Using the nationally representative Indian Human Development Survey- 2011-12 data, we find that access to internet is related to better risk management practices of Indian households given by higher insurance uptake. Internet access potentially generates twin benefits of improving awareness related to benefits of insurance products and helps in reducing transaction costs for the insurers. The study highlights the role of access to internet in improving development outcomes in India. Further, we find that access to internet increase the insurance uptake of urban households more than rural households and education remains a critical barrier for leveraging the development benefits of internet access. Finally, we find that access to internet is also positively associated with the extent of insurance purchased by the household, highlighting that digital inclusion in the form of internet access could be an instrument that can partially mitigate the common investment mistakes made by households in India.
{"title":"Does Access to Internet Matter for Insurance Uptake? Evidence From India","authors":"S. Biswas, Shreya Lahiri","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3712805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3712805","url":null,"abstract":"Using the nationally representative Indian Human Development Survey- 2011-12 data, we find that access to internet is related to better risk management practices of Indian households given by higher insurance uptake. Internet access potentially generates twin benefits of improving awareness related to benefits of insurance products and helps in reducing transaction costs for the insurers. The study highlights the role of access to internet in improving development outcomes in India. Further, we find that access to internet increase the insurance uptake of urban households more than rural households and education remains a critical barrier for leveraging the development benefits of internet access. Finally, we find that access to internet is also positively associated with the extent of insurance purchased by the household, highlighting that digital inclusion in the form of internet access could be an instrument that can partially mitigate the common investment mistakes made by households in India.","PeriodicalId":111949,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior eJournal","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121589294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Besides other things, the effect of COVID-19 pandemic is evident in income and consumption pattern of the households. Income loss, fear of infection and movement restrictions has not only altered the amount and pattern of spending but has also changed the shopping behaviour of the consumers. In the case of food commodities, dairy products seem to be more susceptible to such changes owing to their perishability and comparatively higher income elasticity. But, contrary to this expectation, there were speculations that household dairy consumption in India might have increased during lockdown due to more number of meals at home and immunity boosting qualities of milk. Any change in dairy consumption in India has a direct bearing on household nutritional security as it acts as a major source of protein for a large proportion of population. Thus, the present study attempts to capture the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on household consumption pattern of dairy products across geographical regions, household locations and income class on the basis of a pan-India survey covering around 1000 households. The results revealed that there was a significant decline in the household consumption of milk, paneer, butter and ice-cream during lockdown whereas no significant change was observed in the consumption of ghee, curd and buttermilk. The fall in demand was comparatively higher in the urban households, milk deficit zones and among the lowest income class. Moreover, a shift was also observed towards packaged products and online delivery services.
{"title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on household consumption pattern of dairy products in India","authors":"G. Bhandari, P. Lal, Binita Kumari","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3893268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3893268","url":null,"abstract":"Besides other things, the effect of COVID-19 pandemic is evident in income and consumption pattern of the households. Income loss, fear of infection and movement restrictions has not only altered the amount and pattern of spending but has also changed the shopping behaviour of the consumers. In the case of food commodities, dairy products seem to be more susceptible to such changes owing to their perishability and comparatively higher income elasticity. But, contrary to this expectation, there were speculations that household dairy consumption in India might have increased during lockdown due to more number of meals at home and immunity boosting qualities of milk. Any change in dairy consumption in India has a direct bearing on household nutritional security as it acts as a major source of protein for a large proportion of population. Thus, the present study attempts to capture the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on household consumption pattern of dairy products across geographical regions, household locations and income class on the basis of a pan-India survey covering around 1000 households. The results revealed that there was a significant decline in the household consumption of milk, paneer, butter and ice-cream during lockdown whereas no significant change was observed in the consumption of ghee, curd and buttermilk. The fall in demand was comparatively higher in the urban households, milk deficit zones and among the lowest income class. Moreover, a shift was also observed towards packaged products and online delivery services.","PeriodicalId":111949,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior eJournal","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124253641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For married couples, spousal labor supply can act as a household insurance mechanism against one spouse’s earnings shock. This paper evaluates the insurance value of the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) program among married households when wives face a time allocation problem between market hours and spousal care following their husbands’ disability. Using an event study approach, I find that while there is a sizable increase in wives’ working hours after their husbands’ job displacement, wives’ labor supply responses to their husbands’ disability are small, and instead, a considerable amount of time is spent in spousal care. I develop and estimate a dynamic structural model of married households and find that incorporating time loss due to spousal care increases the insurance value of SSDI relative to its costs. Furthermore, policy reforms such as supplementary caregiving benefits can improve social welfare.
