Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2025.105500
Yisang Lu , Rongxiang Tan , Jian Ye , Guangjie Si , Ting Xu , Xiaoyi Pan
Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) is a fierce pathogen causing high mortality in the decapod crustaceans, including Litopenaeus vannamei. Major capsid protein (MCP), the main component of the viral capsid, plays a crucial role in iridovirus infection. To gain insight into the role of MCP in DIV1 infections, a pPR3-N membrane cDNA library derived from L. vannamei hemocyte was established, and the bait plasmid pBT3-STE-MCP was constructed. Then, the yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system was used to screen the host cellular proteins that interact with DIV1-MCP. Sixteen proteins were identified as the interacting proteins of MCP. Three candidate proteins, including arginine kinase, sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein, and 40S ribosomal protein S13, were selected, and in vitro GST pull-down assays were performed and verified their interaction with MCP. Our findings provide valuable information for better insights into DIV1 pathogenesis and the role of MCP in this process.
{"title":"Screening of host proteins interacting with the major capsid protein of decapod iridescent virus 1 in Litopenaeus vannamei by the yeast two-hybrid system","authors":"Yisang Lu , Rongxiang Tan , Jian Ye , Guangjie Si , Ting Xu , Xiaoyi Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105500","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105500","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) is a fierce pathogen causing high mortality in the decapod crustaceans, including <em>Litopenaeus vannamei.</em> Major capsid protein (MCP), the main component of the viral capsid, plays a crucial role in iridovirus infection. To gain insight into the role of MCP in DIV1 infections, a pPR3-N membrane cDNA library derived from <em>L. vannamei</em> hemocyte was established, and the bait plasmid pBT3-STE-MCP was constructed. Then, the yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system was used to screen the host cellular proteins that interact with DIV1-MCP. Sixteen proteins were identified as the interacting proteins of MCP. Three candidate proteins, including arginine kinase, sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein, and 40S ribosomal protein S13, were selected, and <em>in vitro</em> GST pull-down assays were performed and verified their interaction with MCP. Our findings provide valuable information for better insights into DIV1 pathogenesis and the role of MCP in this process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 105500"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145367864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2025.105498
Lidia Sánchez-Morales , Marta Pérez-Sancho , Teresa García-Seco , Ana Balseiro , Andrea Pérez-Domingo , Aránzazu Buendía , Alberto Diez-Guerrier , María García de Garnica García , Patricia Mareque , María de los Ángeles Risalde , Christian Gortázar , Mercedes Domínguez , Lucas Domínguez
Streptococcus suis is a major pathogen in swine, causing septicaemia, meningitis, and arthritis. Effective control is complicated by the presence of multiple serotypes, genetic heterogeneity, and interference of maternal antibodies with vaccine efficacy. Moreover, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains poses additional challenges. Trained immunity, a process of innate immune memory induced by certain stimuli, has been proposed as a novel approach to enhance host defense mechanisms.
This study aimed to evaluate whether a mycobacterial-derived immunomodulator (dpB) administered with a specific S. suis vaccine could improve protection in pigs. Thirty-two weaned pigs were allocated into four groups: vaccine alone, vaccine and live dpB, vaccine and inactivated dpB, and non-immunized controls. After two immunizations, animals were challenged with a S. suis serotype 2 strain.
Immune responses were assessed through ex vivo blood stimulation, cytokine measurement and phagocytosis assays. The group receiving vaccine and inactivated dpB presented a better response, including reduced bacterial loads in tissues, less severe lung lesions and elevated pre-challenge cytokine levels. Clinically, these animals showed milder symptoms and lower bacterial dissemination post-challenge.
While trained immunity remains a relatively new concept in veterinary immunology, these results suggest that inactivated dpB, when combined with specific vaccination, could serve as an effective complementary strategy to improve protection against S. suis. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and to establish its potential role in comprehensive disease prevention programs.
