Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.098
Julia von Steimker, Pasquale Tripodi, Regina Wendenburg, Ivanka Tringovska, Amol N Nankar, Veneta Stoeva, Gancho Pasev, Annabella Klemmer, Velichka Todorova, Mustafa Bulut, Yury Tikunov, Arnaud Bovy, Tsanko Gechev, Dimitrina Kostova, Alisdair R Fernie, Saleh Alseekh
Capsicum (pepper) is among the most economically important species worldwide, and its fruits accumulate specialized metabolites with essential roles in plant environmental interaction and human health benefits as well as in conferring their unique taste. However, the genetics underlying differences in metabolite presence/absence and/or accumulation remain largely unknown. In this study, we carried out a genome-wide association study as well as generating and characterizing a novel backcross inbred line mapping population to determine the genetic architecture of the pepper metabolome. This genetic analysis provided over 1,000 metabolic quantitative trait loci (mQTL) for over 250 annotated metabolites. We identified 92 candidate genes involved in various mQTLs. Among the identified loci, we described and validated a gene cluster of eleven UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) involved in monomeric capsianoside biosynthesis. We additionally constructed the gene-by-gene-based biosynthetic pathway of pepper capsianoside biosynthesis, including both core and decorative reactions. Given that one of these decorative pathways, namely the glycosylation of acyclic diterpenoid glycosides, contributes to plant resistance, these data provide new insights and breeding resources for pepper. They additionally provide a blueprint for the better understanding of the biosynthesis of species-specific natural compounds in general.
{"title":"The genetic architecture of the pepper metabolome and the biosynthesis of its signature capsianoside metabolites.","authors":"Julia von Steimker, Pasquale Tripodi, Regina Wendenburg, Ivanka Tringovska, Amol N Nankar, Veneta Stoeva, Gancho Pasev, Annabella Klemmer, Velichka Todorova, Mustafa Bulut, Yury Tikunov, Arnaud Bovy, Tsanko Gechev, Dimitrina Kostova, Alisdair R Fernie, Saleh Alseekh","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Capsicum (pepper) is among the most economically important species worldwide, and its fruits accumulate specialized metabolites with essential roles in plant environmental interaction and human health benefits as well as in conferring their unique taste. However, the genetics underlying differences in metabolite presence/absence and/or accumulation remain largely unknown. In this study, we carried out a genome-wide association study as well as generating and characterizing a novel backcross inbred line mapping population to determine the genetic architecture of the pepper metabolome. This genetic analysis provided over 1,000 metabolic quantitative trait loci (mQTL) for over 250 annotated metabolites. We identified 92 candidate genes involved in various mQTLs. Among the identified loci, we described and validated a gene cluster of eleven UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) involved in monomeric capsianoside biosynthesis. We additionally constructed the gene-by-gene-based biosynthetic pathway of pepper capsianoside biosynthesis, including both core and decorative reactions. Given that one of these decorative pathways, namely the glycosylation of acyclic diterpenoid glycosides, contributes to plant resistance, these data provide new insights and breeding resources for pepper. They additionally provide a blueprint for the better understanding of the biosynthesis of species-specific natural compounds in general.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142092486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.08.003
Ana B Tinoco, Vyshnavie Kirupakaran, Delia Capatina, Michaela Egertová, Maurice R Elphick
One of the most remarkable adaptations to survive attacks from predators is to detach an appendage-a process known as autotomy. This occurs in a variety of animals, including lizards (tail), crabs (legs), and starfish (arms). There has been extensive investigation of the evolution, ecology, and biomechanical impact of autotomy,1,2,3 but little is known about neural mechanisms controlling autotomy in animals. However, evidence for the existence of a peptide that acts as an autotomy-promoting factor in starfish has been reported.4 While investigating in vivo effects of a sulfakinin/cholecystokinin-type neuropeptide (ArSK/CCK1) in the starfish Asterias rubens,5,6 we observed that this peptide triggered arm autotomy in some animals. Furthermore, when injection of ArSK/CCK1 was combined with mechanical clamping of an arm, autotomy of the clamped arm occurred in 85% of animals tested, with 46% also autotomizing one or more other arms. In contrast, no autotomy was observed in clamped animals that were injected with water (control). To examine the physiological relevance of these findings, we analyzed expression of ArSK/CCK1 in the autotomy plane, a specialized region at the base of the arms in A. rubens.7,8 In accordance with its in vivo effects, nerve fibers expressing ArSK/CCK1 were revealed in the tourniquet muscle, a band of muscle that mediates constriction of the arm during and after autotomy. We conclude that ArSK/CCK1 acts as an autotomy-promoting factor in starfish and as such it is the first neuropeptide to be identified as a regulator of autotomy in animals.
