Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2025.105319
Xiaohui Li, Binghua Liu, Guangling Li, Hao Wang, Jun Yang, Haishen Wen, Feng He
The physiological response and molecular mechanism of the immune response of Japanese flounder under hypoxia stress remain unclear. In this study, we examined the immune-related physiological indexes and the molecular mechanisms of Japanese flounders under acute hypoxia stress. The results showed that the levels of serum ALT, ALP, AST and LDH in hypoxia stress group were significantly increased (P < 0.01). Through quantitative real-time PCR and double in situ hybridization, we found acute hypoxia stress induced immune response of skeletal muscle and gill filaments. The transcriptional regulation mechanism of this immune signaling pathway was investigated by dual luciferase assay. In addition, DNA methylation levels of genes were detected to explore epigenetic modifications of this pathway. As a transcription factor, Foxo1a can interact tgfβ1a(AGATGTTTTTT) and vegfa(TTCTTTTTATA, TACTGTTGCTA) sequences of the promoter regions. The DNA methylation levels of tgfβ1a and vegfa genes were significantly affected by hypoxia and negatively correlated with their expression. These experiments showed that the expression of immune related genes tgfβ1a and vegfa were regulated by transcription factor Foxo1a and DNA methylation. Our study provides theoretical foundations for acute hypoxia stress induced immune response of Japanese flounder.
{"title":"tgfβ1a/vegfa gene expression and methylation in response to acute hypoxia in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)","authors":"Xiaohui Li, Binghua Liu, Guangling Li, Hao Wang, Jun Yang, Haishen Wen, Feng He","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The physiological response and molecular mechanism of the immune response of Japanese flounder under hypoxia stress remain unclear. In this study, we examined the immune-related physiological indexes and the molecular mechanisms of Japanese flounders under acute hypoxia stress. The results showed that the levels of serum ALT, ALP, AST and LDH in hypoxia stress group were significantly increased (<em>P</em> < 0.01). Through quantitative real-time PCR and double in situ hybridization, we found acute hypoxia stress induced immune response of skeletal muscle and gill filaments. The transcriptional regulation mechanism of this immune signaling pathway was investigated by dual luciferase assay. In addition, DNA methylation levels of genes were detected to explore epigenetic modifications of this pathway. As a transcription factor, Foxo1a can interact <em>tgfβ1a</em>(AGATGTTTTTT) and <em>vegfa</em>(TTCTTTTTATA, TACTGTTGCTA) sequences of the promoter regions. The DNA methylation levels of <em>tgfβ1a</em> and <em>vegfa</em> genes were significantly affected by hypoxia and negatively correlated with their expression. These experiments showed that the expression of immune related genes <em>tgfβ1a</em> and <em>vegfa</em> were regulated by transcription factor Foxo1a and DNA methylation. Our study provides theoretical foundations for acute hypoxia stress induced immune response of Japanese flounder.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"163 ","pages":"Article 105319"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143001899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105307
Ellie-Ann Conneely, Christopher J. Coates
Parasitic dinoflagellates, namely Hematodinium spp., infect a growing number of decapod crustacean species worldwide. These parasites represent a longstanding concern for fisheries in Europe and North America, and an emerging concern for aqua/polyculture systems in Asia. Known as bitter/pink/milky crab disease or post-moult syndrome, Hematodinium spp. infection can be fatal, yet there are no treatments or disease management strategies. We interrogated the available literature to enhance knowledge of Hematodinium-crustacean pathosystems, specifically haemolymph condition during parasitaemia. In this context, we sought to determine if there were invariant biomarkers (biochemical, cellular) in the haemolymph. Using meta-analytic approaches, we scrutinised published data and gathered 191 effect sizes from 17 original studies (out of >1790) that met strict inclusion criteria covering established haematological properties like phenoloxidase activity, and ran a series of generalised linear mixed models. Additional models were constructed to consider the putative links between environmental variables (water temperature, salinity), host traits (sex, size), and parasite burden. Overall, depleted haemocyte numbers (e.g., hyaline cells) and protein levels (e.g., haemocyanin) coincided with patent Hematodinium presence in crabs and langoustine. Crustaceans were more likely to have severe burdens of Hematodinium when external salinity levels exceeded 30 psu, and potentially immune-compromised ≥20°C. Hematodinium-driven hypoproteinemia and hematocytopenia were more pronounced in wild-caught animals than those infected in laboratory trials, thereby emphasizing the need to secure data in natural settings. This is the first meta-analytic study to present clear evidence in support of broad haematological deterioration in crustaceans parasitised by Hematodinium spp., and environmental factors linked to immunopathology.