{"title":"Exploring trained immunity to complement vaccination against Streptococcus suis in swine","authors":"Lidia Sánchez-Morales , Marta Pérez-Sancho , Teresa García-Seco , Ana Balseiro , Andrea Pérez-Domingo , Aránzazu Buendía , Alberto Diez-Guerrier , María García de Garnica García , Patricia Mareque , María de los Ángeles Risalde , Christian Gortázar , Mercedes Domínguez , Lucas Domínguez","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Streptococcus suis</em> is a major pathogen in swine, causing septicaemia, meningitis, and arthritis. Effective control is complicated by the presence of multiple serotypes, genetic heterogeneity, and interference of maternal antibodies with vaccine efficacy. Moreover, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains poses additional challenges. Trained immunity, a process of innate immune memory induced by certain stimuli, has been proposed as a novel approach to enhance host defense mechanisms.</div><div>This study aimed to evaluate whether a mycobacterial-derived immunomodulator (dpB) administered with a specific <em>S. suis</em> vaccine could improve protection in pigs. Thirty-two weaned pigs were allocated into four groups: vaccine alone, vaccine and live dpB, vaccine and inactivated dpB, and non-immunized controls. After two immunizations, animals were challenged with a <em>S. suis</em> serotype 2 strain.</div><div>Immune responses were assessed through <em>ex vivo</em> blood stimulation, cytokine measurement and phagocytosis assays. The group receiving vaccine and inactivated dpB presented a better response, including reduced bacterial loads in tissues, less severe lung lesions and elevated pre-challenge cytokine levels. Clinically, these animals showed milder symptoms and lower bacterial dissemination post-challenge.</div><div>While trained immunity remains a relatively new concept in veterinary immunology, these results suggest that inactivated dpB, when combined with specific vaccination, could serve as an effective complementary strategy to improve protection against <em>S. suis</em>. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and to establish its potential role in comprehensive disease prevention programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 105498"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145370133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2025.105506
Jixiu Wang , Chenqian Wu , Zhiqing Ye , Zhijing Jiang , Baoyi Huang , Haojie Yuan , Xudong Liang , Lifei Ge , Xiaolong Yin , Weiye Li , Xiuwen Xu , Tianming Wang , Jingwen Yang
GPR97, a member of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (aGPCR) family, functions as a membrane receptor for glucocorticoids, mediating their rapid non-genomic effects and immune regulation in mammals. However, the membrane receptor for glucocorticoids in fish and the mechanisms underlying cortisol's rapid responses remain poorly understood. In this study, GPR97 was cloned and characterized from the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) as LcGPR97. Sequence alignment and membrane localization analyses confirmed its classification within the aGPCR family. Upon cortisol stimulation in HEK293 cells expressing LcGPR97, intracellular cAMP levels decreased, Ca2+ concentration increased, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation was activated. These results suggest that cortisol activates LcGPR97, which couples with Gαi/o proteins to mediate downstream signaling. Furthermore, LcGPR97 was highly expressed in immune-related tissues, including the spleen, trunk kidney and head kidney, and its expression increased after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, indicating its role in immune modulation during inflammation. These findings offer novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of cortisol's rapid effects via membrane receptors in fish and highlight potential implications for immune regulation in aquaculture.
{"title":"Identification and immunomodulatory roles of a novel glucocorticoid receptor (GPR97) in the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)","authors":"Jixiu Wang , Chenqian Wu , Zhiqing Ye , Zhijing Jiang , Baoyi Huang , Haojie Yuan , Xudong Liang , Lifei Ge , Xiaolong Yin , Weiye Li , Xiuwen Xu , Tianming Wang , Jingwen Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>GPR97, a member of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (aGPCR) family, functions as a membrane receptor for glucocorticoids, mediating their rapid non-genomic effects and immune regulation in mammals. However, the membrane receptor for glucocorticoids in fish and the mechanisms underlying cortisol's rapid responses remain poorly understood. In this study, GPR97 was cloned and characterized from the large yellow croaker (<em>Larimichthys crocea</em>) as <em>Lc</em>GPR97. Sequence alignment and membrane localization analyses confirmed its classification within the aGPCR family. Upon cortisol stimulation in HEK293 cells expressing <em>Lc</em>GPR97, intracellular cAMP levels decreased, Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration increased, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation was activated. These results suggest that cortisol activates <em>Lc</em>GPR97, which couples with Gα<sub>i/o</sub> proteins to mediate downstream signaling. Furthermore, <em>Lc</em>GPR97 was highly expressed in immune-related tissues, including the spleen, trunk kidney and head kidney, and its expression increased after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, indicating its role in immune modulation during inflammation. These findings offer novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of cortisol's rapid effects via membrane receptors in fish and highlight potential implications for immune regulation in aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 105506"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145387936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2025.105502