{"title":"Spousal Labor Supply, Caregiving, and the Value of Disability Insurance","authors":"Siha Lee","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3634277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3634277","url":null,"abstract":"For married couples, spousal labor supply can act as a household insurance mechanism against one spouse’s earnings shock. This paper evaluates the insurance value of the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) program among married households when wives face a time allocation problem between market hours and spousal care following their husbands’ disability. Using an event study approach, I find that while there is a sizable increase in wives’ working hours after their husbands’ job displacement, wives’ labor supply responses to their husbands’ disability are small, and instead, a considerable amount of time is spent in spousal care. I develop and estimate a dynamic structural model of married households and find that incorporating time loss due to spousal care increases the insurance value of SSDI relative to its costs. Furthermore, policy reforms such as supplementary caregiving benefits can improve social welfare.","PeriodicalId":111949,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior eJournal","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123389875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Why do US consumers pay their bills the way they do? Using data from a recent diary of consumer payment behavior, we find that the type of bill consumers are paying and how they are paying (online or automatically) are important factors in determining the payment method, in addition to the dollar value of the bill and the demographic and income profile of the individual who is paying. In contrast, dollar value and demographic attributes are found to be the most important factors determining the payment instrument chosen for purchases. Consumer choices for bill payments are somewhat constrained by requirements imposed by merchants, while the choice of payment instrument for purchases is not constrained by such requirements. The convenience and speed provided by automatic and online payments are not benefitting all US consumers equally. Unbanked consumers lack access to most payment methods and, hence, use cash or prepaid cards to pay their bills. Low-income consumers pay their bills differently from the rest of the sample: They are more likely to pay in person, use significantly more cash, and are less likely to set up automated or online bill payments, regardless of whether they have a bank account. Although consumers specify in the diary which methods they prefer to use to pay their bills, in practice they are not likely to act consistently with their stated preferences. We find that consumers who pay their bills online are less likely to deviate from their preferred payment method, while those who pay their bills automatically are more likely to deviate, after we control for income, demographic attributes, the dollar amount of the bill, and the merchant type. We find no evidence of the salience effect of automatic bill payments that Sexton (2015) finds for energy consumption. Rather, we find that consumers who pay their bills automatically have higher incomes and spend more on bills than lower-income consumers do, but that automatic bill payments are lower in value on average, which is the opposite of the finding by Sexton (2015).
{"title":"Consumer Payment Choice for Bill Payments","authors":"C. Greene, J. Stavins","doi":"10.29412/res.wp.2020.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29412/res.wp.2020.09","url":null,"abstract":"Why do US consumers pay their bills the way they do? Using data from a recent diary of consumer payment behavior, we find that the type of bill consumers are paying and how they are paying (online or automatically) are important factors in determining the payment method, in addition to the dollar value of the bill and the demographic and income profile of the individual who is paying. In contrast, dollar value and demographic attributes are found to be the most important factors determining the payment instrument chosen for purchases. Consumer choices for bill payments are somewhat constrained by requirements imposed by merchants, while the choice of payment instrument for purchases is not constrained by such requirements. The convenience and speed provided by automatic and online payments are not benefitting all US consumers equally. Unbanked consumers lack access to most payment methods and, hence, use cash or prepaid cards to pay their bills. Low-income consumers pay their bills differently from the rest of the sample: They are more likely to pay in person, use significantly more cash, and are less likely to set up automated or online bill payments, regardless of whether they have a bank account. Although consumers specify in the diary which methods they prefer to use to pay their bills, in practice they are not likely to act consistently with their stated preferences. We find that consumers who pay their bills online are less likely to deviate from their preferred payment method, while those who pay their bills automatically are more likely to deviate, after we control for income, demographic attributes, the dollar amount of the bill, and the merchant type. We find no evidence of the salience effect of automatic bill payments that Sexton (2015) finds for energy consumption. Rather, we find that consumers who pay their bills automatically have higher incomes and spend more on bills than lower-income consumers do, but that automatic bill payments are lower in value on average, which is the opposite of the finding by Sexton (2015).","PeriodicalId":111949,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior eJournal","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122529849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on novel survey data, we document a persistent rise in work from home (WFH) over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using theory and direct survey evidence, we argue that three-quarters of this increase reflects the adoption of new work arrangements that will likely be permanent for many workers. A quantitative model matched to survey data predicts that twice as many workers will WFH full-time postpandemic compared to prepandemic, and that one in every five instead of seven workdays will be WFH. These model predictions are consistent with survey evidence on workers’ own expectations about WFH in the future. (JEL I12, I18, J22, M54)
