pashchenko, S. Levchenko, I. Pashchenko","doi":"10.1109/PPC.1995.599719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PPC.1995.599719","url":null,"abstract":"The authors consider a boundary excitation problem of electric and magnetic fields using a nano-second voltage pulse in the inter-electrode space, filled with a dielectric adjacent to air or vacuum. The field topography and its variations vs. time up to breakdown initiation are calculated. It is shown that a natural induction-caused volume charge appears on the dielectric surface. Conclusions are made as to the possibilities and mapping of this breakdown initiation.","PeriodicalId":11163,"journal":{"name":"Digest of Technical Papers. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90262560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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