Jing Sun , Ziru Huang , Qing Lin , Haixin Hu , Hailong Su , Taixin Chen , Shitong Liu , Changping Xu , Yifan Li , Hongkuan Zhang , Huaiping Zheng
Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) represents a substantial threat to both the global aquaculture industry and public health. While, VP pathogenicity has been investigated in various bivalve species, the dynamic immune response of the economically important noble scallop Chlamys nobilis remains inadequately characterized. This study provides the first integrative analysis combining histopathological, physiological, and transcriptomic approaches to elucidate the scallop's immune response to VP infection across multiple time points. Our findings indicate that gill tissue damage escalates with the duration of infection. Physiological indices, including the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels, peaked at 24 h post-infection (P < 0.05). Concurrently, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels exhibited a significant increase from 24 h (P < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis identified 5,058, 2,045, 3,952, and 6,490 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 6, 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Enrichment analyses underscored the significant regulation of pathways related to cellular structure, signal transduction (e.g., MAPK signaling pathway), and metabolism (e.g., ribosome, proteasome, and oxidative phosphorylation). Notably, key immune-related genes (e.g., IRAK1, DDX58, CASP2, CASP7, XIAP) were significantly down-regulated throughout the infection period, despite a transient rebound at 24 h. These results demonstrate that VP infection may lead to the suppression and dysregulation of the immune defenses of C. nobilis over time. This study advances our understanding of scallop antibacterial immunity and provides a foundation for future research on molecular immune responses in bivalves.
{"title":"Dynamic immune responses of the noble scallop Chlamys nobilis to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection","authors":"Jing Sun , Ziru Huang , Qing Lin , Haixin Hu , Hailong Su , Taixin Chen , Shitong Liu , Changping Xu , Yifan Li , Hongkuan Zhang , Huaiping Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em> (<em>VP</em>) represents a substantial threat to both the global aquaculture industry and public health. While, <em>VP</em> pathogenicity has been investigated in various bivalve species, the dynamic immune response of the economically important noble scallop <em>Chlamys nobilis</em> remains inadequately characterized. This study provides the first integrative analysis combining histopathological, physiological, and transcriptomic approaches to elucidate the scallop's immune response to <em>VP</em> infection across multiple time points. Our findings indicate that gill tissue damage escalates with the duration of infection. Physiological indices, including the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels, peaked at 24 h post-infection (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Concurrently, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels exhibited a significant increase from 24 h (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis identified 5,058, 2,045, 3,952, and 6,490 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 6, 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Enrichment analyses underscored the significant regulation of pathways related to cellular structure, signal transduction (e.g., MAPK signaling pathway), and metabolism (e.g., ribosome, proteasome, and oxidative phosphorylation). Notably, key immune-related genes (e.g., <em>IRAK1</em>, <em>DDX58</em>, <em>CASP2</em>, <em>CASP7</em>, <em>XIAP</em>) were significantly down-regulated throughout the infection period, despite a transient rebound at 24 h. These results demonstrate that <em>VP</em> infection may lead to the suppression and dysregulation of the immune defenses of <em>C. nobilis</em> over time. This study advances our understanding of scallop antibacterial immunity and provides a foundation for future research on molecular immune responses in bivalves.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 105502"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145412767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2025.105510
Yuxin Shi , Jingyang Liu , Tongxin Lin , Wanli Lu , Linwei Yang , Siyou Huang
Although the immune function of the methyltransferase Wilm's tumor 1-associated protein (WTAP) has been well-studied in vertebrates, its role in the invertebrate immune system remains limited. In this study, we identified the WTAP gene in Penaeus vannamei and investigated its potential role in shrimp innate immunity. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that WTAP was broadly expressed in key immune tissues of the shrimp, including hemocytes, intestines, hepatopancreas, and gills. WTAP expression was upregulated in the hepatopancreas and gills during Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. Although knockdown of WTAP did not significantly affect the survival rate of shrimp infected with V. parahaemolyticus, there was a non-significant trend toward decreased survival, along with markedly increased bacterial loads in gills and hepatopancreas. Knockdown of WTAP also led to a significant reduction in the expression levels of ALF1/3/5/6 and PEN2/3/4. Furthermore, WTAP expression was regulated by NF-κB Relish and repressed by the transcription factors STAT and Dorsal. Our results demonstrated that P. vannamei WTAP, regulated by NF-κB Relish, inhibited V. parahaemolyticus proliferation by modulating the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). These findings deepen our understanding of WTAP's role in crustacean innate immunity and provide a crucial foundation for future research on the relationship between m6A modification and immune regulation in invertebrates.