{"title":"Haematological deterioration of Hematodinium-infected decapod crustaceans","authors":"Ellie-Ann Conneely, Christopher J. Coates","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parasitic dinoflagellates, namely <em>Hematodinium</em> spp., infect a growing number of decapod crustacean species worldwide. These parasites represent a longstanding concern for fisheries in Europe and North America, and an emerging concern for aqua/polyculture systems in Asia. Known as bitter/pink/milky crab disease or post-moult syndrome, <em>Hematodinium</em> spp. infection can be fatal, yet there are no treatments or disease management strategies. We interrogated the available literature to enhance knowledge of <em>Hematodinium</em>-crustacean pathosystems, specifically haemolymph condition during parasitaemia. In this context, we sought to determine if there were invariant biomarkers (biochemical, cellular) in the haemolymph. Using meta-analytic approaches, we scrutinised published data and gathered 191 effect sizes from 17 original studies (out of >1790) that met strict inclusion criteria covering established haematological properties like phenoloxidase activity, and ran a series of generalised linear mixed models. Additional models were constructed to consider the putative links between environmental variables (water temperature, salinity), host traits (sex, size), and parasite burden. Overall, depleted haemocyte numbers (e.g., hyaline cells) and protein levels (e.g., haemocyanin) coincided with patent <em>Hematodinium</em> presence in crabs and langoustine. Crustaceans were more likely to have severe burdens of <em>Hematodinium</em> when external salinity levels exceeded 30 psu, and potentially immune-compromised ≥20<strong>°C</strong>. <em>Hematodinium</em>-driven hypoproteinemia and hematocytopenia were more pronounced in wild-caught animals than those infected in laboratory trials, thereby emphasizing the need to secure data in natural settings. This is the first meta-analytic study to present clear evidence in support of broad haematological deterioration in crustaceans parasitised by <em>Hematodinium</em> spp., and environmental factors linked to immunopathology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"163 ","pages":"Article 105307"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142892135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-31DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2025.105333
Yuan Shi , Zhuo Zhu , Qiuxuan Chen , Yan Teng , Xinran Li , Xinhua Chen
The T cell receptor (TCR) plays a crucial role in antigen recognition and signal transduction during T cell immunity. While the TCR locus has been well characterized in mammals, its knowledge in teleosts remains limited. In this study, we identified the TCRβ locus in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), an important mariculture species in China, and found 31 V, 2 D, 13 J, and 2 C gene segments. The 2 C gene segments are highly similar in amino acid sequences, and share conserved residues with TCRβ from other species. A consensus recombination signal sequence (RSS) is found to flank the V, D, and J gene segments, with conserved spacer lengths as observed in mammals. The V gene segments are consisted of a leader exon, an intron, and a Vβ exon, and could be categorized into fourteen families based on the nucleotide identity. Furthermore, we found that the recombination of V, D, and J gene segments in the TCRβ locus occurred at the genomic DNA level, followed by fusion with the C gene segments at the mRNA level. Additionally, the usage of J gene segments is restricted to their adjacent downstream C gene segments. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the TCRβ was highly expressed in immune organs and was upregulated after PHA treatment. By exploring a previously published RNA-seq dataset, we found that the V gene segments were differentially expressed after P. plecoglossicida infection, suggesting their involvement in T cell immunity. In summary, we characterized the TCRβ locus in large yellow croaker, which would promote the understanding of T cell immunity in teleosts.
