The study of information and communications technology (ICT) adoption signals that diffusion processes within highly unequal societies produces a stratification in the access to digital technologies and thus, maintains or even increases previous socio-economic disparities. Whereas technological utopians believed that One Laptop Per Child (OLPC)-like programs could reduce societal inequalities, the economic literature studying their consequences mostly focused on student's human capital. Results found no impacts, even for successful programs such as Uruguay's own OLPC-inspired Plan Ceibal. We use an event-study approach to difference-in-differences to identify the impact of Plan Ceibal on the household demand for technological goods across income quintiles. Our results show that Plan Ceibal helped to bridge domestic digital disparities in terms of access to PC for low-income households and favored the demand for internet services. We argue that two diverse mechanisms are behind these results. Regarding PC access, whereas Plan Ceibal was conceived as a universal program targeting primary level students attending public schools, both poverty infantilization and dual-system educational stratification made the policy to exhibit heterogenous impact across different income groups. Regarding household connectivity, we argue that Plan Ceibal reduced the cost of the bundle required to consume internet services at the time of the study, impacting on those households with both reasonable shares of children attending a public school and sufficient income to afford the monthly internet charges.
{"title":"Can One Laptop per Child Reduce Digital Inequalities? ICT Diffusion Patterns under Plan Ceibal","authors":"Carlos Díaz, Matías Dodel, Pablo Menese","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3939657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3939657","url":null,"abstract":"The study of information and communications technology (ICT) adoption signals that diffusion processes within highly unequal societies produces a stratification in the access to digital technologies and thus, maintains or even increases previous socio-economic disparities. Whereas technological utopians believed that One Laptop Per Child (OLPC)-like programs could reduce societal inequalities, the economic literature studying their consequences mostly focused on student's human capital. Results found no impacts, even for successful programs such as Uruguay's own OLPC-inspired Plan Ceibal. We use an event-study approach to difference-in-differences to identify the impact of Plan Ceibal on the household demand for technological goods across income quintiles. Our results show that Plan Ceibal helped to bridge domestic digital disparities in terms of access to PC for low-income households and favored the demand for internet services. We argue that two diverse mechanisms are behind these results. Regarding PC access, whereas Plan Ceibal was conceived as a universal program targeting primary level students attending public schools, both poverty infantilization and dual-system educational stratification made the policy to exhibit heterogenous impact across different income groups. Regarding household connectivity, we argue that Plan Ceibal reduced the cost of the bundle required to consume internet services at the time of the study, impacting on those households with both reasonable shares of children attending a public school and sufficient income to afford the monthly internet charges.","PeriodicalId":111949,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior eJournal","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114153837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, using the American Community Survey (ACS) and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) data, I examine how broadband affects self-employment and work-from-home for married women. Based on different sources of broadband data, I investigate the impacts of broadband from both adoption and access to broadband. I find that both adoption and access to broadband positively impact self-employment and work-from-home, and the adoption to broadband has stronger effects. It suggests that as the broadband infrastructure has been widely available for recent years, how to increase the local adoption to high-speed broadband becomes a more critical question. Adoption to broadband is related to household income levels and whether there is a need for that. Therefore, for the policy implications, the stipend from the government to lower the cost of high-speed broadband adoption may be a good place-based policy, especially for low-income and less developed areas. This study contributes to the existing literature that examines how Information and Communications Technology (ICT) affects the labor market.