尽管甲基转移酶Wilm's tumor 1-associated protein （WTAP）的免疫功能已经在脊椎动物中得到了很好的研究，但它在无脊椎动物免疫系统中的作用仍然有限。在本研究中，我们在凡纳滨对虾中鉴定了WTAP基因，并探讨了其在对虾先天免疫中的潜在作用。RT-qPCR分析显示，WTAP广泛表达于对虾的关键免疫组织，包括血细胞、肠、肝胰腺和鳃。在副溶血性弧菌感染期间，肝胰腺和鳃中WTAP的表达上调。虽然WTAP基因敲低对副溶血性弧菌感染对虾的存活率没有显著影响，但对虾的存活率有不显著的下降趋势，同时虾鳃和肝胰脏的细菌负荷显著增加。WTAP的下调也导致ALF1/3/5/6和PEN2/3/4的表达水平显著降低。此外，WTAP的表达受NF-κB佐料调控，受转录因子STAT和Dorsal的抑制。结果表明，受NF-κB佐料调控的凡纳梅WTAP可通过调节抗菌肽（AMPs）的表达抑制副溶血性弧菌的增殖。这些发现加深了我们对WTAP在甲壳类动物先天免疫中的作用的认识，为进一步研究m6A修饰与无脊椎动物免疫调节之间的关系提供了重要的基础。
{"title":"Methyltransferase WTAP participates in shrimp defense against Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection","authors":"Yuxin Shi , Jingyang Liu , Tongxin Lin , Wanli Lu , Linwei Yang , Siyou Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although the immune function of the methyltransferase Wilm's tumor 1-associated protein (WTAP) has been well-studied in vertebrates, its role in the invertebrate immune system remains limited. In this study, we identified the <em>WTAP</em> gene in <em>Penaeus vannamei</em> and investigated its potential role in shrimp innate immunity. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that <em>WTAP</em> was broadly expressed in key immune tissues of the shrimp, including hemocytes, intestines, hepatopancreas, and gills. <em>WTAP</em> expression was upregulated in the hepatopancreas and gills during <em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em> infection. Although knockdown of <em>WTAP</em> did not significantly affect the survival rate of shrimp infected with <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em>, there was a non-significant trend toward decreased survival, along with markedly increased bacterial loads in gills and hepatopancreas. Knockdown of <em>WTAP</em> also led to a significant reduction in the expression levels of <em>ALF1/3/5/6</em> and <em>PEN2/3/4</em>. Furthermore, <em>WTAP</em> expression was regulated by NF-κB Relish and repressed by the transcription factors STAT and Dorsal. Our results demonstrated that <em>P. vannamei</em> WTAP, regulated by NF-κB Relish, inhibited <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> proliferation by modulating the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). These findings deepen our understanding of WTAP's role in crustacean innate immunity and provide a crucial foundation for future research on the relationship between m<sup>6</sup>A modification and immune regulation in invertebrates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 105510"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145457732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2025.105491
Jingwen Hao , Yukun Jie , Zhibin Lu , Tiantian Ye , Jilun Meng , Cui Liu , Junjun Yan , Yutong Zheng , Zaijie Dong , Zhimin Gu
Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) is an emerging virus associated with high morbidity and mortality in crustaceans. In this study, we obtained a novel, highly pathogenic strain of DIV1, named DIV1-ZH, and performed whole-genome sequencing. The full length of the DIV1-ZH genome is 166,964 bp, with a GC content of 34.56 %. A total of 176 open reading frames (ORFs) were identified. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the predicted major capsid protein (MCP), DIV1-ZH has a high homology with CQIV and SHIV. The 50 % lethal dose (LD50) of the DIV1-ZH strain for M. rosenbergii at 72 h post-infection was estimated to be 1.30 × 108 copies/mL, accompanied by characteristic clinical signs such as a white triangle at the rostrum base and gut emptiness. Viral load measurements showed rapid viral replication in hepatopancreas, gills, and intestine from 0 to 72 hpi. Histopathology revealed eosinophilic inclusions, nuclear pyknosis, parenchymal necrosis, and immune cell infiltration in the hepatopancreas. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of icosahedral viral particles in the cytoplasm of hepatopancreatic and intestinal cells. In addition, qRT-PCR revealed significant upregulation of immune-related genes (TPI, RSAD2, Caspase3, Crustin, ALF2, ALF5) in infected tissues, indicating a robust host immune response. These results provide new insights into the molecular pathogenesis and host interactions of DIV1-ZH, and lay the groundwork for future prevention and control strategies in crustacean aquaculture.