{"title":"Identification and annotation of the T cell receptor beta (TCRβ) locus in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)","authors":"Yuan Shi , Zhuo Zhu , Qiuxuan Chen , Yan Teng , Xinran Li , Xinhua Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105333","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105333","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The T cell receptor (TCR) plays a crucial role in antigen recognition and signal transduction during T cell immunity. While the TCR locus has been well characterized in mammals, its knowledge in teleosts remains limited. In this study, we identified the TCRβ locus in large yellow croaker (<em>Larimichthys crocea</em>), an important mariculture species in China, and found 31 V, 2 D, 13 J, and 2 C gene segments. The 2 C gene segments are highly similar in amino acid sequences, and share conserved residues with TCRβ from other species. A consensus recombination signal sequence (RSS) is found to flank the V, D, and J gene segments, with conserved spacer lengths as observed in mammals. The V gene segments are consisted of a leader exon, an intron, and a V<sub>β</sub> exon, and could be categorized into fourteen families based on the nucleotide identity. Furthermore, we found that the recombination of V, D, and J gene segments in the TCRβ locus occurred at the genomic DNA level, followed by fusion with the C gene segments at the mRNA level. Additionally, the usage of J gene segments is restricted to their adjacent downstream C gene segments. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the TCRβ was highly expressed in immune organs and was upregulated after PHA treatment. By exploring a previously published RNA-seq dataset, we found that the V gene segments were differentially expressed after <em>P. plecoglossicida</em> infection, suggesting their involvement in T cell immunity. In summary, we characterized the TCRβ locus in large yellow croaker, which would promote the understanding of T cell immunity in teleosts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 105333"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143079045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is well-known to show poor specific antibody responses after immunization, despite having high natural IgM levels. Unlike mammals and nearly all examined other vertebrates, cod lack the MHC II-CD4 axis required for T cell-dependent (TD) antibody responses. We evaluated the cod's antibody response to hapten carriers inducing T cell-independent (TI) and TD responses in mammals. Remarkably, cod generated strong hapten-specific IgM levels against hapten linked to the TI-2 antigens ficoll or dextran. Specific IgM levels plateaued 6–9 weeks after a single immunization and remained stable for six months. The serum half-life of IgM was 4 days, indicating continuous IgM production during this period. These findings reveal unique immune mechanisms in Atlantic cod, enhancing our understanding of vertebrate immunology and aiding the development of novel vaccination strategies in aquaculture.
{"title":"Sustained T cell-independent type 2 antibody response in a naturally MHC II-deficient teleost fish","authors":"Adrián López-Porras , Alexandra Jonsson , Shuo-Wang Qiao , Finn-Eirik Johansen","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Atlantic cod (<em>Gadus morhua</em>) is well-known to show poor specific antibody responses after immunization, despite having high natural IgM levels. Unlike mammals and nearly all examined other vertebrates, cod lack the MHC II-CD4 axis required for T cell-dependent (TD) antibody responses. We evaluated the cod's antibody response to hapten carriers inducing T cell-independent (TI) and TD responses in mammals. Remarkably, cod generated strong hapten-specific IgM levels against hapten linked to the TI-2 antigens ficoll or dextran. Specific IgM levels plateaued 6–9 weeks after a single immunization and remained stable for six months. The serum half-life of IgM was 4 days, indicating continuous IgM production during this period. These findings reveal unique immune mechanisms in Atlantic cod, enhancing our understanding of vertebrate immunology and aiding the development of novel vaccination strategies in aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 105330"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143074321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2025.105332
Sofia Becerra , Marcia Arriagada-Solimano , Sebastian Escobar-Aguirre , Jaime Palomino , Jorge Aedo , Juan Manuel Estrada , Veronica Barra-Valdebenito , Rodrigo Zuloaga , Juan Antonio Valdes , Phillip Dettleff