{"title":"Broadband, Self-Employment, and Work-from-Home — Evidence from the American Community Survey","authors":"Luyi Han","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3936667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3936667","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, using the American Community Survey (ACS) and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) data, I examine how broadband affects self-employment and work-from-home for married women. Based on different sources of broadband data, I investigate the impacts of broadband from both adoption and access to broadband. I find that both adoption and access to broadband positively impact self-employment and work-from-home, and the adoption to broadband has stronger effects. It suggests that as the broadband infrastructure has been widely available for recent years, how to increase the local adoption to high-speed broadband becomes a more critical question. Adoption to broadband is related to household income levels and whether there is a need for that. Therefore, for the policy implications, the stipend from the government to lower the cost of high-speed broadband adoption may be a good place-based policy, especially for low-income and less developed areas. This study contributes to the existing literature that examines how Information and Communications Technology (ICT) affects the labor market.","PeriodicalId":111949,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior eJournal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117336930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper develops a model of healthcare demand to study healthcare choices in resource-limited settings with poor health indicators, especially for women. Using data from rural Nigeria on individual illnesses and injuries as well as the entire portfolio of locally available providers, we estimate the effect of price, distance and quality on access to care, focusing on the heterogeneous responses to these three factors by gender. We find that women are more price sensitive than men, in particular in households where they have low bargaining power, while being equally responsive to quality or distance. Using our model to simulate ex-ante the impacts of price interventions, we predict that a full price subsidy in public clinics would substantially increase both men's and women's access to formal care, and almost eliminate the observed gender gap in formal healthcare utilization. Subsidizing both public and private clinics only marginally improves overall access, but it fully eliminates the observed gender gap in addition to broadening the capacity of the health sector to respond to increased demand when public facilities have limited capacity.
{"title":"Gendered Barriers to Formal Healthcare Utilization: Modelling Healthcare Demand in a Low-Resource Setting","authors":"E. Cavatorta, W. Janssens, A. Mesnard","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3890058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3890058","url":null,"abstract":"This paper develops a model of healthcare demand to study healthcare choices in resource-limited settings with poor health indicators, especially for women. Using data from rural Nigeria on individual illnesses and injuries as well as the entire portfolio of locally available providers, we estimate the effect of price, distance and quality on access to care, focusing on the heterogeneous responses to these three factors by gender. We find that women are more price sensitive than men, in particular in households where they have low bargaining power, while being equally responsive to quality or distance. Using our model to simulate ex-ante the impacts of price interventions, we predict that a full price subsidy in public clinics would substantially increase both men's and women's access to formal care, and almost eliminate the observed gender gap in formal healthcare utilization. Subsidizing both public and private clinics only marginally improves overall access, but it fully eliminates the observed gender gap in addition to broadening the capacity of the health sector to respond to increased demand when public facilities have limited capacity.","PeriodicalId":111949,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115944883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lucas W. Goodman, Kathleen Mackie, Jacob A. Mortenson, Heidi R. Schramm
This paper generates new, aggregate estimates of retirement savings flows in the U.S. from 2003 to 2015, and provides detailed estimates of leakage from tax-preferred retirement savings accounts to pre-retirement age individuals. We create a nationally-representative panel of individuals using a sample of administrative tax data with over 140 million person-year observations. These data contain information on retirement contributions, distributions, and transfers between accounts. We estimate that between 2003 and 2015 distributions from defined contribution plans and IRAs to individuals age 50 or younger were equal to 22 percent of the contributions made by this age group. When estimating the correlation between common life events and the probability of leakage, we find that job separations correspond with an increase in the probability of leakage of over 200 percent. Job separations generating the receipt of unemployment insurance (UI) -- a proxy for an involuntary job separation -- are associated with higher leakage than non-UI separations. Other types of events, such as income shocks, home purchases, and the onset of tuition payments are also associated with leakage.
{"title":"Leakage from Retirement Savings Accounts in the U.S.","authors":"Lucas W. Goodman, Kathleen Mackie, Jacob A. Mortenson, Heidi R. Schramm","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3450866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3450866","url":null,"abstract":"This paper generates new, aggregate estimates of retirement savings flows in the U.S. from 2003 to 2015, and provides detailed estimates of leakage from tax-preferred retirement savings accounts to pre-retirement age individuals. We create a nationally-representative panel of individuals using a sample of administrative tax data with over 140 million person-year observations. These data contain information on retirement contributions, distributions, and transfers between accounts. We estimate that between 2003 and 2015 distributions from defined contribution plans and IRAs to individuals age 50 or younger were equal to 22 percent of the contributions made by this age group. When estimating the correlation between common life events and the probability of leakage, we find that job separations correspond with an increase in the probability of leakage of over 200 percent. Job separations generating the receipt of unemployment insurance (UI) -- a proxy for an involuntary job separation -- are associated with higher leakage than non-UI separations. Other types of events, such as income shocks, home purchases, and the onset of tuition payments are also associated with leakage.","PeriodicalId":111949,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior eJournal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117152364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fairness in education is an issue of great concern for China's development. And household education expenditure is a key factor and objective material embodiment of the educational resources and educational opportunities for their children. Using the data of the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS2016), this study analyzes the mechanisms of action in household education expenditure affected by both the educational level and the social class identification of household heads. The empirical results indicate that Chinese household head's social class identification is affected positively by their educational level. After controlling for the potential endogeneity, the education expenditure tends to increase as the subjective social class identification of the household heads is promoted. Class identification plays a partial mediating role in the process of the household head’s educational level affecting the household education expenditure. The findings provide important insights for understanding the intergenerational transmission mechanism of cultural capital in China.