{"title":"Genomic characterization and host immune responses to Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) in Macrobrachium rosenbergii","authors":"Jingwen Hao , Yukun Jie , Zhibin Lu , Tiantian Ye , Jilun Meng , Cui Liu , Junjun Yan , Yutong Zheng , Zaijie Dong , Zhimin Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105491","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105491","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) is an emerging virus associated with high morbidity and mortality in crustaceans. In this study, we obtained a novel, highly pathogenic strain of DIV1, named DIV1-ZH, and performed whole-genome sequencing. The full length of the DIV1-ZH genome is 166,964 bp, with a GC content of 34.56 %. A total of 176 open reading frames (ORFs) were identified. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the predicted major capsid protein (MCP), DIV1-ZH has a high homology with CQIV and SHIV. The 50 % lethal dose (LD<sub>50</sub>) of the DIV1-ZH strain for <em>M. rosenbergii</em> at 72 h post-infection was estimated to be 1.30 × 10<sup>8</sup> copies/mL, accompanied by characteristic clinical signs such as a white triangle at the rostrum base and gut emptiness. Viral load measurements showed rapid viral replication in hepatopancreas, gills, and intestine from 0 to 72 hpi. Histopathology revealed eosinophilic inclusions, nuclear pyknosis, parenchymal necrosis, and immune cell infiltration in the hepatopancreas. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of icosahedral viral particles in the cytoplasm of hepatopancreatic and intestinal cells. In addition, qRT-PCR revealed significant upregulation of immune-related genes (<em>TPI</em>, <em>RSAD2</em>, <em>Caspase3</em>, <em>Crustin</em>, <em>ALF2</em>, <em>ALF5</em>) in infected tissues, indicating a robust host immune response. These results provide new insights into the molecular pathogenesis and host interactions of DIV1-ZH, and lay the groundwork for future prevention and control strategies in crustacean aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 105491"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145285915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2025.105509
Zhenhui Wang , Yupeng Chen , Yinan Wang , Xuyuan Fan , Yuan Ren , Chang Wei , Qiang Li
Apostichopus japonicus, a member of Holothuroidea (phylum Echinodermata), is known for its strong ability to regenerate its coelomocytes. The constitutive recovery of coelomocytes occurs at 6 h post-evisceration. Rapid coelomocyte recovery, combined with limited proliferation of residual coelomocytes at the early recovery stage, suggests that migration from other sites is the likely mechanism. In this study, we investigated migration of coelomocytes and several other components, including cell-free coelomic fluid, protein, and bacteria from the water-vascular system to the coelom by transplantation of these components through the papillae. The coelomic fluid had migrated substantially at 6 h post-transplantation (hpt). Glutathione S-transferase was detected migrating into the coelom at 6 and 12 hpt with an increasing trend. Vibrio splendidus, a pathogenic bacterium, and Escherichia coli, a non-pathogenic bacterium of A. japonicus, were both found to migrate at 6–72 hpt. Fluorescence labeling and allogeneic transplantation of live coelomocytes were used to investigate coelomocyte migration. Coelomocytes migrated from the water-vascular system to the coelom at 2 and 12 hpt, with a migration rate of 1.2 % and 3.7 %, respectively. However, migration rate increased significantly at 6 and 12 hpt under evisceration, which were 2.5- and 1.3-fold than that in healthy A. japonicus. Pathogenic infection significantly increased coelomocyte migration rate at each point post-transplantation, with a peak of 7.60-fold at 48 hpt. The findings have shown that different components can migrate from the water-vascular system to the coelom in A. japonicus. This suggests that the water-vascular system may act as a storage pool for coelomocytes to supplement coelomocyte physiological loss. This study enhances our understanding of the immune defense mechanisms and regenerative processes in echinoderms.