{"title":"Discovery of a neuropeptide that acts as an autotomy-promoting factor.","authors":"Ana B Tinoco, Vyshnavie Kirupakaran, Delia Capatina, Michaela Egertová, Maurice R Elphick","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.08.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One of the most remarkable adaptations to survive attacks from predators is to detach an appendage-a process known as autotomy. This occurs in a variety of animals, including lizards (tail), crabs (legs), and starfish (arms). There has been extensive investigation of the evolution, ecology, and biomechanical impact of autotomy,<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup> but little is known about neural mechanisms controlling autotomy in animals. However, evidence for the existence of a peptide that acts as an autotomy-promoting factor in starfish has been reported.<sup>4</sup> While investigating in vivo effects of a sulfakinin/cholecystokinin-type neuropeptide (ArSK/CCK1) in the starfish Asterias rubens,<sup>5</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>6</sup> we observed that this peptide triggered arm autotomy in some animals. Furthermore, when injection of ArSK/CCK1 was combined with mechanical clamping of an arm, autotomy of the clamped arm occurred in 85% of animals tested, with 46% also autotomizing one or more other arms. In contrast, no autotomy was observed in clamped animals that were injected with water (control). To examine the physiological relevance of these findings, we analyzed expression of ArSK/CCK1 in the autotomy plane, a specialized region at the base of the arms in A. rubens.<sup>7</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>8</sup> In accordance with its in vivo effects, nerve fibers expressing ArSK/CCK1 were revealed in the tourniquet muscle, a band of muscle that mediates constriction of the arm during and after autotomy. We conclude that ArSK/CCK1 acts as an autotomy-promoting factor in starfish and as such it is the first neuropeptide to be identified as a regulator of autotomy in animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142105348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-21DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.105
James D Howard, Donnisa Edmonds, Geoffrey Schoenbaum, Thorsten Kahnt
Recent work across species has shown that midbrain dopamine neurons signal not only errors in the prediction of reward value but also in the prediction of value-neutral sensory features. To support learning of associative structures in downstream areas, identity prediction errors (iPEs) should signal specific information about the mis-predicted outcome. Here, we used pattern-based analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data acquired during reversal learning to characterize the information content of iPE responses in the human midbrain. We find that fMRI responses to value-neutral identity errors contain information about the identity of the unexpectedly received reward (positive iPE+) but not about the identity of the omitted reward (negative iPE-). Exploratory analyses revealed representations of iPE- in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. These results demonstrate that ensemble midbrain responses to value-neutral identity errors convey information about the identity of unexpectedly received outcomes, which could shape the formation of novel stimulus-outcome associations that constitute cognitive maps.
