Drug Invention Today最新文献_第3页

Evaluation of hepatoprotective potential of ethanolic extract of Ixora pavetta against isoniazid and rifampicin induced hepatotoxicity in rats 野藿香醇提物抗异烟肼和利福平所致大鼠肝毒性的保护作用评价

Drug Invention Today

Pub Date : 2013-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.dit.2013.06.007

Gangavaram Jyothi Reddy , Vara Prasanth Reddy , Mungura Sreepavani , Cuddapa Rajaram , Sadhu Nelson Kumar , Rupesh S. Kanhere

Objective

The aim of present study was to demonstrate the hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Ixora pavetta (EEIP) against isoniazid and rifampicin induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

Method

Rats were divided into five groups each group containing 6 animals. All rats were treated with INH + RIF in saline water at the dose of 100 mg/kg b.w., p.o. to the experimental animals for 21 days. Group I served as control administered with distilled water. In order to study the effect of EEIP in rats, 200 mg/kg b.w. and 400 mg/kg b.w. of extracts were administered to the rats in group IV and V by oral route. Silymarin (2.5 mg/kg b.w., p.o.) was used as a standard drug in this study. After the course of treatment the animals were sacrificed and blood and liver samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological studies respectively.

Results

Biochemical parametric evaluation of both the standard and EEIP (200 mg and 400 mg/kg b. wt) treated rats showed significant decrease in SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Total Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin, and Total cholesterol. And the level of Total protein was significantly increased in both standard and EEIP treated rats when compared to toxic control group rats. The changes in biochemical parameters were supported by histological profile.

Conclusion

It is concluded that the ethanolic extract of Ixora pavetta protects against rifampicin and Isoniazid-induced oxidative liver injury in rats.

目的研究野藿香醇提物(eiip)对异烟肼和利福平所致大鼠肝毒性的保护作用。方法随机分为5组，每组6只。所有大鼠均以100mg /kg b.w.的盐水给药INH + RIF 21 d。第一组为对照组，给予蒸馏水。为了研究EEIP对大鼠的影响，IV组和V组大鼠分别口服提取物200 mg/kg b.w.和400 mg/kg b.w.。以水飞蓟素(2.5 mg/kg b.w.， p.o.)为标准药物。疗程结束后处死动物，取血液和肝脏标本分别进行生化和组织病理学研究。结果经生化参数评价，大鼠血清SGOT、SGPT、ALP、总胆红素、直接胆红素和总胆固醇均显著降低。与中毒对照组相比，标准组和EEIP组大鼠总蛋白水平均显著升高。组织学特征支持了生化参数的变化。结论黄花菜醇提物对利福平和异烟肼所致大鼠氧化性肝损伤具有一定的保护作用。

{"title":"Evaluation of hepatoprotective potential of ethanolic extract of Ixora pavetta against isoniazid and rifampicin induced hepatotoxicity in rats","authors":"Gangavaram Jyothi Reddy , Vara Prasanth Reddy , Mungura Sreepavani , Cuddapa Rajaram , Sadhu Nelson Kumar , Rupesh S. Kanhere","doi":"10.1016/j.dit.2013.06.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dit.2013.06.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The aim of present study was to demonstrate the hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of <em>Ixora pavetta</em> (EEIP) against isoniazid and rifampicin induced hepatotoxicity in rats.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>Rats were divided into five groups each group containing 6 animals. All rats were treated with INH + RIF in saline water at the dose of 100 mg/kg b.w., p.o. to the experimental animals for 21 days. Group I served as control administered with distilled water. In order to study the effect of EEIP in rats, 200 mg/kg b.w. and 400 mg/kg b.w. of extracts were administered to the rats in group IV and V by oral route. Silymarin (2.5 mg/kg b.w., p.o.) was used as a standard drug in this study. After the course of treatment the animals were sacrificed and blood and liver samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological studies respectively.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Biochemical parametric evaluation of both the standard and EEIP (200 mg and 400 mg/kg b. wt) treated rats showed significant decrease in SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Total Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin, and Total cholesterol. And the level of Total protein was significantly increased in both standard and EEIP treated rats when compared to toxic control group rats. The changes in biochemical parameters were supported by histological profile.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>It is concluded that the ethanolic extract of <em>Ixora pavetta</em> protects against rifampicin and Isoniazid-induced oxidative liver injury in rats.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11284,"journal":{"name":"Drug Invention Today","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages 201-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.dit.2013.06.007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85209976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 13

Synthesis and biological activity of some pyrimidine derivatives 一些嘧啶衍生物的合成及其生物活性

Drug Invention Today

Pub Date : 2013-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.dit.2013.08.004

Kikkeri N. Mohana , Basavapatna N. Prasanna Kumar , Lingappa Mallesha

Objectives

To synthesize a variety of pyrimidine analogs, 3, 4, 5, 6(a–d), 7(a–d) and their anticonvulsant and antioxidant activity was determined.