The high temperature associated with heat waves is a relevant abiotic factor that could impact the biology of teleost fish. The innate immune response, muscular growth, and oxidative stress status are relevant functions in fish tissues that could be affected by increased temperature. In this study, black cusk-eel (Genypterus maculatus) juveniles were subjected to increased temperature, to experimentally replicate heat waves registered from the South Pacific Ocean for five days. The results showed that thermal stress modulated the immune response in gills, with up-regulation of antibacterial peptides, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and Toll-like receptors genes, including hepcidin, gzma, tnfa, cxcl8, and tlr5, with no effect on complement system genes. In skeletal muscle, high temperature triggered atrophy-related gene expression, with up-regulation of foxo1, foxo3, fbxo32, murf1, and atg16l. Increased temperature also generated an up-regulation of transcripts encoding heat shock protein (hsp60 and hsp70) in gills and skeletal muscle, generating oxidative stress in both tissues, with increased expression of the antioxidant genes sod1 and gpx1 in gills and skeletal muscle, respectively, with oxidative damage observed at the DNA level (AP sites), protein (carbonyl content), and lipoperoxidation (HNE content) in both tissues. The present study shows that short-term increases in temperature like those observed in heat waves could affect the immune response in gills, induced atrophy in skeletal muscle, and generate oxidative stress in a teleost species important for Chilean aquaculture diversification, information relevant under the context of climate change scenario.
{"title":"High temperature induces oxidative damage, immune modulation, and atrophy in the gills and skeletal muscle of the teleost fish black cusk-eel (Genypterus maculatus)","authors":"Sofia Becerra , Marcia Arriagada-Solimano , Sebastian Escobar-Aguirre , Jaime Palomino , Jorge Aedo , Juan Manuel Estrada , Veronica Barra-Valdebenito , Rodrigo Zuloaga , Juan Antonio Valdes , Phillip Dettleff","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high temperature associated with heat waves is a relevant abiotic factor that could impact the biology of teleost fish. The innate immune response, muscular growth, and oxidative stress status are relevant functions in fish tissues that could be affected by increased temperature. In this study, black cusk-eel (<em>Genypterus maculatus</em>) juveniles were subjected to increased temperature, to experimentally replicate heat waves registered from the South Pacific Ocean for five days. The results showed that thermal stress modulated the immune response in gills, with up-regulation of antibacterial peptides, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and Toll-like receptors genes, including <em>hepcidin, gzma, tnfa, cxcl8,</em> and <em>tlr5</em>, with no effect on complement system genes. In skeletal muscle, high temperature triggered atrophy-related gene expression, with up-regulation of <em>foxo1, foxo3, fbxo32, murf1,</em> and <em>atg16l</em>. Increased temperature also generated an up-regulation of transcripts encoding heat shock protein (<em>hsp60</em> and <em>hsp70</em>) in gills and skeletal muscle, generating oxidative stress in both tissues, with increased expression of the antioxidant genes <em>sod1</em> and <em>gpx1</em> in gills and skeletal muscle, respectively, with oxidative damage observed at the DNA level (AP sites), protein (carbonyl content), and lipoperoxidation (HNE content) in both tissues. The present study shows that short-term increases in temperature like those observed in heat waves could affect the immune response in gills, induced atrophy in skeletal muscle, and generate oxidative stress in a teleost species important for Chilean aquaculture diversification, information relevant under the context of climate change scenario.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 105332"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143074314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2025.105327
Yaru Li , Qingyang Li , Xiaoya Wang , Jingyan Zhang , Shuang Yan , Bin Shen , Pengzhi Qi , Hongfei Li
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play diverse biological roles within cells. Despite not encoding proteins, they are crucial in regulating gene expression, chromatin structure and function, cell differentiation and development, and the occurrence of diseases. Vibrio alginolyticus (V. alginolyticus) is a common bacterium found in marine environments that poses a threat to shellfish by infecting them through filtration feeding. Research has demonstrated the substantial involvement of lncRNAs in the immune response of shellfish. However, the specific mechanism by which lncRNAs participate in the immune regulatory process following infection of Mytilus coruscus (M. coruscus) with V. alginolyticus has not been investigated. Therefore, the transcription profiles of lncRNAs in M. coruscus hemocytes were investigated. A grand total of 48,246 lncRNAs were detected, with 2421 genes that exhibited and 717 lncRNAs that had differential expression. To gain a better understanding of the potential roles of the differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE-lncRNAs), GO and KEGG pathway analyses were performed on their target mRNAs, suggesting that lncRNAs have the ability to control gene expression levels and consequently influence immune-related pathways, hence regulating the immune response in M. coruscus. Additionally, a total of 138 lncRNA-mRNA pairs were identified through the calculation of co-expression relationships between DE-lncRNAs and immune-related DE-mRNAs. These findings provide new insights into the role of lncRNAs in the immune response of M. coruscus and offer important resources for further investigation into the role of lncRNAs in M. coruscus pathogen infection.