{"title":"Household Head’s Educational Level and Household Education Expenditure in China: The Mediating Effect of Social Class Identification","authors":"Guoyao Yan, Y. Hao, M. Irfan, Haitao Wu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3823032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3823032","url":null,"abstract":"Fairness in education is an issue of great concern for China's development. And household education expenditure is a key factor and objective material embodiment of the educational resources and educational opportunities for their children. Using the data of the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS2016), this study analyzes the mechanisms of action in household education expenditure affected by both the educational level and the social class identification of household heads. The empirical results indicate that Chinese household head's social class identification is affected positively by their educational level. After controlling for the potential endogeneity, the education expenditure tends to increase as the subjective social class identification of the household heads is promoted. Class identification plays a partial mediating role in the process of the household head’s educational level affecting the household education expenditure. The findings provide important insights for understanding the intergenerational transmission mechanism of cultural capital in China.","PeriodicalId":111949,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior eJournal","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128104656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The demand for motor fuel should decline when its price rises, but how exactly does that happen? Do people drive less, do they drive more carefully to conserve fuel, or do they do both? To answer these questions, we use data from the German Mobility Panel from 2004 to 2019, taking advantage of the fluctuations in motor fuel prices over time and across locales to see how they affect Vehicle Kilometers Traveled (VKT) and on-road fuel economy (expressed in kilometers per liter). Our reduced-form regressions show that while the VKTs driven by gasoline cars decrease when the price of gasoline rises, their fuel economy tends to get worse. It is unclear why this happens. Perhaps attempts to save on gasoline—cutting on solo driving, forgoing long trips on the highway, driving more in the city—end up compromising the fuel economy. By contrast, both the VKTs and the fuel economy of diesel cars appear to be insensitive to changes in the price of diesel. Latent class models confirm our main findings, including the fact that while fuel prices, car attributes, and household and location characteristics explain much of the variation in the VKTs, it remains difficult to capture the determinants of on-road fuel economy. Since the price elasticity of fuel consumption is the difference between the price elasticity of VKT and the price elasticity of the fuel economy, our results suggest that the fuel economy might be the “weakest link” of price-based policies that seek to address environmental externalities, such as a carbon tax.
{"title":"Drive Less, Drive Better, or Both? Behavioral Adjustments to Fuel Price Changes in Germany","authors":"A. Alberini, Marco Horvath, Colin Vance","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3772854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3772854","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for motor fuel should decline when its price rises, but how exactly does that happen? Do people drive less, do they drive more carefully to conserve fuel, or do they do both? To answer these questions, we use data from the German Mobility Panel from 2004 to 2019, taking advantage of the fluctuations in motor fuel prices over time and across locales to see how they affect Vehicle Kilometers Traveled (VKT) and on-road fuel economy (expressed in kilometers per liter). Our reduced-form regressions show that while the VKTs driven by gasoline cars decrease when the price of gasoline rises, their fuel economy tends to get worse. It is unclear why this happens. Perhaps attempts to save on gasoline—cutting on solo driving, forgoing long trips on the highway, driving more in the city—end up compromising the fuel economy. By contrast, both the VKTs and the fuel economy of diesel cars appear to be insensitive to changes in the price of diesel. Latent class models confirm our main findings, including the fact that while fuel prices, car attributes, and household and location characteristics explain much of the variation in the VKTs, it remains difficult to capture the determinants of on-road fuel economy. Since the price elasticity of fuel consumption is the difference between the price elasticity of VKT and the price elasticity of the fuel economy, our results suggest that the fuel economy might be the “weakest link” of price-based policies that seek to address environmental externalities, such as a carbon tax.","PeriodicalId":111949,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120961995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We conduct a lab-in-the-field experiment in rural Burkina Faso eliciting subjective exchange rates of the spouses payoff to ones own payoff for those in monogamous and polygamous relationships. Values of these exchange rates suggest significant heterogeneity among households in the consumption stage: some households are consistent with a unitary or collective model while others are better explained by a noncooperative model. Such a heterogeneity is also supported by the correlation between the exchange rates and survey question answers regarding household accounts, individual controls, secret money and consumption preferences. Deviations from parity in these exchange rates, which we define as an indicator of economic discord, are associated with slower early childhood growth. This discord measure is also associated with lower total household income, suggesting a non-separable production-consumption model with a noncooperative production stage, in which intrahousehold consumption inefficiency, if any, transmits into intrahousehold productive inefficiency.