Methods

Using 5-bromo-2,4-dichloropyrimidine and hydrazine hydrate, new compounds were synthesized. The structures of all the new compounds are established on the basis of FT-IR, ¹H NMR and mass spectral data. Anticonvulsant study was done by MES seizure model and rotorod method was employed to determine the neurotoxicity. Antioxidant activity was done by DPPH method.

Results

All the compounds were synthesized in good yield. Among the new compounds, 6c and 7c are found to be most potent and showed no neurotoxicity. All the compounds showed DPPH radical scavenging activity, where compounds 7b, 7a and 6b were the best radical scavengers.

Conclusions

The results obtained justify the usage of these compounds from their promising anticonvulsant and antioxidant activity. Therefore, the nature of groups is very important for anticonvulsant activity in MES model.

目的合成多种嘧啶类似物3、4、5、6(a - d)、7(a - d)并测定其抗惊厥和抗氧化活性。方法以5-溴-2,4-二氯嘧啶和水合肼为原料合成新化合物。所有新化合物的结构都是根据FT-IR, 1H NMR和质谱数据确定的。采用MES发作模型进行抗惊厥研究，采用旋流法测定神经毒性。DPPH法测定其抗氧化活性。结果所有化合物均以较好的收率合成。在这些新化合物中，6c和7c被发现是最有效的，没有神经毒性。所有化合物均表现出清除DPPH自由基的能力，其中化合物7b、7a和6b的清除能力最强。结论这些化合物具有良好的抗惊厥和抗氧化活性，值得临床应用。因此，组的性质对MES模型的抗惊厥活性非常重要。

{"title":"Synthesis and biological activity of some pyrimidine derivatives","authors":"Kikkeri N. Mohana , Basavapatna N. Prasanna Kumar , Lingappa Mallesha","doi":"10.1016/j.dit.2013.08.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dit.2013.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>To synthesize a variety of pyrimidine analogs, <strong>3</strong>, <strong>4</strong>, <strong>5</strong>, <strong>6(a–d)</strong>, <strong>7(a–d)</strong> and their anticonvulsant and antioxidant activity was determined.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Using 5-bromo-2,4-dichloropyrimidine and hydrazine hydrate, new compounds were synthesized. The structures of all the new compounds are established on the basis of FT-IR, <sup>1</sup>H NMR and mass spectral data. Anticonvulsant study was done by MES seizure model and rotorod method was employed to determine the neurotoxicity. Antioxidant activity was done by DPPH method.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>All the compounds were synthesized in good yield. Among the new compounds, <strong>6c</strong> and <strong>7c</strong> are found to be most potent and showed no neurotoxicity. All the compounds showed DPPH radical scavenging activity, where compounds <strong>7b</strong>, <strong>7a</strong> and <strong>6b</strong> were the best radical scavengers.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The results obtained justify the usage of these compounds from their promising anticonvulsant and antioxidant activity. Therefore, the nature of groups is very important for anticonvulsant activity in MES model.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11284,"journal":{"name":"Drug Invention Today","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages 216-222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.dit.2013.08.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81885961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 58

In silico screening of chalcone derivatives as potential inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase: Assessment using molecular docking, paired potential and molecular hydrophobic potential studies 作为二氢叶酸还原酶潜在抑制剂的查尔酮衍生物的硅筛选:使用分子对接、配对电位和分子疏水电位研究进行评估

Drug Invention Today

Pub Date : 2013-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.dit.2013.08.003

Dhanaji S. Gond , Rohan J. Meshram , Sharad G. Jadhav , Gulshan Wadhwa , Rajesh N. Gacche

Objectives

Enzyme dihydro foliate reductase (DHFR) is involved in synthesis of DNA and consequently, has long been recognized to have utmost therapeutic significance, since its inactivation can be targeted in numerous infectious as well as noninfectious diseases. In the present studies molecular docking of chalcone derivatives with human as well as Mycobacterial DHFR, followed by paired potential and hydrophobic potential analysis were carried out to understand the novel chalcone–DHFR interactions.

Methods

Molecular docking was carried out using GOLD and AutoDock software, paired potential analysis was performed employing on-line program DSX-ONLINE and molecular hydrophobic potential (MHP) analysis was done using web-based program PLATINUM.

Results

Results obtained from docking study, drug score potential and MHP analysis coincide with experimental findings. Molecular property analysis indicates that given compounds follows Lipinski's rule of five. Compound number 1 exhibited best binding energy (−8.02 kcal/mol) in human DHFR while compound number 6 (−7.36 kcal/mol), 9 (−7.32 kcal/mol), 10 (−7.31 kcal/mol) and 11 (−8.25 kcal/mol) demonstrated favorable binding score in Mycobacterial DHFR.

Conclusions

Per atom score contribution of chalcone derivatives obtained by paired potential analysis indicate participation of conserved as well as few new residues are expected to be involved in inhibition of DHFR. MHP analysis of chalcone–DHFR complexes revealed important role of hydrophobic contact in inhibition; additionally, individual chemical scaffold on chalcone derivatives that contribute in lipophilicity has been identified. This data is expected to be further explored for the design and development of novel class of DHFR inhibitors using chalcone scaffold.

