Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.045
Miguel B Araújo, Diogo Alagador
Rewilding seeks to address biodiversity loss by restoring trophic interactions and fostering self-regulating ecosystems. Although gaining traction in Europe and North America, the extent to which rewilding can meet post-2020 protected-area targets remains uncertain. We formulated criteria to map suitable areas for rewilding by identifying large tracts of land with minimal human disturbances and the presence of key mammal species. We find that one-quarter of Europe, approximately 117 million hectares (ha), is compatible with our rewilding criteria. Of these, 70% are in cooler climates. Passive rewilding opportunities, focused on managing existing wilderness, are predominant in Scandinavia, Scotland, the Iberian Peninsula, and notably in the Baltic states, Ireland, and southeastern Europe. Active rewilding opportunities, marked by reintroduction of absent trophic guilds, are identified in Corsica, Sardinia, southern France, and parts of the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. Our mapping supports European nations in leveraging land abandonment to expand areas for nature conservation, aligning with the European Biodiversity Strategy for 2030. Nevertheless, countries with limited potential for rewilding should consider alternative conservation strategies.
{"title":"Expanding European protected areas through rewilding.","authors":"Miguel B Araújo, Diogo Alagador","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rewilding seeks to address biodiversity loss by restoring trophic interactions and fostering self-regulating ecosystems. Although gaining traction in Europe and North America, the extent to which rewilding can meet post-2020 protected-area targets remains uncertain. We formulated criteria to map suitable areas for rewilding by identifying large tracts of land with minimal human disturbances and the presence of key mammal species. We find that one-quarter of Europe, approximately 117 million hectares (ha), is compatible with our rewilding criteria. Of these, 70% are in cooler climates. Passive rewilding opportunities, focused on managing existing wilderness, are predominant in Scandinavia, Scotland, the Iberian Peninsula, and notably in the Baltic states, Ireland, and southeastern Europe. Active rewilding opportunities, marked by reintroduction of absent trophic guilds, are identified in Corsica, Sardinia, southern France, and parts of the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. Our mapping supports European nations in leveraging land abandonment to expand areas for nature conservation, aligning with the European Biodiversity Strategy for 2030. Nevertheless, countries with limited potential for rewilding should consider alternative conservation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141995529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.060
Katrina A Mitchell, Joseph H A Vissers, Jonathan M Pojer, Elliot Brooks, Abdul Jabbar Saiful Hilmi, Anthony T Papenfuss, Jan Schröder, Kieran F Harvey
Epithelial organs maintain their integrity and prevent tumor initiation by actively removing defective cells, such as those that have lost apicobasal polarity. Here, we identify how transcription factors of two key signaling pathways-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Hippo-regulate epithelial integrity by controlling transcription of an overlapping set of target genes. Targeted DamID experiments reveal that, in proliferating cells of the Drosophila melanogaster eye, the AP-1 transcription factor Jun and the Hippo pathway transcription regulators Yorkie and Scalloped bind to a common suite of target genes that promote organ growth. In defective neoplastic cells, AP-1 transcription factors repress transcription of growth genes together with the C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) co-repressor. If gene repression by AP-1/CtBP fails, neoplastic tumor growth ensues, driven by Yorkie/Scalloped. Thus, AP-1/CtBP eliminates defective cells and prevents tumor initiation by acting in parallel to Yorkie/Scalloped to repress expression of a shared transcriptome. These findings shed new light on the maintenance of epithelial integrity and tumor suppression.