{"title":"The migration of cells from the water-vascular system to the coelom provides evidence supporting the origin of coelomocytes in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus","authors":"Zhenhui Wang , Yupeng Chen , Yinan Wang , Xuyuan Fan , Yuan Ren , Chang Wei , Qiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Apostichopus japonicus</em>, a member of Holothuroidea (phylum Echinodermata), is known for its strong ability to regenerate its coelomocytes. The constitutive recovery of coelomocytes occurs at 6 h post-evisceration. Rapid coelomocyte recovery, combined with limited proliferation of residual coelomocytes at the early recovery stage, suggests that migration from other sites is the likely mechanism. In this study, we investigated migration of coelomocytes and several other components, including cell-free coelomic fluid, protein, and bacteria from the water-vascular system to the coelom by transplantation of these components through the papillae. The coelomic fluid had migrated substantially at 6 h post-transplantation (hpt). Glutathione S-transferase was detected migrating into the coelom at 6 and 12 hpt with an increasing trend. <em>Vibrio splendidus</em>, a pathogenic bacterium, and <em>Escherichia coli</em>, a non-pathogenic bacterium of <em>A. japonicus</em>, were both found to migrate at 6–72 hpt. Fluorescence labeling and allogeneic transplantation of live coelomocytes were used to investigate coelomocyte migration. Coelomocytes migrated from the water-vascular system to the coelom at 2 and 12 hpt, with a migration rate of 1.2 % and 3.7 %, respectively. However, migration rate increased significantly at 6 and 12 hpt under evisceration, which were 2.5- and 1.3-fold than that in healthy <em>A. japonicus</em>. Pathogenic infection significantly increased coelomocyte migration rate at each point post-transplantation, with a peak of 7.60-fold at 48 hpt. The findings have shown that different components can migrate from the water-vascular system to the coelom in <em>A. japonicus</em>. This suggests that the water-vascular system may act as a storage pool for coelomocytes to supplement coelomocyte physiological loss. This study enhances our understanding of the immune defense mechanisms and regenerative processes in echinoderms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 105509"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145457730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2025.105507
Tao Fang , Luyao Gao , Jixu Zhang , Fei Ma , Yunpeng Cao , Ping Jin , Jinjun Qian
The activator protein 1 (AP-1) family, a group of dimerized transcription factors ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells, plays versatile roles in diverse cellular and physiological processes. However, the functional characteristics of AP-1 remains unexplored in amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense), an evolutionarily pivotal chordate model for studying the origins of vertebrate development and immunity. Here, we report the discovery and functional characterization of two novel AP-1 subunit homologs, designated as AmphiFos and AmphiJun, in amphioxus. Our findings demonstrate that both AmphiFos and AmphiJun are involved in the innate immune response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Furthermore, the AmphiFos/AmphiJun heterodimer binds specifically to the conserved AP-1 DNA motif and activates downstream cytokine expression. Intriguingly, we have identified bbe-miR-210 as a post-transcriptional regulator that directly targets the coding sequences of both AmphiFos and AmphiJun, thereby suppressing their expressions to balance immune responses. Collectively, this work not only reveals the evolutionary conservation of AP-1-mediated immune regulation in basal chordates but also uncovers a mechanism by which microRNA fine-tunes AP-1 activity in amphioxus.