{"title":"Distributed midbrain responses signal the content of positive identity prediction errors.","authors":"James D Howard, Donnisa Edmonds, Geoffrey Schoenbaum, Thorsten Kahnt","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent work across species has shown that midbrain dopamine neurons signal not only errors in the prediction of reward value but also in the prediction of value-neutral sensory features. To support learning of associative structures in downstream areas, identity prediction errors (iPEs) should signal specific information about the mis-predicted outcome. Here, we used pattern-based analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data acquired during reversal learning to characterize the information content of iPE responses in the human midbrain. We find that fMRI responses to value-neutral identity errors contain information about the identity of the unexpectedly received reward (positive iPE+) but not about the identity of the omitted reward (negative iPE-). Exploratory analyses revealed representations of iPE- in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. These results demonstrate that ensemble midbrain responses to value-neutral identity errors convey information about the identity of unexpectedly received outcomes, which could shape the formation of novel stimulus-outcome associations that constitute cognitive maps.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142092483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.082
Joana L Santos, Fabienne Nick, Nikko Adhitama, Peter D Fields, Jonathon H Stillman, Yasuhiko Kato, Hajime Watanabe, Dieter Ebert
Salinization poses an increasing problem worldwide, threatening freshwater organisms and raising questions about their ability to adapt. We explored the mechanisms enabling a planktonic crustacean to tolerate elevated salinity. By gradually raising water salinity in clonal cultures from 185 Daphnia magna populations, we showed that salt tolerance strongly correlates with native habitat salinity, indicating local adaptation. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) further revealed a major effect of the Alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (TPS) gene, suggesting that trehalose production facilitates salinity tolerance. Salinity-tolerant animals showed a positive correlation between water salinity and trehalose concentrations, while intolerant animals failed to produce trehalose. Animals with a non-functional TPS gene, generated through CRISPR-Cas9, supported the trehalose role in salinity stress. Our study highlights how a keystone freshwater animal adapts to salinity stress using an evolutionary mechanism known in bacteria, plants, and arthropods.
{"title":"Trehalose mediates salinity-stress tolerance in natural populations of a freshwater crustacean.","authors":"Joana L Santos, Fabienne Nick, Nikko Adhitama, Peter D Fields, Jonathon H Stillman, Yasuhiko Kato, Hajime Watanabe, Dieter Ebert","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Salinization poses an increasing problem worldwide, threatening freshwater organisms and raising questions about their ability to adapt. We explored the mechanisms enabling a planktonic crustacean to tolerate elevated salinity. By gradually raising water salinity in clonal cultures from 185 Daphnia magna populations, we showed that salt tolerance strongly correlates with native habitat salinity, indicating local adaptation. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) further revealed a major effect of the Alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (TPS) gene, suggesting that trehalose production facilitates salinity tolerance. Salinity-tolerant animals showed a positive correlation between water salinity and trehalose concentrations, while intolerant animals failed to produce trehalose. Animals with a non-functional TPS gene, generated through CRISPR-Cas9, supported the trehalose role in salinity stress. Our study highlights how a keystone freshwater animal adapts to salinity stress using an evolutionary mechanism known in bacteria, plants, and arthropods.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142016663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.094
Todd Kamensek, Grace Iarocci, Ipek Oruc
Expert face processes are refined and tuned through a protracted development. Exposure statistics of the daily visual experience of neurotypical adults (the face diet) show substantial exposure to familiar faces. People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) do not show the same expertise with faces as their non-autistic counterparts. This may be due to an impoverished visual experience with faces, according to experiential models of autism. Here, we present the first empirical report on the day-to-day visual experience of the faces of adults with ASD. Our results, based on over 360 h of first-person perspective footage of daily exposure, show striking qualitative and quantitative differences in the ASD face diet compared with those of neurotypical observers, which is best characterized by a pattern of reduced and atypical exposure to familiar faces in ASD. Specifically, duration of exposure to familiar faces was lower in ASD, and faces were viewed from farther distances and from viewpoints that were biased toward profile pose. Our results provide strong evidence that individuals with ASD may not be getting the experience needed for the typical development of expert face processes.