{"title":"Work from Home Before and after the Covid-19 Outbreak","authors":"Alexander Bick, A. Blandin, Karel Mertens","doi":"10.24149/wp2017r2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24149/wp2017r2","url":null,"abstract":"Based on novel survey data, we document a persistent rise in work from home (WFH) over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using theory and direct survey evidence, we argue that three-quarters of this increase reflects the adoption of new work arrangements that will likely be permanent for many workers. A quantitative model matched to survey data predicts that twice as many workers will WFH full-time postpandemic compared to prepandemic, and that one in every five instead of seven workdays will be WFH. These model predictions are consistent with survey evidence on workers’ own expectations about WFH in the future. (JEL I12, I18, J22, M54)","PeriodicalId":111949,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129108962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The microeconomic drivers of medium- and short-term income mobility in Russia over the period 1996–2016 are investigated using data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS). Focusing on the role of access to credit in triggering household income growth, the descriptive analysis suggests that high levels of mobility materialising in pro-poor patterns of growth may accompany Russia’s notoriously high levels of inequality. Controlling for other personal and household characteristics, the econometric model for drivers of income mobility indicates that access to credit boosts income mobility. Complementary empirical evidence suggests that this effect may unfold through channels related to the labour market and non-labour sources of income.
{"title":"Patterns and Drivers of Household Income Dynamics in Russia: The Role of Access to Credit","authors":"Cristiano Perugini","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3764766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3764766","url":null,"abstract":"The microeconomic drivers of medium- and short-term income mobility in Russia over the period 1996–2016 are investigated using data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS). Focusing on the role of access to credit in triggering household income growth, the descriptive analysis suggests that high levels of mobility materialising in pro-poor patterns of growth may accompany Russia’s notoriously high levels of inequality. Controlling for other personal and household characteristics, the econometric model for drivers of income mobility indicates that access to credit boosts income mobility. Complementary empirical evidence suggests that this effect may unfold through channels related to the labour market and non-labour sources of income.","PeriodicalId":111949,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior eJournal","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122207162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates a number of general phenomena connected with consumer behaviour in response to a severe economic shock, using billions of French card transactions measured before and during the COVID-19 epidemic. We examine changes in consumer mobility, anticipatory behaviour in response to announced restrictions, and the contrasts between the responses of online and traditional point-of-sale (off-line) consumption expenditures to the shock. We track hourly, daily and weekly responses as well as estimating an aggregate fixed-period impact effect via a difference-indifference estimator. The results, particularly at the sectoral level, suggest that recourse to the online shopping option diminished somewhat the overall impact of the shock on consumption expenditure, thereby increasing resiliency of the economy.
{"title":"Consumers' Mobility, Expenditure and Online-Offline Substitution Response to COVID-19: Evidence from French Transaction Data","authors":"D. Bounie, Y. Camara, John W. Galbraith","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3588373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3588373","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates a number of general phenomena connected with consumer behaviour in response to a severe economic shock, using billions of French card transactions measured before and during the COVID-19 epidemic. We examine changes in consumer mobility, anticipatory behaviour in response to announced restrictions, and the contrasts between the responses of online and traditional point-of-sale (off-line) consumption expenditures to the shock. We track hourly, daily and weekly responses as well as estimating an aggregate fixed-period impact effect via a difference-indifference estimator. The results, particularly at the sectoral level, suggest that recourse to the online shopping option diminished somewhat the overall impact of the shock on consumption expenditure, thereby increasing resiliency of the economy.","PeriodicalId":111949,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123594466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper studies partial identi cation of latent complementarity in an optimizing model with two goods and binary quantities of each good (buy / don't buy). We provide simple bounds on the fraction of individuals for whom goods are complements/substitutes. Despite using only involve marginal choice probabilities, these bounds are sharp with a binary demand shifter. With rich variation in demand shifters, we show how to identify the distribution of latent complementarity using only marginal choice probabilities. Together, these results indicate that mean demands are su cient for measuring complementarity without observing whether goods are chosen together.