目的二氢叶酸还原酶(DHFR)参与DNA的合成，长期以来被认为具有最大的治疗意义，因为它的失活可以靶向治疗许多感染性和非感染性疾病。在本研究中，查尔酮衍生物与人及分枝杆菌DHFR的分子对接，随后进行配对电位和疏水电位分析，以了解新的查尔酮- DHFR相互作用。方法采用GOLD和AutoDock软件进行分子对接，在线软件DSX-ONLINE进行配对电位分析，网络软件PLATINUM进行分子疏水电位分析。结果对接研究、药物评分电位和MHP分析结果与实验结果一致。分子性质分析表明，给定的化合物符合利平斯基的五定律。化合物1在人DHFR中结合能最好(−8.02 kcal/mol)，而化合物6(−7.36 kcal/mol)、9(−7.32 kcal/mol)、10(−7.31 kcal/mol)和11(−8.25 kcal/mol)在分枝杆菌DHFR中结合能最好。结论通过配对电位分析得到的查尔酮衍生物的sper原子分数贡献表明，可能有一些保守残基参与了DHFR的抑制，而一些新的残基可能参与了DHFR的抑制。查尔酮- dhfr配合物的MHP分析揭示了疏水接触在抑制中的重要作用;此外，查尔酮衍生物上的单个化学支架对亲脂性有贡献。这些数据有望进一步用于设计和开发使用查尔酮支架的新型DHFR抑制剂。

{"title":"In silico screening of chalcone derivatives as potential inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase: Assessment using molecular docking, paired potential and molecular hydrophobic potential studies","authors":"Dhanaji S. Gond , Rohan J. Meshram , Sharad G. Jadhav , Gulshan Wadhwa , Rajesh N. Gacche","doi":"10.1016/j.dit.2013.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dit.2013.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>Enzyme dihydro foliate reductase (DHFR) is involved in synthesis of DNA and consequently, has long been recognized to have utmost therapeutic significance, since its inactivation can be targeted in numerous infectious as well as noninfectious diseases. In the present studies molecular docking of chalcone derivatives with human as well as <em>Mycobacterial</em> DHFR, followed by paired potential and hydrophobic potential analysis were carried out to understand the novel chalcone–DHFR interactions.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Molecular docking was carried out using GOLD and AutoDock software, paired potential analysis was performed employing on-line program DSX-ONLINE and molecular hydrophobic potential (MHP) analysis was done using web-based program PLATINUM.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Results obtained from docking study, drug score potential and MHP analysis coincide with experimental findings. Molecular property analysis indicates that given compounds follows Lipinski's rule of five. Compound number 1 exhibited best binding energy (−8.02 kcal/mol) in human DHFR while compound number 6 (−7.36 kcal/mol), 9 (−7.32 kcal/mol), 10 (−7.31 kcal/mol) and 11 (−8.25 kcal/mol) demonstrated favorable binding score in <em>Mycobacterial</em> DHFR.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Per atom score contribution of chalcone derivatives obtained by paired potential analysis indicate participation of conserved as well as few new residues are expected to be involved in inhibition of DHFR. MHP analysis of chalcone–DHFR complexes revealed important role of hydrophobic contact in inhibition; additionally, individual chemical scaffold on chalcone derivatives that contribute in lipophilicity has been identified. This data is expected to be further explored for the design and development of novel class of DHFR inhibitors using chalcone scaffold.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11284,"journal":{"name":"Drug Invention Today","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages 182-191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.dit.2013.08.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77950095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 17

Antioxidant and protective effect of Curculigo orchioides on liver, pancreas and kidney tissue in alloxan induced diabetic experimental rats 莪术对四氧嘧啶诱导的糖尿病大鼠肝脏、胰腺和肾脏组织的抗氧化和保护作用

Drug Invention Today

Pub Date : 2013-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.dit.2013.08.002

Elumalai Anandakirouchenane , Irisappan Sarath Chandiran , Veerasamy Kanimozhi , Balamuthu Kadalmani

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of Curculigo orchioides in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

Methods

Diabetes was induced experimentally in 12-h fasted rats by intraperitoneal injections of alloxan (120 mg/kg b.w.) and C. orchioides (200 mg/kg b.w.) was administered orally for 21 days.

Results

Untreated diabetic rats in comparison with normal rats showed significantly lower mean activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase), lower mean levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (reduced glutathione, vitamin C, vitamin E), elevated mean levels of pancreatic malondialdehyde (MDA), elevated mean activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Following oral administration of C. orchioides (200 mg/kg b.w./day) to diabetic rats for 21 days exhibited significant improvement of the above parameters. Histopathological studies showed significant changes like cytoplasmic vacuolization of hepatocytes, leukocytic infiltration and edema in the liver and kidney of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. These histopathological abnormalities were found to be normalized after treatment with C. orchioides extract.

Conclusion

These results suggest that the methanolic extract C. orchioides enhanced the antioxidant defense against reactive oxygen species produced under hyperglycemic conditions, hence protecting the liver, pancreatic and kidney tissue injuries.