上皮器官通过积极清除有缺陷的细胞(如失去顶基极性的细胞)来保持其完整性并防止肿瘤的发生。在这里,我们确定了两个关键信号通路--Jun-N-末端激酶(JNK)和Hippo--的转录因子如何通过控制一组重叠的靶基因的转录来调节上皮的完整性。靶向 DamID 实验显示,在黑腹果蝇眼睛的增殖细胞中,AP-1 转录因子 Jun 和 Hippo 通路转录调节因子 Yorkie 和 Scalloped 与促进器官生长的一系列共同靶基因结合。在有缺陷的肿瘤细胞中,AP-1 转录因子与 C 端结合蛋白(CtBP)共抑制因子一起抑制生长基因的转录。如果 AP-1/CtBP 对基因的抑制失效,肿瘤就会在约基/扇贝蛋白的驱动下生长。因此,AP-1/CtBP 通过与 Yorkie/Scalloped 并行抑制共同转录组的表达,消除了有缺陷的细胞,防止了肿瘤的发生。这些发现为维护上皮完整性和抑制肿瘤提供了新的思路。
{"title":"The JNK and Hippo pathways control epithelial integrity and prevent tumor initiation by regulating an overlapping transcriptome.","authors":"Katrina A Mitchell, Joseph H A Vissers, Jonathan M Pojer, Elliot Brooks, Abdul Jabbar Saiful Hilmi, Anthony T Papenfuss, Jan Schröder, Kieran F Harvey","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epithelial organs maintain their integrity and prevent tumor initiation by actively removing defective cells, such as those that have lost apicobasal polarity. Here, we identify how transcription factors of two key signaling pathways-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Hippo-regulate epithelial integrity by controlling transcription of an overlapping set of target genes. Targeted DamID experiments reveal that, in proliferating cells of the Drosophila melanogaster eye, the AP-1 transcription factor Jun and the Hippo pathway transcription regulators Yorkie and Scalloped bind to a common suite of target genes that promote organ growth. In defective neoplastic cells, AP-1 transcription factors repress transcription of growth genes together with the C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) co-repressor. If gene repression by AP-1/CtBP fails, neoplastic tumor growth ensues, driven by Yorkie/Scalloped. Thus, AP-1/CtBP eliminates defective cells and prevents tumor initiation by acting in parallel to Yorkie/Scalloped to repress expression of a shared transcriptome. These findings shed new light on the maintenance of epithelial integrity and tumor suppression.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141987687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Yellow River Delta played a vital role in the development of the Neolithic civilization of China. However, the population history of this region from the Neolithic transitions to the present remains poorly understood due to the lack of ancient human genomes. This especially holds for key Neolithic transitions and tumultuous turnovers of dynastic history. Here, we report genome-wide data from 69 individuals dating to 5,410-1,345 years before present (BP) at 0.008 to 2.49× coverages, along with 325 present-day individuals collected from 16 cities across Shandong. During the Middle to Late Dawenkou period, we observed a significant influx of ancestry from Neolithic Yellow River farmers in central China and some southern Chinese ancestry that mixed with local hunter-gatherers in Shandong. The genetic heritage of the Shandong Longshan people was found to be most closely linked to the Dawenkou culture. During the Shang to Zhou Dynasties, there was evidence of genetic admixture of local Longshan populations with migrants from the Central Plain. After the Qin to Han Dynasties, the genetic composition of the region began to resemble that of modern Shandong populations. Our genetic findings suggest that the middle Yellow River Basin farmers played a role in shaping the genetic affinity of neighboring populations in northern China during the Middle to Late Neolithic period. Additionally, our findings indicate that the genetic diversity in the Shandong region during the Zhou Dynasty may be linked with their complex ethnicities.
{"title":"Genomic dynamics of the Lower Yellow River Valley since the Early Neolithic.","authors":"Panxin Du, Kongyang Zhu, Minghui Wang, Zhaofeng Sun, Jingze Tan, Bo Sun, Bo Sun, Peixiao Wang, Guanglin He, Jianxue Xiong, Zixiao Huang, Hailiang Meng, Chang Sun, Shouhua Xie, Bangyan Wang, Dong Ge, Yongqiang Ma, Pengfei Sheng, Xiaoying Ren, Yichen Tao, Yiran Xu, Xiaoli Qin, Edward Allen, Baoshuai Zhang, Xin Chang, Ke Wang, Haoquan Bao, Yao Yu, Lingxiang Wang, Xiaolin Ma, Zhenyuan Du, Jianxin Guo, Xiaomin Yang, Rui Wang, Hao Ma, Dapeng Li, Yiling Pan, Bicheng Li, Yunfei Zhang, Xiaoqu Zheng, Sheng Han, Li Jin, Gang Chen, Hui Li, Chuan-Chao Wang, Shaoqing Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Yellow River Delta played a vital role in the development of the Neolithic civilization of China. However, the population history of this region from the Neolithic transitions to the present remains poorly understood due to the lack of ancient human genomes. This especially holds for key Neolithic transitions and tumultuous turnovers of dynastic history. Here, we report genome-wide data from 69 individuals dating to 5,410-1,345 years before present (BP) at 0.008 to 2.49× coverages, along with 325 present-day individuals collected from 16 cities across Shandong. During the Middle to Late Dawenkou period, we observed a significant influx of ancestry from Neolithic Yellow River farmers in central China and some southern