{"title":"A United Family Prospers: Intrahousehold Economic Discord, Household Income and Child Growth in Burkina Faso","authors":"Wenbo Zou, Travis J. Lybbert, S. Vosti","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3736920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3736920","url":null,"abstract":"We conduct a lab-in-the-field experiment in rural Burkina Faso eliciting subjective exchange rates of the spouses payoff to ones own payoff for those in monogamous and polygamous relationships. Values of these exchange rates suggest significant heterogeneity among households in the consumption stage: some households are consistent with a unitary or collective model while others are better explained by a noncooperative model. Such a heterogeneity is also supported by the correlation between the exchange rates and survey question answers regarding household accounts, individual controls, secret money and consumption preferences. Deviations from parity in these exchange rates, which we define as an indicator of economic discord, are associated with slower early childhood growth. This discord measure is also associated with lower total household income, suggesting a non-separable production-consumption model with a noncooperative production stage, in which intrahousehold consumption inefficiency, if any, transmits into intrahousehold productive inefficiency.","PeriodicalId":111949,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior eJournal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121488165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Smoking bans in bars and restaurants are one example of the many ways in which governments intervene to correct market failures such as externalities. These bans also represent a change in a non-price determinant of demand for alcohol consumed at bars, which could affect total alcohol consumption. This paper studies the effects of smoking bans on the amount and location of alcohol consumption, smoking, and alcohol-related externalities. I use a difference-in-differences method that exploits variation in the effective dates of smoking bans in bars and restaurants across cities, counties, and states. For individuals who drink, smoking bans result in an average increase in alcohol consumption of 1 drink per month. Occasional smokers drink an additional 2 drinks per month and former smokers drink 1 additional drink per month. These increases are most likely driven by changes in bar and restaurant alcohol consumption. Smoking bans have essentially no effect on extensive-margin smoking or violent crimes. They do, however, lead to a 4% increase in fatal drunk-driving crashes in areas with a high prevalence of smoking. Taken together, these results imply that smoking bans lead to unintended consequences in the form of increased alcohol consumption and drunk driving.