{"title":"Comprehensive transcriptome analysis reveals lncRNA-mRNA interactions and immune response mechanisms in Mytilus coruscus upon Vibrio alginolyticus infection","authors":"Yaru Li , Qingyang Li , Xiaoya Wang , Jingyan Zhang , Shuang Yan , Bin Shen , Pengzhi Qi , Hongfei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play diverse biological roles within cells. Despite not encoding proteins, they are crucial in regulating gene expression, chromatin structure and function, cell differentiation and development, and the occurrence of diseases. <em>Vibrio alginolyticus</em> (<em>V. alginolyticus</em>) is a common bacterium found in marine environments that poses a threat to shellfish by infecting them through filtration feeding. Research has demonstrated the substantial involvement of lncRNAs in the immune response of shellfish. However, the specific mechanism by which lncRNAs participate in the immune regulatory process following infection of <em>Mytilus coruscus</em> (<em>M. coruscus</em>) with <em>V. alginolyticus</em> has not been investigated. Therefore, the transcription profiles of lncRNAs in <em>M. coruscus</em> hemocytes were investigated. A grand total of 48,246 lncRNAs were detected, with 2421 genes that exhibited and 717 lncRNAs that had differential expression. To gain a better understanding of the potential roles of the differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE-lncRNAs), GO and KEGG pathway analyses were performed on their target mRNAs, suggesting that lncRNAs have the ability to control gene expression levels and consequently influence immune-related pathways, hence regulating the immune response in <em>M. coruscus</em>. Additionally, a total of 138 lncRNA-mRNA pairs were identified through the calculation of co-expression relationships between DE-lncRNAs and immune-related DE-mRNAs. These findings provide new insights into the role of lncRNAs in the immune response of <em>M. coruscus</em> and offer important resources for further investigation into the role of lncRNAs in <em>M. coruscus</em> pathogen infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 105327"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143064428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2025.105322
Franziska C. Sandmeier, Kiara Olson, Angelina Martin, Taylor Urban
We immunized three groups of Mojave desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii): a group immunized twice, a group immunized once, and a group sham-immunized. We used the antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), with Freund's adjuvant to elicit antibody responses similar to those induced by extracellular bacteria. All tortoises have relatively high levels of B1 lymphocytes and natural antibodies (NAbs), and the goal of this study was to quantify B2 lymphocyte activity (antibody production and potential proliferation) that occurs in primary and secondary immunizations against this constitutive, first line of humoral defense. Specifically, we were testing for two types of induced, immunological memory. These included an elevated long-term increase in OVA-specific induced antibodies as well as for features of B2 memory cells, such as increased numbers of circulating OVA-specific cells, increased antibody production and avidity, and proliferation in the presence of OVA. Secondary responses were faster, but without any increases in antibody titer or avidity. Both groups had long-term elevation in antibodies. Over all three groups, we found no effect of the immunization (pre-vs-post) or the number of immunizations (0, 1, 2) on the number of OVA-stimulated B cells. We found an effect of immunization, but not number of immunizations, on the amount of antibody secreted by B lymphocytes. This suggests a high constitutive level of circulating B1 lymphocytes that can be stimulated by immunization. We did not find evidence of B2 memory lymphocytes because cells could not be stimulated to proliferate. Control animals confirmed that NAbs increased due to B1 lymphocyte priming with adjuvant.