Chinese ancestry that mixed with local hunter-gatherers in Shandong. The genetic heritage of the Shandong Longshan people was found to be most closely linked to the Dawenkou culture. During the Shang to Zhou Dynasties, there was evidence of genetic admixture of local Longshan populations with migrants from the Central Plain. After the Qin to Han Dynasties, the genetic composition of the region began to resemble that of modern Shandong populations. Our genetic findings suggest that the middle Yellow River Basin farmers played a role in shaping the genetic affinity of neighboring populations in northern China during the Middle to Late Neolithic period. Additionally, our findings indicate that the genetic diversity in the Shandong region during the Zhou Dynasty may be linked with their complex ethnicities.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141987622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-06DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.059
Evangelos Mourkas, José O Valdebenito, Hannah Marsh, Matthew D Hitchings, Kerry K Cooper, Craig T Parker, Tamás Székely, Håkan Johansson, Patrik Ellström, Ben Pascoe, Jonas Waldenström, Samuel K Sheppard
Humans are radically altering global ecology, and one of the most apparent human-induced effects is urbanization, where high-density human habitats disrupt long-established ecotones. Changes to these transitional areas between organisms, especially enhanced contact among humans and wild animals, provide new opportunities for the spread of zoonotic pathogens. This poses a serious threat to global public health, but little is known about how habitat disruption impacts cross-species pathogen spread. Here, we investigated variation in the zoonotic enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. The ubiquity of C. jejuni in wild bird gut microbiomes makes it an ideal organism for understanding how host behavior and ecology influence pathogen transition and spread. We analyzed 700 C. jejuni isolate genomes from 30 bird species in eight countries using a scalable generalized linear model approach. Comparing multiple behavioral and ecological traits showed that proximity to human habitation promotes lineage diversity and is associated with antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) strains in natural populations. Specifically, wild birds from urban areas harbored up to three times more C. jejuni genotypes and AMR genes. This study provides novel methodology and much-needed quantitative evidence linking urbanization to gene pool spread and zoonoses.
人类正在从根本上改变全球生态,其中最明显的人为影响之一就是城市化,高密度的人类栖息地破坏了长期形成的生态区。这些生物之间过渡区域的变化,尤其是人类与野生动物之间接触的加强,为人畜共患病原体的传播提供了新的机会。这对全球公共卫生构成了严重威胁,但人们对生境破坏如何影响病原体的跨物种传播却知之甚少。在这里,我们研究了人畜共患肠道病原体空肠弯曲菌的变异。空肠弯曲菌在野生鸟类肠道微生物组中无处不在,这使其成为了解宿主行为和生态如何影响病原体过渡和传播的理想生物。我们采用可扩展的广义线性模型方法分析了来自 8 个国家 30 种鸟类的 700 个空肠大肠杆菌分离基因组。对多种行为和生态特征的比较表明,靠近人类居住区会促进血统多样性,并与自然种群中的抗菌素耐药(AMR)菌株有关。具体来说,来自城市地区的野生鸟类携带的空肠大肠杆菌基因型和 AMR 基因多达三倍。这项研究提供了将城市化与基因库传播和人畜共患病联系起来的新方法和急需的定量证据。
{"title":"Proximity to humans is associated with antimicrobial-resistant enteric pathogens in wild bird microbiomes.","authors":"Evangelos Mourkas, José O Valdebenito, Hannah Marsh, Matthew D Hitchings, Kerry K Cooper, Craig T Parker, Tamás Székely, Håkan Johansson, Patrik Ellström, Ben Pascoe, Jonas Waldenström, Samuel K Sheppard","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humans are radically altering global ecology, and one of the most apparent human-induced effects is urbanization, where high-density human habitats disrupt long-established ecotones. Changes to these transitional areas between organisms, especially enhanced contact among humans and wild animals, provide new opportunities for the spread of zoonotic pathogens. This poses a serious threat to global public health, but little is known about how habitat disruption impacts cross-species pathogen spread. Here, we investigated variation in the zoonotic enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. The ubiquity of C. jejuni in wild bird gut microbiomes makes it an ideal organism for understanding how host behavior and ecology influence pathogen transition and spread. We analyzed 700 C. jejuni isolate genomes from 30 bird species in eight countries using a scalable generalized linear model approach. Comparing multiple behavioral and ecological traits showed that proximity to human habitation promotes lineage diversity and is associated with antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) strains in natural populations. Specifically, wild birds from urban areas harbored up to three times more C. jejuni genotypes and AMR genes. This study provides novel methodology and much-needed quantitative evidence linking urbanization to gene pool spread and zoonoses.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141981900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.025
Osmar J Luiz, Janine E Abecia, Alison J King
Osmar Luiz and colleagues introduce the parental care strategy of some vertebrates to brood eggs in their mouths.