本研究旨在探讨莪术对四氧嘧啶诱导的糖尿病大鼠的抗氧化作用。方法采用腹腔注射四氧嘧啶(120 mg/kg b.w)诱导糖尿病大鼠禁食12 h，口服黄酮(200 mg/kg b.w) 21 d。结果糖尿病大鼠抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)、非酶抗氧化剂(还原性谷胱甘肽、维生素C、维生素E)、胰腺丙二醛(MDA)、血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的平均活性显著低于正常大鼠。糖尿病大鼠口服200 mg/kg b.w./d后，上述指标均有明显改善。四氧嘧啶诱导的糖尿病大鼠肝细胞胞浆空泡化、白细胞浸润、肝、肾水肿等组织病理变化明显。经兰花提取物治疗后，这些组织病理学异常均恢复正常。结论甲醇提取物可增强机体对高血糖状态下活性氧的抗氧化防御，从而保护肝脏、胰腺和肾脏组织损伤。

{"title":"Antioxidant and protective effect of Curculigo orchioides on liver, pancreas and kidney tissue in alloxan induced diabetic experimental rats","authors":"Elumalai Anandakirouchenane , Irisappan Sarath Chandiran , Veerasamy Kanimozhi , Balamuthu Kadalmani","doi":"10.1016/j.dit.2013.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dit.2013.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of <em>Curculigo orchioides</em> in alloxan induced diabetic rats.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Diabetes was induced experimentally in 12-h fasted rats by intraperitoneal injections of alloxan (120 mg/kg b.w.) and <em>C. orchioides</em> (200 mg/kg b.w.) was administered orally for 21 days.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Untreated diabetic rats in comparison with normal rats showed significantly lower mean activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase), lower mean levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (reduced glutathione, vitamin C, vitamin E), elevated mean levels of pancreatic malondialdehyde (MDA), elevated mean activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Following oral administration of <em>C. orchioides</em> (200 mg/kg b.w./day) to diabetic rats for 21 days exhibited significant improvement of the above parameters. Histopathological studies showed significant changes like cytoplasmic vacuolization of hepatocytes, leukocytic infiltration and edema in the liver and kidney of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. These histopathological abnormalities were found to be normalized after treatment with <em>C. orchioides</em> extract.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>These results suggest that the methanolic extract <em>C. orchioides</em> enhanced the antioxidant defense against reactive oxygen species produced under hyperglycemic conditions, hence protecting the liver, pancreatic and kidney tissue injuries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11284,"journal":{"name":"Drug Invention Today","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages 192-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.dit.2013.08.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82404775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11

Formulation and evaluation of Pioglitazone loaded Bovine serum albumin nanoparticles along with Piperine 吡格列酮载牛血清白蛋白纳米颗粒与胡椒碱的制备及评价

Drug Invention Today

Pub Date : 2013-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.dit.2013.05.011

Bindu Madhavi Boddupalli , Prasad Masana , Ravinder Nath Anisetti , Siri Vennela Kallem , Bhavana Madipoju

Aim

To formulate and optimize the process parameters of Pioglitazone and Piperine loaded BSA nanoparticles. This will serve the purpose avoiding the adverse effects of Pioglitazone by combining with herbal principle, Piperine.

Methods

Modified desolvation and coacervation method was selected for the formulation of nanoparticles. Method of cross linking, concentration of glutaraldehyde and pH were optimized.

Results

BSA nanoparticles loaded with Pioglitazone and Piperine were prepared. The loading efficiency was found to be maximum (81.5 ± 1.7) with chemical cross linking at 10% of glutaraldehyde and in alkaline pH. The size of the nanoparticles was in nano range and minimum with cocervation at alkaline pH. The drug release was found to be sustained upto 24 h and was efficient with nanoparticles formed at alkaline pH due to more surface area for dissolution.

Conclusion

The formed BSA nanoparticles loaded with Piperine and Pioglitazone will be beneficial for the treatment of diabetes.

目的制备吡格列酮和胡椒碱负载的牛血清白蛋白纳米颗粒，并对其工艺参数进行优化。这将有助于避免吡格列酮与草药原理胡椒碱的不良反应。方法采用改进的脱溶-凝聚法制备纳米颗粒。对交联法、戊二醛浓度和pH进行了优化。结果制备了负载吡格列酮和胡椒碱的bsa纳米颗粒。结果表明，在10%戊二醛和碱性条件下，化学交联的负载效率最高(81.5±1.7)，纳米颗粒的尺寸在纳米范围内，在碱性条件下，纳米颗粒的尺寸最小，在碱性条件下形成的纳米颗粒由于具有更大的溶解表面积，因此药物释放持续时间长达24 h。结论制备的胡椒碱和吡格列酮纳米颗粒可用于糖尿病的治疗。