{"title":"The Impact of Smoking Bans in Bars and Restaurants on Alcohol Consumption, Smoking, and Alcohol-Related Externalities","authors":"Anne Burton","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3731626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3731626","url":null,"abstract":"Smoking bans in bars and restaurants are one example of the many ways in which governments intervene to correct market failures such as externalities. These bans also represent a change in a non-price determinant of demand for alcohol consumed at bars, which could affect total alcohol consumption. This paper studies the effects of smoking bans on the amount and location of alcohol consumption, smoking, and alcohol-related externalities. I use a difference-in-differences method that exploits variation in the effective dates of smoking bans in bars and restaurants across cities, counties, and states. For individuals who drink, smoking bans result in an average increase in alcohol consumption of 1 drink per month. Occasional smokers drink an additional 2 drinks per month and former smokers drink 1 additional drink per month. These increases are most likely driven by changes in bar and restaurant alcohol consumption. Smoking bans have essentially no effect on extensive-margin smoking or violent crimes. They do, however, lead to a 4% increase in fatal drunk-driving crashes in areas with a high prevalence of smoking. Taken together, these results imply that smoking bans lead to unintended consequences in the form of increased alcohol consumption and drunk driving.","PeriodicalId":111949,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior eJournal","volume":"240 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133771191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Iman Cheratian, Saleh Goltabar, Carla Daniela Calá
Purpose During recent years, the long-run relationship between the unemployment rate (UR) and the labor force participation (LFP) rate has been examined in-depth in developed and developing economies. This paper aims to explore this relationship for Iranian women in 31 provinces from 2005Q2 to 2019Q1. Design/methodology/approach To examine the existence of a long-run relationship between female LFP and UR, the time-series cointegration approach has been used. Furthermore, regarding the low power of the univariate cointegration approach, the authors consider a panel version of the cointegration tests developed by Westerlund. Findings Both time-series cointegration tests and panel cointegration test support the unemployment invariance hypothesis for most Iranian provinces, especially the most religious ones. As it implies an invariance to supply side policies, it seems that reducing legal and cultural barriers could be more relevant to decrease female UR and increase LFP than training programs or R&D policies. The present results also suggest that, for this group of regions, a more centralized policy design could be appropriate, instead of a regional one. Originality/value This study investigates whether the unemployment invariance hypothesis holds for Iran, which has not been analyzed before for the Iranian labor market. Moreover, the study adopts a regional approach, which takes into account the huge regional differences in Iran.
{"title":"The Unemployment-Labor Force Participation Linkage in Iran's Women Labor Market","authors":"Iman Cheratian, Saleh Goltabar, Carla Daniela Calá","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3726799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3726799","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000During recent years, the long-run relationship between the unemployment rate (UR) and the labor force participation (LFP) rate has been examined in-depth in developed and developing economies. This paper aims to explore this relationship for Iranian women in 31 provinces from 2005Q2 to 2019Q1.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000To examine the existence of a long-run relationship between female LFP and UR, the time-series cointegration approach has been used. Furthermore, regarding the low power of the univariate cointegration approach, the authors consider a panel version of the cointegration tests developed by Westerlund.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000Both time-series cointegration tests and panel cointegration test support the unemployment invariance hypothesis for most Iranian provinces, especially the most religious ones. As it implies an invariance to supply side policies, it seems that reducing legal and cultural barriers could be more relevant to decrease female UR and increase LFP than training programs or R&D policies. The present results also suggest that, for this group of regions, a more centralized policy design could be appropriate, instead of a regional one.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This study investigates whether the unemployment invariance hypothesis holds for Iran, which has not been analyzed before for the Iranian labor market. Moreover, the study adopts a regional approach, which takes into account the huge regional differences in Iran.\u0000","PeriodicalId":111949,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior eJournal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121251162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As children transition to adulthood, do they continue being a major determinant of parental labor supply? To answer this question, we examine the effects of college costs on the labor supply of mothers and fathers by exploiting the roll-out of nine generous state merit aid programs from 1993 to 2004, which made college more affordable. Mothers of college-age children decrease their annual hours of work after the introduction of these state-wide programs, while fathers do not adjust their labor supply. Mothers of college-going children are entirely responsible for the decline in hours of work, where mothers of children who do not go to college experienced no change in hours of work. The decline in labor supply is mainly due to adjustments among married, more educated, and white mothers.
{"title":"Time to Grow Up? Adult Children as Determinants of Parental Labor Supply","authors":"Breno Braga, Olga Malkova","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3760862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3760862","url":null,"abstract":"As children transition to adulthood, do they continue being a major determinant of parental labor supply? To answer this question, we examine the effects of college costs on the labor supply of mothers and fathers by exploiting the roll-out of nine generous state merit aid programs from 1993 to 2004, which made college more affordable. Mothers of college-age children decrease their annual hours of work after the introduction of these state-wide programs, while fathers do not adjust their labor supply. Mothers of college-going children are entirely responsible for the decline in hours of work, where mothers of children who do not go to college experienced no change in hours of work. The decline in labor supply is mainly due to adjustments among married, more educated, and white mothers.","PeriodicalId":111949,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior eJournal","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125385620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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