Osmar Luiz 及其同事介绍了一些脊椎动物在口中产卵的亲代照料策略。
{"title":"Mouthbrooding.","authors":"Osmar J Luiz, Janine E Abecia, Alison J King","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osmar Luiz and colleagues introduce the parental care strategy of some vertebrates to brood eggs in their mouths.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141897063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05Epub Date: 2024-07-23DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.076
Isabel Wagner, Irina Smolina, Martina E L Koop, Thijs Bal, Apollo M Lizano, Le Qin Choo, Michael Hofreiter, Enrico Gennari, Eleonora de Sabata, Mahmood S Shivji, Leslie R Noble, Catherine S Jones, Galice Hoarau
The white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) (Linnaeus, 1758), an iconic apex predator occurring in all oceans,1,2 is classified as Vulnerable globally3-with global abundance having dropped to 63% of 1970s estimates,4-and as Critically Endangered in Europe.5 Identification of evolutionary significant units and their management are crucial for conservation,6 especially as the white shark is facing various but often region-specific anthropogenic threats.7,8,9,10,11 Assessing connectivity in a cosmopolitan marine species requires worldwide sampling and high-resolution genetic markers.12 Both are lacking for the white shark, with studies to date typified by numerous but geographically limited sampling, and analyses relying largely on relatively small numbers of nuclear microsatellites,13,14,15,16,17,18,19 which can be plagued by various genotyping artefacts and thus require cautious interpretation.20 Sequencing and computational advances are finally allowing genomes21,22,23 to be leveraged into population studies,24,25,26,27 with datasets comprising thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Here, combining target gene capture (TGC)28 sequencing (89 individuals, 4,000 SNPs) and whole-genome re-sequencing (17 individuals, 391,000 SNPs) with worldwide sampling across most of the distributional range, we identify three genetically distinct allopatric lineages (North Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, and North Pacific). These diverged 100,000-200,000 years ago during the Penultimate Glaciation, when low sea levels, different ocean currents, and water temperatures produced significant biogeographic barriers. Our results show that without high-resolution genomic analyses of samples representative of a species' range,12 the true extent of diversity, presence of past and contemporary barriers to gene flow, subsequent speciation, and local evolutionary events will remain enigmatic.