{"title":"Formulation and evaluation of Pioglitazone loaded Bovine serum albumin nanoparticles along with Piperine","authors":"Bindu Madhavi Boddupalli , Prasad Masana , Ravinder Nath Anisetti , Siri Vennela Kallem , Bhavana Madipoju","doi":"10.1016/j.dit.2013.05.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dit.2013.05.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><p>To formulate and optimize the process parameters of Pioglitazone and Piperine loaded BSA nanoparticles. This will serve the purpose avoiding the adverse effects of Pioglitazone by combining with herbal principle, Piperine.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Modified desolvation and coacervation method was selected for the formulation of nanoparticles. Method of cross linking, concentration of glutaraldehyde and pH were optimized.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>BSA nanoparticles loaded with Pioglitazone and Piperine were prepared. The loading efficiency was found to be maximum (81.5 ± 1.7) with chemical cross linking at 10% of glutaraldehyde and in alkaline pH. The size of the nanoparticles was in nano range and minimum with cocervation at alkaline pH. The drug release was found to be sustained upto 24 h and was efficient with nanoparticles formed at alkaline pH due to more surface area for dissolution.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The formed BSA nanoparticles loaded with Piperine and Pioglitazone will be beneficial for the treatment of diabetes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11284,"journal":{"name":"Drug Invention Today","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages 212-215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.dit.2013.05.011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84696003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11

Preliminary phytochemical and preclinical toxicity studies of Grewia serrulata DC 细叶芹的植物化学和临床前毒性初步研究

Drug Invention Today

Pub Date : 2013-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.dit.2013.06.010

Irisappan Sarath Chandiran , Korlakunta Narasimha Jayaveera , Shaik Karimulla

Background

The present study was aimed to evaluate phytochemical constituents and the safety of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of aerial parts of Grewia serrulata DC (AEGS & EEGS) by determining their potential toxicity after acute and 28-day repeated dose administration in Wistar Albino rats.

Methods

The phytochemical analysis was done by standard laboratory grade reagents. Acute and 28-day repeated dose oral toxicity studies were performed by the following OECD test guide lines 423 and 407 respectively.

Results

The present study reveals the presence of complex phytochemical constituents like flavanoids, saponins, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids and phenols. In acute toxicity study no treatment related death or toxic signs were observed with AEGS and EEGS administration. In repeated dose study no significant differences in body weight changes and hemotological paremeters were observed between control and AEGS and EEGS groups. Conversely there was a decrease in serum glucose and cholesterol levels and an increase in protein levels in treated rats compared to control. No gross pathological findings and difference in relative organ weights were observed between control and treated rats. Histopathological examination revealed no abnormalities with the test drug treatment.

Conclusion

Preliminary phytochemical evaluation shows the presence of various bioactive constituents. Acute toxicity study reveals that LD₅₀ of AEGS and EEGS is greater than 2000 mg/kg body weight (b wt) in fasted female rats and can be classified under category 5. The 28-day repeated oral toxicity study justified that the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of G. serrulata DC (GS) is greater than 800 mg/kg b wt/day P.O in rats. There were no delayed effects in GS satellite group. In conclusion GS was found to be non-toxic in tested doses and experimental conditions.

本研究的目的是评价青菜(Grewia serrulata DC)地上部分水提物和醇提物的化学成分及其安全性。在Wistar白化大鼠急性和28天重复给药后测定其潜在毒性。方法采用实验室标准试剂进行植物化学分析。急性和28天重复剂量口服毒性研究分别按照经合组织试验指南第423条和第407条进行。结果黄酮类化合物、皂苷类化合物、苷类化合物、萜类化合物、甾体化合物和酚类化合物等多种植物化学成分的存在。在急性毒性研究中，使用AEGS和EEGS未观察到与治疗相关的死亡或毒性体征。在重复给药研究中，对照组与AEGS组和EEGS组的体重变化和血液学参数无显著差异。相反，与对照组相比，治疗大鼠的血清葡萄糖和胆固醇水平下降，蛋白质水平上升。对照组大鼠与实验组大鼠未见明显病理变化，相对脏器重量也未见差异。组织病理学检查未见药物治疗异常。结论初步植物化学评价表明其含有多种生物活性成分。急性毒性研究表明，在禁食雌性大鼠中，AEGS和EEGS的LD50均大于2000 mg/kg体重(b wt)，可归为第5类。经28天重复口服毒性研究证实，大鼠无观察到的不良反应水平(NOAEL)大于800 mg/kg b / wt/day P.O。GS卫星组无延迟效应。总之，在试验剂量和实验条件下，GS是无毒的。