{"title":"Memory responses to ovalbumin-immunization in Mojave desert tortoises","authors":"Franziska C. Sandmeier, Kiara Olson, Angelina Martin, Taylor Urban","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We immunized three groups of Mojave desert tortoises (<em>Gopherus agassizii</em>): a group immunized twice, a group immunized once, and a group sham-immunized. We used the antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), with Freund's adjuvant to elicit antibody responses similar to those induced by extracellular bacteria. All tortoises have relatively high levels of B1 lymphocytes and natural antibodies (NAbs), and the goal of this study was to quantify B2 lymphocyte activity (antibody production and potential proliferation) that occurs in primary and secondary immunizations against this constitutive, first line of humoral defense. Specifically, we were testing for two types of induced, immunological memory. These included an elevated long-term increase in OVA-specific induced antibodies as well as for features of B2 memory cells, such as increased numbers of circulating OVA-specific cells, increased antibody production and avidity, and proliferation in the presence of OVA. Secondary responses were faster, but without any increases in antibody titer or avidity. Both groups had long-term elevation in antibodies. Over all three groups, we found no effect of the immunization (pre-vs-post) or the number of immunizations (0, 1, 2) on the number of OVA-stimulated B cells. We found an effect of immunization, but not number of immunizations, on the amount of antibody secreted by B lymphocytes. This suggests a high constitutive level of circulating B1 lymphocytes that can be stimulated by immunization. We did not find evidence of B2 memory lymphocytes because cells could not be stimulated to proliferate. Control animals confirmed that NAbs increased due to B1 lymphocyte priming with adjuvant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 105322"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143064432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-25DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2025.105325
Liting Wu , Yiwen Chai , Along Gao , Yuhua Lin , Jugan Han , Lan Li , Chao Li , Jianmin Ye
IL-21 is a type I cytokine that is produced by activated CD4+ T cells and has a significant impact on the growth, survival, and functional activation of B lymphocytes. While IL-21 has been identified in several teleost fish species, its function and associated mechanisms focus on teleost fish B cells remain largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of IL-21 (OnIL-21) on IgM+ B cells from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), as well as the intracellular signaling transduction pathway involved. Through intraperitoneal injection of recombinant OnIL-21 (rOnIL-21), we observed that IL-21 exerted significant effects on Nile tilapia IgM+ B cells, including the promotion of IgM+ B cell proliferation, induction of IgM secretion, and up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines. These findings suggest that OnIL-21 enhances the ability of IgM+ B cells in humoral immunity. Furthermore, when IgM + B cells were stimulated with rOnIL-21 in vitro, we observed a significant up-regulation in antibody secretion ability (sIgM), as well as increased expression of IFN-γ and IL-10. To further understand the regulatory mechanism of OnIL-21, we demonstrated that OnIL-21 binds to its heterodimer receptor complex (OnIL-21R/Onγc) to exert its function. This binding triggers the conserved JAK/STAT3 and AKT pathways, which in turn regulate the expression of genes involved in B cell proliferation, antibody secretion, and cytokine expression. Collectively, our findings establish that IL-21 plays a crucial role in the regulation of humoral immunity in lower vertebrates, and this regulation is mediated through conserved signaling pathways across vertebrates.