{"title":"Genome analysis reveals three distinct lineages of the cosmopolitan white shark.","authors":"Isabel Wagner, Irina Smolina, Martina E L Koop, Thijs Bal, Apollo M Lizano, Le Qin Choo, Michael Hofreiter, Enrico Gennari, Eleonora de Sabata, Mahmood S Shivji, Leslie R Noble, Catherine S Jones, Galice Hoarau","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) (Linnaeus, 1758), an iconic apex predator occurring in all oceans,<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup> is classified as Vulnerable globally<sup>3</sup>-with global abundance having dropped to 63% of 1970s estimates,<sup>4</sup>-and as Critically Endangered in Europe.<sup>5</sup> Identification of evolutionary significant units and their management are crucial for conservation,<sup>6</sup> especially as the white shark is facing various but often region-specific anthropogenic threats.<sup>7</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>8</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>9</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>10</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>11</sup> Assessing connectivity in a cosmopolitan marine species requires worldwide sampling and high-resolution genetic markers.<sup>12</sup> Both are lacking for the white shark, with studies to date typified by numerous but geographically limited sampling, and analyses relying largely on relatively small numbers of nuclear microsatellites,<sup>13</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>14</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>15</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>16</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>17</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>18</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>19</sup> which can be plagued by various genotyping artefacts and thus require cautious interpretation.<sup>20</sup> Sequencing and computational advances are finally allowing genomes<sup>21</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>22</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>23</sup> to be leveraged into population studies,<sup>24</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>25</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>26</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>27</sup> with datasets comprising thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Here, combining target gene capture (TGC)<sup>28</sup> sequencing (89 individuals, 4,000 SNPs) and whole-genome re-sequencing (17 individuals, 391,000 SNPs) with worldwide sampling across most of the distributional range, we identify three genetically distinct allopatric lineages (North Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, and North Pacific). These diverged 100,000-200,000 years ago during the Penultimate Glaciation, when low sea levels, different ocean currents, and water temperatures produced significant biogeographic barriers. Our results show that without high-resolution genomic analyses of samples representative of a species' range,<sup>12</sup> the true extent of diversity, presence of past and contemporary barriers to gene flow, subsequent speciation, and local evolutionary events will remain enigmatic.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141757779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.047
Natalie J Nannas
Spindles are microtubule-based machines that segregate chromosomes during cell division. Spindle morphology and dynamics are malleable based on forces within the spindle, and a new study reveals the extreme plasticity of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae spindle to adapt and segregate engineered mega-chromosomes.
{"title":"Chromosome biology: Too big to fail.","authors":"Natalie J Nannas","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spindles are microtubule-based machines that segregate chromosomes during cell division. Spindle morphology and dynamics are malleable based on forces within the spindle, and a new study reveals the extreme plasticity of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae spindle to adapt and segregate engineered mega-chromosomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141897099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05Epub Date: 2024-07-08DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.031
Joanna J Kaylor, Rikard Frederiksen, Christina K Bedrosian, Melody Huang, David Stennis-Weatherspoon, Theodore Huynh, Tiffany Ngan, Varsha Mulamreddy, Alapakkam P Sampath, Gordon L Fain, Gabriel H Travis
Capture of a photon by an opsin visual pigment isomerizes its 11-cis-retinaldehyde (11cRAL) chromophore to all-trans-retinaldehyde (atRAL), which subsequently dissociates. To restore light sensitivity, the unliganded apo-opsin combines with another 11cRAL to make a new visual pigment. Two enzyme pathways supply chromophore to photoreceptors. The canonical visual cycle in retinal pigment epithelial cells supplies 11cRAL at low rates. The photic visual cycle in Müller cells supplies cones with 11-cis-retinol (11cROL) chromophore precursor at high rates. Although rods can only use 11cRAL to regenerate rhodopsin, cones can use 11cRAL or 11cROL to regenerate cone visual pigments. We performed a screen in zebrafish retinas and identified ZCRDH as a candidate for the enzyme that converts 11cROL to 11cRAL in cone inner segments. Retinoid analysis of eyes from Zcrdh-mutant zebrafish showed reduced 11cRAL and increased 11cROL levels, suggesting impaired conversion of 11cROL to 11cRAL. By microspectrophotometry, isolated Zcrdh-mutant cones lost the capacity to regenerate visual pigments from 11cROL. ZCRDH therefore possesses all predicted properties of the cone 11cROL dehydrogenase. The human protein most similar to ZCRDH is RDH12. By immunocytochemistry, ZCRDH was abundantly present in cone inner segments, similar to the reported distribution of RDH12. Finally, RDH12 was the only mammalian candidate protein to exhibit 11cROL-oxidase catalytic activity. These observations suggest that RDH12 in mammals is the functional ortholog of ZCRDH, which allows cones, but not rods, to regenerate visual pigments from 11cROL provided by Müller cells. This capacity permits cones to escape competition from rods for visual chromophore in daylight-exposed retinas.