{"title":"Preliminary phytochemical and preclinical toxicity studies of Grewia serrulata DC","authors":"Irisappan Sarath Chandiran , Korlakunta Narasimha Jayaveera , Shaik Karimulla","doi":"10.1016/j.dit.2013.06.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dit.2013.06.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The present study was aimed to evaluate phytochemical constituents and the safety of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of aerial parts of <em>Grewia serrulata</em> DC (AEGS & EEGS) by determining their potential toxicity after acute and 28-day repeated dose administration in Wistar Albino rats.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The phytochemical analysis was done by standard laboratory grade reagents. Acute and 28-day repeated dose oral toxicity studies were performed by the following OECD test guide lines 423 and 407 respectively.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The present study reveals the presence of complex phytochemical constituents like flavanoids, saponins, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids and phenols. In acute toxicity study no treatment related death or toxic signs were observed with AEGS and EEGS administration. In repeated dose study no significant differences in body weight changes and hemotological paremeters were observed between control and AEGS and EEGS groups. Conversely there was a decrease in serum glucose and cholesterol levels and an increase in protein levels in treated rats compared to control. No gross pathological findings and difference in relative organ weights were observed between control and treated rats. Histopathological examination revealed no abnormalities with the test drug treatment.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Preliminary phytochemical evaluation shows the presence of various bioactive constituents. Acute toxicity study reveals that LD<sub>50</sub> of AEGS and EEGS is greater than 2000 mg/kg body weight (b wt) in fasted female rats and can be classified under category 5. The 28-day repeated oral toxicity study justified that the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of <em>G. serrulata</em> DC (GS) is greater than 800 mg/kg b wt/day P.O in rats. There were no delayed effects in GS satellite group. In conclusion GS was found to be non-toxic in tested doses and experimental conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11284,"journal":{"name":"Drug Invention Today","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages 267-274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.dit.2013.06.010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82859285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Antiparkinson's and free radical scavenging study of ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract of Leucas lanata 黄颡鱼乙醇提取物乙酸乙酯部分抗帕金森病及清除自由基的研究

Drug Invention Today

Pub Date : 2013-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.dit.2013.07.001

Ramalingam Ramani , Ravinder Nath Anisetti , Bindu Madhavi Boddupalli , Nagulu Malothu , Bala Subramaniam Arumugam

Objective

Oxidative stress is the major reason for most of the neurodegenerative disorders. Our study aimed to know the in vitro free radical scavenging ability and in vivo antiparkinson's activity of ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract of Leucas lanata (LLEA).

Methods

LLEA was initially screened for in vitro free radical scavenging ability and then the effect of LLEA was studied in rotenone induced Parkinson's disorder in mice.

Results

The IC₅₀ values for superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide scavenging activity were 64.053 ± 11.90 μg/ml, 289.486 ± 66.57 μg/ml and 402.909 ± 43.22 μg/ml respectively. In catalepsy activity, fall of time for rotenone was found to be 39.5 ± 1.996 sec and it was decreased when animals were treated with LLEA (11.17 ± 0.6 sec). In locomotor activity, there was an increase from 40 ± 1.26 counts/5 min (rotenone) to 222.7 ± 1.87 counts/5 min (LLEA alone) and to 148.8 ± 1.95 counts/5 min (LLEA along with rotenone). In muscle relaxant activity, the fall off time was found to be increased from 43.83 ± 1.6 sec to 211.8 ± 1.22 sec and 147.3 ± 2.39 sec with LLEA alone and LLEA in combination with rotenone respectively.

Conclusion

The oxidative damage induced by rotenone was reduced by the administration of LLEA in all the concentrations linearly. The protective effect of LLEA might be due to its free radical scavenging ability. For the oxidative stress induced neurodegenerative disorders, natural herbs with free radical scavenging potential are going to be the better option of treatment.

目的氧化应激是大多数神经退行性疾病的主要原因。本研究旨在了解柳黄醇提物乙酸乙酯部位的体外自由基清除能力和体内抗帕金森病活性。方法初步筛选LLEA体外清除自由基能力，研究LLEA对鱼藤酮诱导的小鼠帕金森病的作用。结果对超氧阴离子、羟基自由基和一氧化氮的清除能力IC50值分别为64.053±11.90 μg/ml、289.486±66.57 μg/ml和402.909±43.22 μg/ml。鱼藤酮的活性下降时间为39.5±1.996秒，经LLEA处理后下降时间为11.17±0.6秒。在运动活动方面，从40±1.26(鱼藤酮)增加到222.7±1.87 (LLEA单独)和148.8±1.95 (LLEA联合鱼藤酮)计数/5 min。在肌肉松弛剂活性方面，LLEA单用和LLEA联合鱼藤酮的下降时间分别从43.83±1.6秒增加到211.8±1.22秒和147.3±2.39秒。结论各浓度LLEA均能线性降低鱼藤酮的氧化损伤。LLEA的保护作用可能与其清除自由基的能力有关。对于氧化应激诱导的神经退行性疾病，具有自由基清除能力的天然草药将是较好的治疗选择。