{"title":"IL-21 signaling promotes IgM+ B cell proliferation and antibody production via JAK/STAT3 and AKT pathways in early vertebrates","authors":"Liting Wu , Yiwen Chai , Along Gao , Yuhua Lin , Jugan Han , Lan Li , Chao Li , Jianmin Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>IL-21 is a type I cytokine that is produced by activated CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells and has a significant impact on the growth, survival, and functional activation of B lymphocytes. While IL-21 has been identified in several teleost fish species, its function and associated mechanisms focus on teleost fish B cells remain largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of IL-21 (<em>On</em>IL-21) on IgM<sup>+</sup> B cells from Nile tilapia (<em>Oreochromis niloticus</em>), as well as the intracellular signaling transduction pathway involved. Through intraperitoneal injection of recombinant <em>On</em>IL-21 (r<em>On</em>IL-21), we observed that IL-21 exerted significant effects on Nile tilapia IgM<sup>+</sup> B cells, including the promotion of IgM<sup>+</sup> B cell proliferation, induction of IgM secretion, and up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines. These findings suggest that <em>On</em>IL-21 enhances the ability of IgM<sup>+</sup> B cells in humoral immunity. Furthermore, when IgM <sup>+</sup> B cells were stimulated with r<em>On</em>IL-21 <em>in vitro</em>, we observed a significant up-regulation in antibody secretion ability (sIgM), as well as increased expression of IFN-γ and IL-10. To further understand the regulatory mechanism of <em>On</em>IL-21, we demonstrated that <em>On</em>IL-21 binds to its heterodimer receptor complex (<em>On</em>IL-21R/<em>On</em>γc) to exert its function. This binding triggers the conserved JAK/STAT3 and AKT pathways, which in turn regulate the expression of genes involved in B cell proliferation, antibody secretion, and cytokine expression. Collectively, our findings establish that IL-21 plays a crucial role in the regulation of humoral immunity in lower vertebrates, and this regulation is mediated through conserved signaling pathways across vertebrates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 105325"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143051611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-19DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2025.105320
Huilong Chen, Changhong Lin, Bo Zhang, Lulu Yan, Bo Zhang, Pengfei Wang, Lihua Qiu, Chao Zhao
Scavenger receptors (SRs) serve as essential pattern recognition receptors in the innate immune system, playing multiple roles in the immunity of fish. They contribute to defense mechanisms against pathogenic infections through various pathways. However, research on the functions of SRs in the immune response of Spotted sea bass remains limited. Here, the LmSRA3 gene was cloned and identified from Spotted sea bass, and a bioinformatic analysis of the sequence was conducted. This analysis revealed that the open reading frame of LmSRA3 spans 1821 bp and encodes 606 amino acids. The estimated molecular mass of this protein is 66.62 kDa, accompanied by isoelectric point of 6.06. It contains a collagen domain, a low-complexity structure, and two coiled-coils regions. Multiple sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the LmSRA3 sequence is notably conserved among fish species. Furthermore, qPCR analysis showed that the LmSRA3 gene is expressed in all examined tissues, with the highest expression in the intestine. In the head kidney, spleen, blood, and intestine after infection with A. veronii, the expression levels of the LmSRA3 gene generally exhibited a pattern of first increasing followed by decreasing, suggesting that LmSRA3 may be involved in the immune response to A. veronii infection through multiple pathways. Subcellular localization experiments revealed that LmSRA3 is predominantly distributed in the cytoplasm. Additionally, results from the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated the binding capacity of LmSRA3 to A. veronii is not significant. Furthermore, interference or overexpression of LmSRA3 significantly affected the expression of RelA, MyD88, TNFR1, and IL-1β. These results emphasize that LmSRA3 may play a crucial role in the innate immune response of Spotted sea bass and provides insights into the mechanism by which SRs are in the antibacterial immunity of this species.