{"title":"RDH12 allows cone photoreceptors to regenerate opsin visual pigments from a chromophore precursor to escape competition with rods.","authors":"Joanna J Kaylor, Rikard Frederiksen, Christina K Bedrosian, Melody Huang, David Stennis-Weatherspoon, Theodore Huynh, Tiffany Ngan, Varsha Mulamreddy, Alapakkam P Sampath, Gordon L Fain, Gabriel H Travis","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Capture of a photon by an opsin visual pigment isomerizes its 11-cis-retinaldehyde (11cRAL) chromophore to all-trans-retinaldehyde (atRAL), which subsequently dissociates. To restore light sensitivity, the unliganded apo-opsin combines with another 11cRAL to make a new visual pigment. Two enzyme pathways supply chromophore to photoreceptors. The canonical visual cycle in retinal pigment epithelial cells supplies 11cRAL at low rates. The photic visual cycle in Müller cells supplies cones with 11-cis-retinol (11cROL) chromophore precursor at high rates. Although rods can only use 11cRAL to regenerate rhodopsin, cones can use 11cRAL or 11cROL to regenerate cone visual pigments. We performed a screen in zebrafish retinas and identified ZCRDH as a candidate for the enzyme that converts 11cROL to 11cRAL in cone inner segments. Retinoid analysis of eyes from Zcrdh-mutant zebrafish showed reduced 11cRAL and increased 11cROL levels, suggesting impaired conversion of 11cROL to 11cRAL. By microspectrophotometry, isolated Zcrdh-mutant cones lost the capacity to regenerate visual pigments from 11cROL. ZCRDH therefore possesses all predicted properties of the cone 11cROL dehydrogenase. The human protein most similar to ZCRDH is RDH12. By immunocytochemistry, ZCRDH was abundantly present in cone inner segments, similar to the reported distribution of RDH12. Finally, RDH12 was the only mammalian candidate protein to exhibit 11cROL-oxidase catalytic activity. These observations suggest that RDH12 in mammals is the functional ortholog of ZCRDH, which allows cones, but not rods, to regenerate visual pigments from 11cROL provided by Müller cells. This capacity permits cones to escape competition from rods for visual chromophore in daylight-exposed retinas.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11303097/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141562951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05Epub Date: 2024-07-11DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.036
Matheus Macedo-Lima, Lashaka Sierra Hamlette, Melissa L Caras
Sensory perception is dynamic, quickly adapting to sudden shifts in environmental or behavioral context. Although decades of work have established that these dynamics are mediated by rapid fluctuations in sensory cortical activity, we have a limited understanding of the brain regions and pathways that orchestrate these changes. Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) encode contextual information, and recent data suggest that some of these signals are transmitted to sensory cortices. Whether and how these signals shape sensory encoding and perceptual sensitivity remain uncertain. Here, we asked whether the OFC mediates context-dependent changes in auditory cortical sensitivity and sound perception by monitoring and manipulating OFC activity in freely moving Mongolian gerbils of both sexes under two behavioral contexts: passive sound exposure and engagement in an amplitude modulation (AM) detection task. We found that the majority of OFC neurons, including the specific subset that innervates the auditory cortex, were strongly modulated by task engagement. Pharmacological inactivation of the OFC prevented rapid context-dependent changes in auditory cortical firing and significantly impaired behavioral AM detection. Our findings suggest that contextual information from the OFC mediates rapid plasticity in the auditory cortex and facilitates the perception of behaviorally relevant sounds.