{"title":"Antiparkinson's and free radical scavenging study of ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract of Leucas lanata","authors":"Ramalingam Ramani , Ravinder Nath Anisetti , Bindu Madhavi Boddupalli , Nagulu Malothu , Bala Subramaniam Arumugam","doi":"10.1016/j.dit.2013.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dit.2013.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Oxidative stress is the major reason for most of the neurodegenerative disorders. Our study aimed to know the <em>in vitro</em> free radical scavenging ability and <em>in vivo</em> antiparkinson's activity of ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract of <em>Leucas lanata</em> (LLEA).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>LLEA was initially screened for <em>in vitro</em> free radical scavenging ability and then the effect of LLEA was studied in rotenone induced Parkinson's disorder in mice.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The IC<sub>50</sub> values for superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide scavenging activity were 64.053 ± 11.90 μg/ml, 289.486 ± 66.57 μg/ml and 402.909 ± 43.22 μg/ml respectively. In catalepsy activity, fall of time for rotenone was found to be 39.5 ± 1.996 sec and it was decreased when animals were treated with LLEA (11.17 ± 0.6 sec). In locomotor activity, there was an increase from 40 ± 1.26 counts/5 min (rotenone) to 222.7 ± 1.87 counts/5 min (LLEA alone) and to 148.8 ± 1.95 counts/5 min (LLEA along with rotenone). In muscle relaxant activity, the fall off time was found to be increased from 43.83 ± 1.6 sec to 211.8 ± 1.22 sec and 147.3 ± 2.39 sec with LLEA alone and LLEA in combination with rotenone respectively.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The oxidative damage induced by rotenone was reduced by the administration of LLEA in all the concentrations linearly. The protective effect of LLEA might be due to its free radical scavenging ability. For the oxidative stress induced neurodegenerative disorders, natural herbs with free radical scavenging potential are going to be the better option of treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11284,"journal":{"name":"Drug Invention Today","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages 251-255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.dit.2013.07.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74891849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Invitro evaluation of piperine enclosed erythrocyte carriers 体外评价胡椒碱封闭红细胞携带者

Drug Invention Today

Pub Date : 2013-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.dit.2013.04.006

Boddupalli Bindu Madhavi , Madupoju Bhavana , Anisetti Ravinder Nath , Masana Prasad , Kallem Siri Vennela

Background

Resealed erythrocytes are the promising drug delivery systems in targeting drug delivery system. In our present work, hepato protective agent piperine was encapsulated into erythrocyte carriers in order to target it to liver.

Methods

Resealed erythrocytes were prepared by following hypotonic dilution technique. The effects of NaCl in hypotonic and hypertonic solutions, drug concentration, freezing and solvent were studied on encapsulation and hemoglobin release. After optimizing, the erythrocytes were evaluated for hematological parameters, osmotic shock, turbulence shock, size and invitro release studies.

Results

From the results it was found that, the prepared erythrocytes were with ≈200 μm size. After optimization of the various parameters the carrier erythrocytes were found to have higher drug content and hemoglobin release at 0.25% NaCl of hypotonic, 2% NaCl of hypertonic, 1.5% initial drug concentration and after freezing for a day. The optimized erythrocyte carriers were found to be stable for external shocks with no significant change in haemotological parameters and with first order release of piperine.

Conclusion

The piperine enclosed carrier erythrocytes are going to be the promising option for treating hepatic toxicity.

背景在靶向给药系统中，封闭红细胞是一种很有前途的给药系统。本研究将肝保护剂胡椒碱包被在红细胞载体中，使其靶向肝脏。方法采用低渗稀释法制备再密封红细胞。研究了低渗溶液、高渗溶液、药物浓度、冷冻和溶剂对血红蛋白包封和释放的影响。优化后，对红细胞进行血液学参数、渗透冲击、湍流冲击、大小和体外释放研究。结果制备的红细胞尺寸约为200 μm。经各项参数优化后，在0.25% NaCl低渗、2% NaCl高渗、1.5%初始药物浓度和冷冻1 d后，载体红细胞具有较高的药物含量和血红蛋白释放量。优化后的红细胞载体对外冲击稳定，血液学参数无明显变化，胡椒碱有一级释放。结论胡椒碱封闭载体红细胞是治疗肝毒性的理想方法。

{"title":"Invitro evaluation of piperine enclosed erythrocyte carriers","authors":"Boddupalli Bindu Madhavi , Madupoju Bhavana , Anisetti Ravinder Nath , Masana Prasad , Kallem Siri Vennela","doi":"10.1016/j.dit.2013.04.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dit.2013.04.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Resealed erythrocytes are the promising drug delivery systems in targeting drug delivery system. In our present work, hepato protective agent piperine was encapsulated into erythrocyte carriers in order to target it to liver.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Resealed erythrocytes were prepared by following hypotonic dilution technique. The effects of NaCl in hypotonic and hypertonic solutions, drug concentration, freezing and solvent were studied on encapsulation and hemoglobin release. After optimizing, the erythrocytes were evaluated for hematological parameters, osmotic shock, turbulence shock, size and <em>invitro</em> release studies.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>From the results it was found that, the prepared erythrocytes were with ≈200 μm size. After optimization of the various parameters the carrier erythrocytes were found to have higher drug content and hemoglobin release at 0.25% NaCl of hypotonic, 2% NaCl of hypertonic, 1.5% initial drug concentration and after freezing for a day. The optimized erythrocyte carriers were found to be stable for external shocks with no significant change in haemotological parameters and with first order release of piperine.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The piperine enclosed carrier erythrocytes are going to be the promising option for treating hepatic toxicity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11284,"journal":{"name":"Drug Invention Today","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages 169-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.dit.2013.04.006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87248057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Design and development of microparticulate drug delivery system of Glimepiride for controlled release 格列美脲控释微颗粒给药系统的设计与研制

Drug Invention Today

Pub Date : 2013-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.dit.2013.06.006

Irisappan Sarath Chandiran , Balagani Pavan Kumar , Korlakanti Narasimha Jayaveera

Objective

The objective of the present investigation was to develop Glimepiride loaded cellulose acetate controlled release micro particulates.