{"title":"Identification of scavenger receptor (LmSRA3) gene and its immune response to Aeromonas veronii in Lateolabrax maculatus.","authors":"Huilong Chen, Changhong Lin, Bo Zhang, Lulu Yan, Bo Zhang, Pengfei Wang, Lihua Qiu, Chao Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2025.105320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Scavenger receptors (SRs) serve as essential pattern recognition receptors in the innate immune system, playing multiple roles in the immunity of fish. They contribute to defense mechanisms against pathogenic infections through various pathways. However, research on the functions of SRs in the immune response of Spotted sea bass remains limited. Here, the LmSRA3 gene was cloned and identified from Spotted sea bass, and a bioinformatic analysis of the sequence was conducted. This analysis revealed that the open reading frame of LmSRA3 spans 1821 bp and encodes 606 amino acids. The estimated molecular mass of this protein is 66.62 kDa, accompanied by isoelectric point of 6.06. It contains a collagen domain, a low-complexity structure, and two coiled-coils regions. Multiple sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the LmSRA3 sequence is notably conserved among fish species. Furthermore, qPCR analysis showed that the LmSRA3 gene is expressed in all examined tissues, with the highest expression in the intestine. In the head kidney, spleen, blood, and intestine after infection with A. veronii, the expression levels of the LmSRA3 gene generally exhibited a pattern of first increasing followed by decreasing, suggesting that LmSRA3 may be involved in the immune response to A. veronii infection through multiple pathways. Subcellular localization experiments revealed that LmSRA3 is predominantly distributed in the cytoplasm. Additionally, results from the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated the binding capacity of LmSRA3 to A. veronii is not significant. Furthermore, interference or overexpression of LmSRA3 significantly affected the expression of RelA, MyD88, TNFR1, and IL-1β. These results emphasize that LmSRA3 may play a crucial role in the innate immune response of Spotted sea bass and provides insights into the mechanism by which SRs are in the antibacterial immunity of this species.</p>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":" ","pages":"105320"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143001897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-12DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2025.105318
Muhammad Usman Ghani , Gaichao Zhao , Dakun Pei , Tao Ma , Yuhan Zhao , Xiaoxuan Qu , Hongjuan Cui
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are composed of nucleotides that do not encode proteins but instead serve as guides. It interacts with amino acids at precise genomic sites, influencing chromatin structure and gene expression. These ncRNAs contribute to numerous inter-species dynamics, including those within the vector-host-pathogen triad. Vector-associated ncRNAs are released into hosts to combat the host immune system and sustain arthropod viability. Conversely, hosts may utilize specific ncRNAs as part of their defences to counteract pathogen-carrying vectors. Moreover, pathogens transmitted through vectors' saliva into hosts carry ncRNAs that enhances their virulence. While recent investigations have primarily focused on vector-associated ncRNAs in animal hosts, only a few have explored the functions of pathogen-associated ncRNAs and their role in initiating infections. Our review delves into the historical prospects of ncRNAs, mechanisms by which pathogen-derived ncRNAs influence host-pathogen interactions, regulate gene expression, and evade host defences. Ultimately, it underscores the importance ncRNAs mediated regulatory network in vector-host-pathogen dynamics, offering new strategies to combat vector-borne diseases and enhance public health outcomes.
{"title":"Inter-species dynamics of non-coding RNAs: Impact on host immunomodulation and pathogen survival","authors":"Muhammad Usman Ghani , Gaichao Zhao , Dakun Pei , Tao Ma , Yuhan Zhao , Xiaoxuan Qu , Hongjuan Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105318","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105318","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are composed of nucleotides that do not encode proteins but instead serve as guides. It interacts with amino acids at precise genomic sites, influencing chromatin structure and gene expression. These ncRNAs contribute to numerous inter-species dynamics, including those within the vector-host-pathogen triad. Vector-associated ncRNAs are released into hosts to combat the host immune system and sustain arthropod viability. Conversely, hosts may utilize specific ncRNAs as part of their defences to counteract pathogen-carrying vectors. Moreover, pathogens transmitted through vectors' saliva into hosts carry ncRNAs that enhances their virulence. While recent investigations have primarily focused on vector-associated ncRNAs in animal hosts, only a few have explored the functions of pathogen-associated ncRNAs and their role in initiating infections. Our review delves into the historical prospects of ncRNAs, mechanisms by which pathogen-derived ncRNAs influence host-pathogen interactions, regulate gene expression, and evade host defences. Ultimately, it underscores the importance ncRNAs mediated regulatory network in vector-host-pathogen dynamics, offering new strategies to combat vector-borne diseases and enhance public health outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 105318"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142983028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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