{"title":"Orbitofrontal cortex modulates auditory cortical sensitivity and sound perception in Mongolian gerbils.","authors":"Matheus Macedo-Lima, Lashaka Sierra Hamlette, Melissa L Caras","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.036","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sensory perception is dynamic, quickly adapting to sudden shifts in environmental or behavioral context. Although decades of work have established that these dynamics are mediated by rapid fluctuations in sensory cortical activity, we have a limited understanding of the brain regions and pathways that orchestrate these changes. Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) encode contextual information, and recent data suggest that some of these signals are transmitted to sensory cortices. Whether and how these signals shape sensory encoding and perceptual sensitivity remain uncertain. Here, we asked whether the OFC mediates context-dependent changes in auditory cortical sensitivity and sound perception by monitoring and manipulating OFC activity in freely moving Mongolian gerbils of both sexes under two behavioral contexts: passive sound exposure and engagement in an amplitude modulation (AM) detection task. We found that the majority of OFC neurons, including the specific subset that innervates the auditory cortex, were strongly modulated by task engagement. Pharmacological inactivation of the OFC prevented rapid context-dependent changes in auditory cortical firing and significantly impaired behavioral AM detection. Our findings suggest that contextual information from the OFC mediates rapid plasticity in the auditory cortex and facilitates the perception of behaviorally relevant sounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11303099/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141598917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is unknown why roses are terpene-rich, what the terpene biosynthetic pathways in roses are, and why only a few rose species produce the major components of rose essential oil. Here, we assembled two high-quality chromosome-level genomes for Rosa rugosa and Rosa multiflora. We also re-sequenced 132 individuals from the F1 progeny of Rosa chinensis and Rosa wichuraiana and 36 of their related species. Comparative genomics revealed that expansions of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) and terpene synthases (TPSs) gene families led to the enrichment of terpenes in rose scent components. We constructed a terpene biosynthesis network and discovered a TPS-independent citronellol biosynthetic pathway in roses through gene functional identification, genome-wide association studies (GWASs), and multi-omic analysis. Heterologous co-expression of rose citronellol biosynthetic genes in Nicotiana benthamiana led to citronellol production. Our genomic and metabolomic analyses suggested that the copy number of NUDX1-1a determines the citronellol content in different rose species. Our findings not only provide additional genome and gene resources and reveal the evolution of the terpene biosynthetic pathways but also present a nearly complete scenario for terpenoid metabolism that will facilitate the breeding of fragrant roses and the production of rose oil.
人们还不知道为什么玫瑰富含萜烯,玫瑰中的萜烯生物合成途径是什么,以及为什么只有少数玫瑰物种能产生玫瑰精油的主要成分。在这里,我们为蔷薇(Rosa rugosa)和多花蔷薇(Rosa multiflora)组装了两个高质量的染色体级基因组。我们还重新测序了蔷薇(Rosa chinensis)和蔷薇(Rosa wichuraiana)的 F1 代后代中的 132 个个体及其相关的 36 个物种。比较基因组学发现,3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶 A 还原酶(HMGR)和萜烯合成酶(TPSs)基因家族的扩增导致了萜烯在玫瑰香味成分中的富集。我们构建了一个萜烯生物合成网络,并通过基因功能鉴定、全基因组关联研究(GWAS)和多组学分析发现了玫瑰中不依赖于 TPS 的香茅醇生物合成途径。异源共表达玫瑰香茅醇生物合成基因会导致香茅醇的产生。我们的基因组和代谢组分析表明,NUDX1-1a的拷贝数决定了不同玫瑰品种中香茅醇的含量。我们的研究结果不仅提供了更多的基因组和基因资源,揭示了萜类化合物生物合成途径的进化过程,而且为萜类化合物的代谢提供了一个近乎完整的方案,这将有助于芳香玫瑰的育种和玫瑰油的生产。
{"title":"Evolution of the biosynthetic pathways of terpene scent compounds in roses.","authors":"Junzhong Shang, Dedang Feng, Heng Liu, Lintao Niu, Runhui Li, Yajun Li, Mengxi Chen, Ao Li, Zhenhua Liu, Yanhong He, Xiang Gao, Hongying Jian, Changquan Wang, Kaixue Tang, Manzhu Bao, Jihua Wang, Shuhua Yang, Huijun Yan, Guogui Ning","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is unknown why roses are terpene-rich, what the terpene biosynthetic pathways in roses are, and why only a few rose species produce the major components of rose essential oil. Here, we assembled two high-quality chromosome-level genomes for Rosa rugosa and Rosa multiflora. We also re-sequenced 132 individuals from the F1 progeny of Rosa chinensis and Rosa wichuraiana and 36 of their related species. Comparative genomics revealed that expansions of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) and terpene synthases (TPSs) gene families led to the enrichment of terpenes in rose scent components. We constructed a terpene biosynthesis network and discovered a TPS-independent citronellol biosynthetic pathway in roses through gene functional identification, genome-wide association studies (GWASs), and multi-omic analysis. Heterologous co-expression of rose citronellol biosynthetic genes in Nicotiana benthamiana led to citronellol production. Our genomic and metabolomic analyses suggested that the copy number of NUDX1-1a determines the citronellol content in different rose species. Our findings not only provide additional genome and gene resources and reveal the evolution of the terpene biosynthetic pathways but also present a nearly complete scenario for terpenoid metabolism that will facilitate the breeding of fragrant roses and the production of rose oil.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141751341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}