激活蛋白1 （activator protein 1, AP-1）家族是一类普遍存在于哺乳动物细胞中的二聚体转录因子，在多种细胞和生理过程中发挥着多种作用。然而，AP-1在文昌鱼（Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense）中的功能特征仍未被探索，文昌鱼是研究脊椎动物发育和免疫起源的进化关键脊索动物模型。在这里，我们报告了两个新的AP-1亚基同源物的发现和功能表征，命名为AmphiFos和AmphiJun，文昌鱼。我们的研究结果表明，AmphiFos和AmphiJun都参与了对脂多糖（LPS）挑战的先天免疫反应。此外，AmphiFos/AmphiJun异二聚体特异性结合保守的AP-1 DNA基序并激活下游细胞因子的表达。有趣的是，我们已经鉴定出bbe-miR-210是一种转录后调节剂，直接靶向AmphiFos和AmphiJun的编码序列，从而抑制它们的表达以平衡免疫反应。总的来说，这项工作不仅揭示了基础脊索动物中AP-1介导的免疫调节的进化保守性，而且揭示了microRNA微调文文鱼AP-1活性的机制。
{"title":"Bbe-miR-210 modulates AP-1-driven innate immune responses to LPS in amphioxus via targeting AmphiFos and AmphiJun","authors":"Tao Fang , Luyao Gao , Jixu Zhang , Fei Ma , Yunpeng Cao , Ping Jin , Jinjun Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The activator protein 1 (AP-1) family, a group of dimerized transcription factors ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells, plays versatile roles in diverse cellular and physiological processes. However, the functional characteristics of AP-1 remains unexplored in amphioxus (<em>Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense</em>), an evolutionarily pivotal chordate model for studying the origins of vertebrate development and immunity. Here, we report the discovery and functional characterization of two novel AP-1 subunit homologs, designated as AmphiFos and AmphiJun, in amphioxus. Our findings demonstrate that both AmphiFos and AmphiJun are involved in the innate immune response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Furthermore, the AmphiFos/AmphiJun heterodimer binds specifically to the conserved AP-1 DNA motif and activates downstream cytokine expression. Intriguingly, we have identified bbe-miR-210 as a post-transcriptional regulator that directly targets the coding sequences of both <em>AmphiFos</em> and <em>AmphiJun</em>, thereby suppressing their expressions to balance immune responses. Collectively, this work not only reveals the evolutionary conservation of AP-1-mediated immune regulation in basal chordates but also uncovers a mechanism by which microRNA fine-tunes AP-1 activity in amphioxus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 105507"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145451245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2025.105501
Shuyan Li , Zhenkun Song , Mengli Tian , Anmin Zhao , Yuanshi Cai , Jiale Ping , Longcheng Xu , Yunxia Luan , Jian Hu
C-type lectins (CTLs) are a large family of proteins characterized by a conserved carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) that recognize and bind various sugar ligands. Currently, the CTLs in agricultural pest populations remain largely unexplored. In this study, 29 CTLDP (CTL-domain protein) genes were identified in the Ostrinia furnacalis, a worldwide agricultural pest, including 10 CTL-S (Single-CRD), 14 IMLs (Dual-CRD) and 5 CTL-X (CRD with other domains). The comparative and structural analysis of CRD sequences reveals that these domains exhibit similarity in sequences and tertiary and diversity in carbohydrate recognition motifs. CTL-Ss and CTL-Xs are predominantly expressed in the epidermis of O. furnacalis, whereas IMLs are primarily expressed in the fat body and hemocytes, which are key tissues involved in cellular immunity in insects. Moreover, the expression of OfIMLs in response to diverse pathogenic microorganisms varies across different time points following immune challenge. Notably, this study provides the first evidence that six OfIMLs are involved in hemocytic encapsulation against Macrocentrus cingulum larvae transplanted into naive O. furnacalis larvae. Considering the significant roles of IMLs, we further identified CTLs from 16 insect and one crustacean species using genomic data from public databases. IML was present in only 12 species, while CTL-S and CTL-X were found in all 17 species. According to the phylogenetic analysis and chromosomal distribution patterns, we hypothesize that IMLs have evolved independently within different taxonomic groups via gene duplication. These results offer insights into further exploration of CTL functions in agricultural pest insects.