{"title":"Latent Complementarity in Bundles Models","authors":"R. Allen, John Rehbeck","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3257028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3257028","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies partial identi cation of latent complementarity in an optimizing model with two goods and binary quantities of each good (buy / don't buy). We provide simple bounds on the fraction of individuals for whom goods are complements/substitutes. Despite using only involve marginal choice probabilities, these bounds are sharp with a binary demand shifter. With rich variation in demand shifters, we show how to identify the distribution of latent complementarity using only marginal choice probabilities. Together, these results indicate that mean demands are su cient for measuring complementarity without observing whether goods are chosen together.","PeriodicalId":111949,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior eJournal","volume":" 39","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120941798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Can shifts in the credit supply generate a boom-bust cycle similar to the one observed in the US around 2008? To answer this question, we develop a general equilibrium model that combines a rich heterogeneous agent overlapping-generations structure of households who make housing tenure decisions and borrow through long-term mortgages, firms that finance their working capital through short-term loans from banks, and banks whose ability to intermediate funds depends on their capital. Using a calibrated version of this framework, we find that shocks to banks’ leverage can generate sizable boom-bust cycles in the housing market, the banking sector, and the rest of the macroeconomy, which provides strong support for the credit supply channel. The deterioration of bank balance sheets during the bust, the existence of highly leveraged households, and the general equilibrium feedback from the credit supply to household labor income significantly amplify the bust. Moreover, mortgage credit growth across the income distribution is consistent with recent findings that were otherwise argued to be against the credit supply channel. A comparison of the model outcomes across credit supply, house price expectation, and productivity shocks suggests that housing busts accompanied by severe banking crises are more likely to be generated by credit supply shocks.
{"title":"Credit Supply Driven Boom-Bust Cycles","authors":"Yavuz Arslan, Bulent Guler, B. Kurusçu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3573994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3573994","url":null,"abstract":"Can shifts in the credit supply generate a boom-bust cycle similar to the one observed in the US around 2008? To answer this question, we develop a general equilibrium model that combines a rich heterogeneous agent overlapping-generations structure of households who make housing tenure decisions and borrow through long-term mortgages, firms that finance their working capital through short-term loans from banks, and banks whose ability to intermediate funds depends on their capital. Using a calibrated version of this framework, we find that shocks to banks’ leverage can generate sizable boom-bust cycles in the housing market, the banking sector, and the rest of the macroeconomy, which provides strong support for the credit supply channel. The deterioration of bank balance sheets during the bust, the existence of highly leveraged households, and the general equilibrium feedback from the credit supply to household labor income significantly amplify the bust. Moreover, mortgage credit growth across the income distribution is consistent with recent findings that were otherwise argued to be against the credit supply channel. A comparison of the model outcomes across credit supply, house price expectation, and productivity shocks suggests that housing busts accompanied by severe banking crises are more likely to be generated by credit supply shocks.","PeriodicalId":111949,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior eJournal","volume":"34 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120962920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Even though Japan has lower unemployment rates than other industrial societies, it has particularly increased for young and middle-aged people over the two last decades. Similarly, social isolation is a problem in Japan and is thought to be a potential cause of unemployment. The present study uses waves 1 (2007), 3 (2009) and 5 (2011) from the Japanese Life Course Panel Survey, a nationally representative data for Japanese people aged 20 to 40. We perform a cross-lagged panel model with and without random intercepts and control a set of socio-economic covariates. Results show that the seeming reciprocal relationship between unemployment and social isolation is spurious after controlling for covariates at an earlier life stage and random intercepts implying between-individual inherent traits. We conclude that it is challenging to overcome the initial social and economic disadvantages in contemporary Japanese society.
{"title":"The Reciprocal Relationship Between Unemployment and Social Isolation in Contemporary Japan: A Longitudinal Approach Using the Japanese Life Course Panel Survey","authors":"K. Ishida, J. Wels","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3650644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3650644","url":null,"abstract":"Even though Japan has lower unemployment rates than other industrial societies, it has particularly increased for young and middle-aged people over the two last decades. Similarly, social isolation is a problem in Japan and is thought to be a potential cause of unemployment. The present study uses waves 1 (2007), 3 (2009) and 5 (2011) from the Japanese Life Course Panel Survey, a nationally representative data for Japanese people aged 20 to 40. We perform a cross-lagged panel model with and without random intercepts and control a set of socio-economic covariates. Results show that the seeming reciprocal relationship between unemployment and social isolation is spurious after controlling for covariates at an earlier life stage and random intercepts implying between-individual inherent traits. We conclude that it is challenging to overcome the initial social and economic disadvantages in contemporary Japanese society.","PeriodicalId":111949,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior eJournal","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123336757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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