Methods

The Glimepiride micro particles were prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation method. The effects of different parameters on the drug content and on the release of the drug from the micro particulates were investigated. Micro particulates were characterized in terms of encapsulation efficiency, particle size, drug loading, FTIR, DSC, SEM analysis and drug release studies.

Results

An increase in core:coat ratio from 1:1 to 1:3 caused an increase in the encapsulation efficiency and average particle size. FTIR and DSC studies exhibited there is no interaction between drug and excipients. The SEM studies clearly showed that the micro particles exhibited good spherical nature. The in vitro release of Glimepiride from micro particles in phosphate buffer of pH 7.8 was found to be dependent on molecular weight and copolymer type. The release kinetics of Glimepiride from optimized formulation followed zero order and peppas mechanism. The release exponent showed that the values of ‘n’ were between 0.95 and 1.07 indicating that the release from micro particulates was predominantly by non-fickian transport mechanism. The dissolution profiles of optimized formulation before and after stability studies were evaluated as per ICH guidelines.

Conclusion

The results demonstrate the feasibility of the model in the development of extended release dosage form.

目的研制格列美脲载醋酸纤维素控释微颗粒。方法采用乳化溶剂蒸发法制备格列美脲微颗粒。考察了不同工艺参数对微颗粒中药物含量和药物释放的影响。从包封效率、粒径、载药量、FTIR、DSC、SEM分析和药物释放研究等方面对微颗粒进行表征。结果芯衣比由1:1增加到1:3，包封效率和平均粒径均有所提高。FTIR和DSC研究表明，药物和辅料之间没有相互作用。SEM研究清楚地表明，微颗粒具有良好的球形性质。在pH为7.8的磷酸盐缓冲液中，格列美脲的体外释放与分子量和共聚物类型有关。优化制剂格列美脲的释放动力学遵循零级和peppas机制。释放指数n值在0.95 ~ 1.07之间，表明微颗粒物的释放主要以非粘性运输机制为主。根据ICH指南评价稳定性研究前后优化制剂的溶出度。结论该模型在缓释剂型开发中是可行的。

{"title":"Design and development of microparticulate drug delivery system of Glimepiride for controlled release","authors":"Irisappan Sarath Chandiran , Balagani Pavan Kumar , Korlakanti Narasimha Jayaveera","doi":"10.1016/j.dit.2013.06.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dit.2013.06.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The objective of the present investigation was to develop Glimepiride loaded cellulose acetate controlled release micro particulates.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The Glimepiride micro particles were prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation method. The effects of different parameters on the drug content and on the release of the drug from the micro particulates were investigated. Micro particulates were characterized in terms of encapsulation efficiency, particle size, drug loading, FTIR, DSC, SEM analysis and drug release studies.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>An increase in core:coat ratio from 1:1 to 1:3 caused an increase in the encapsulation efficiency and average particle size. FTIR and DSC studies exhibited there is no interaction between drug and excipients. The SEM studies clearly showed that the micro particles exhibited good spherical nature. The in vitro release of Glimepiride from micro particles in phosphate buffer of pH 7.8 was found to be dependent on molecular weight and copolymer type. The release kinetics of Glimepiride from optimized formulation followed zero order and peppas mechanism. The release exponent showed that the values of ‘<em>n</em>’ were between 0.95 and 1.07 indicating that the release from micro particulates was predominantly by non-fickian transport mechanism. The dissolution profiles of optimized formulation before and after stability studies were evaluated as per ICH guidelines.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The results demonstrate the feasibility of the model in the development of extended release dosage form.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11284,"journal":{"name":"Drug Invention Today","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages 235-240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.dit.2013.06.006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75318792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

A review on transfer factor an immune modulator 免疫调节剂转移因子研究进展

Drug Invention Today

Pub Date : 2013-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.dit.2013.04.002

Marimuthu Krishnaveni

Aim

To understand what is transfer factor and its significance in stimulating immune system which is necessary for the general maintenance of health.

Methods

Articles were collected from net sources.

Results

Basics, mechanism of action, safety aspects of transfer factor were discussed in this review. Diseases showing positive result with transfer factor treatment are tabulated.

Conclusion

From this it is concluded that it is a dialyzable, active protein initiator molecule able to transfer cell mediated immunity from healthy donor to recipient who is non-immune thus keeping one away from infection.

目的了解什么是传递因子及其在刺激机体免疫系统中的意义，这是机体维持健康所必需的。方法从网上收集文献。结果综述了传递因子的基本原理、作用机制和安全性。经转移因子治疗显示阳性结果的疾病列于表中。结论它是一种可透析的活性蛋白引发分子，能够将细胞介导的免疫从健康的供体转移到无免疫的受体，从而使人远离感染。

引用次数: 26