{"title":"Identification and functional analysis of C-type lectin-domain proteins in Ostrinia furnacalis","authors":"Shuyan Li , Zhenkun Song , Mengli Tian , Anmin Zhao , Yuanshi Cai , Jiale Ping , Longcheng Xu , Yunxia Luan , Jian Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>C-type lectins (CTLs) are a large family of proteins characterized by a conserved carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) that recognize and bind various sugar ligands. Currently, the CTLs in agricultural pest populations remain largely unexplored. In this study, 29 CTLDP (CTL-domain protein) genes were identified in the <em>Ostrinia furnacalis</em>, a worldwide agricultural pest, including 10 CTL-S (Single-CRD), 14 IMLs (Dual-CRD) and 5 CTL-X (CRD with other domains). The comparative and structural analysis of CRD sequences reveals that these domains exhibit similarity in sequences and tertiary and diversity in carbohydrate recognition motifs. CTL-Ss and CTL-Xs are predominantly expressed in the epidermis of <em>O</em>. <em>furnacalis</em>, whereas IMLs are primarily expressed in the fat body and hemocytes, which are key tissues involved in cellular immunity in insects. Moreover, the expression of <em>Of</em>IMLs in response to diverse pathogenic microorganisms varies across different time points following immune challenge. Notably, this study provides the first evidence that six <em>Of</em>IMLs are involved in hemocytic encapsulation against <em>Macrocentrus cingulum</em> larvae transplanted into naive <em>O</em>. <em>furnacalis</em> larvae. Considering the significant roles of IMLs, we further identified CTLs from 16 insect and one crustacean species using genomic data from public databases. IML was present in only 12 species, while CTL-S and CTL-X were found in all 17 species. According to the phylogenetic analysis and chromosomal distribution patterns, we hypothesize that IMLs have evolved independently within different taxonomic groups via gene duplication. These results offer insights into further exploration of CTL functions in agricultural pest insects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 105501"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145400150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The peritrophic membrane (PM) in the shrimp intestine serves as a critical physical barrier against pathogenic infections, highlighting the importance of maintaining PM integrity for resistance to White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV). In this study, we identified a chitin-binding protein (CBP) from Marsupenaeus japonicus (MjCBP). qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of MjCBP was downregulated upon WSSV challenge. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of MjCBP resulted in higher 7-day cumulative mortality in M. japonicus following WSSV infection, and elevated VP28 mRNA levels were detected in hemocytes of MjCBP-knockout shrimp compared to controls. Recombinant expression and purification of the first four CBDs (rMjCBP-F4) and the first CBD (rCBD1) revealed their ability to bind to N-Acetylglucosamine (NAG). Both rMjCBP-F4 and rCBD1 reduced cumulative mortality in WSSV-infected shrimp. Moreover, VP24 was shown to bind NAG, and NAG itself could decrease the cumulative mortality of WSSV-infected shrimp. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that WSSV employs VP24 to bind chitin, thereby anchoring to the PM and facilitating subsequent infection processes. In the shrimp intestine, we propose a dual protective mechanism by which MjCBP resists WSSV infection: (i) maintenance of PM integrity through chitin matrix stabilization, and (ii) competitive inhibition of VP24-chitin interactions critical for WSSV adsorption.
{"title":"A chitin binding protein from the kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus involved in WSSV infection","authors":"Guo-yang Zhang , Yu-jie Qiu , Jia-xin Zheng , Jia-xin Yu, Jun-yi Ma, Xin-lei Wang, Wen-rui Zhao, Han-yue Ming, Rui-hao Luan, Xin-meng Pan, Ru-ke Sha, Guang-bin Sun, Wen-ying Liu, Sen Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105494","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The peritrophic membrane (PM) in the shrimp intestine serves as a critical physical barrier against pathogenic infections, highlighting the importance of maintaining PM integrity for resistance to White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV). In this study, we identified a chitin-binding protein (CBP) from <em>Marsupenaeus japonicus</em> (MjCBP). qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of MjCBP was downregulated upon WSSV challenge. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of <em>MjCBP</em> resulted in higher 7-day cumulative mortality in <em>M. japonicus</em> following WSSV infection, and elevated <em>VP2</em>8 mRNA levels were detected in hemocytes of <em>MjCBP-</em>knockout shrimp compared to controls. Recombinant expression and purification of the first four CBDs (rMjCBP-F4) and the first CBD (rCBD1) revealed their ability to bind to N-Acetylglucosamine (NAG). Both rMjCBP-F4 and rCBD1 reduced cumulative mortality in WSSV-infected shrimp. Moreover, VP24 was shown to bind NAG, and NAG itself could decrease the cumulative mortality of WSSV-infected shrimp. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that WSSV employs VP24 to bind chitin, thereby anchoring to the PM and facilitating subsequent infection processes. In the shrimp intestine, we propose a dual protective mechanism by which <em>Mj</em>CBP resists WSSV infection: (i) maintenance of PM integrity through chitin matrix stabilization, and (ii) competitive inhibition of VP24-chitin interactions critical for WSSV adsorption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 105494"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145299195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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