{"title":"Atypical daily visual exposure to faces in adults with autism spectrum disorder.","authors":"Todd Kamensek, Grace Iarocci, Ipek Oruc","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Expert face processes are refined and tuned through a protracted development. Exposure statistics of the daily visual experience of neurotypical adults (the face diet) show substantial exposure to familiar faces. People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) do not show the same expertise with faces as their non-autistic counterparts. This may be due to an impoverished visual experience with faces, according to experiential models of autism. Here, we present the first empirical report on the day-to-day visual experience of the faces of adults with ASD. Our results, based on over 360 h of first-person perspective footage of daily exposure, show striking qualitative and quantitative differences in the ASD face diet compared with those of neurotypical observers, which is best characterized by a pattern of reduced and atypical exposure to familiar faces in ASD. Specifically, duration of exposure to familiar faces was lower in ASD, and faces were viewed from farther distances and from viewpoints that were biased toward profile pose. Our results provide strong evidence that individuals with ASD may not be getting the experience needed for the typical development of expert face processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142055233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.099
Eva-Sophie Wallner, Liam Dolan
Land plant bodies develop from stem cells located in meristems. However, we know little about how meristems initiate from non-meristematic cells. The haploid body of bryophytes develops from unicellular spores in isolation from the parental plant, which allows all stages of development to be observed. We discovered that the Marchantia spore undergoes a series of reproducibly oriented cell divisions to generate a flat prothallus on which a meristem later develops de novo. The young sporeling comprises an early cell mass. One cell of the early cell mass elongates and undergoes a formative division that produces the prothalloblast, which initiates prothallus formation. A symmetric division of the prothalloblast followed by two transverse divisions generates a four-celled plate that expands into a flat disc through oblique divisions in three of the four plate-cell-derived quadrants. One quadrant gives rise to a flat flabellum. A notch with a meristem and apical stem cell develops at the margin of the flabellum. The transcription factor Marchantia class III homeodomain-leucine-zipper (MpC3HDZ) is a marker of the first flat prothallus structure and polarizes to the dorsal tissues of flabella and meristems. Mpc3hdz mutants are defective in setting up dorsoventrality and thallus body flatness. We report how a regular set of cell divisions forms the prothallus-the first dorsoventral structure-and how cells on the margin of the prothallus develop a dorsoventralized meristem de novo.
{"title":"Reproducibly oriented cell divisions pattern the prothallus to set up dorsoventrality and de novo meristem formation in Marchantia polymorpha.","authors":"Eva-Sophie Wallner, Liam Dolan","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.099","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Land plant bodies develop from stem cells located in meristems. However, we know little about how meristems initiate from non-meristematic cells. The haploid body of bryophytes develops from unicellular spores in isolation from the parental plant, which allows all stages of development to be observed. We discovered that the Marchantia spore undergoes a series of reproducibly oriented cell divisions to generate a flat prothallus on which a meristem later develops de novo. The young sporeling comprises an early cell mass. One cell of the early cell mass elongates and undergoes a formative division that produces the prothalloblast, which initiates prothallus formation. A symmetric division of the prothalloblast followed by two transverse divisions generates a four-celled plate that expands into a flat disc through oblique divisions in three of the four plate-cell-derived quadrants. One quadrant gives rise to a flat flabellum. A notch with a meristem and apical stem cell develops at the margin of the flabellum. The transcription factor Marchantia class III homeodomain-leucine-zipper (MpC3HDZ) is a marker of the first flat prothallus structure and polarizes to the dorsal tissues of flabella and meristems. Mpc3hdz mutants are defective in setting up dorsoventrality and thallus body flatness. We report how a regular set of cell divisions forms the prothallus-the first dorsoventral structure-and how cells on the margin of the prothallus develop a dorsoventralized meristem de novo.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142079711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Infants' thoughts are classically characterized as iconic, perceptual-like representations.1,2,3 Less clear is whether preverbal infants also possess a propositional language of thought, where mental symbols are combined according to syntactic rules, very much like words in sentences.4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17 Because it is rich, productive, and abstract, a language of thought would provide a key to explaining impressive achievements in early infancy, from logical inference to representation of false beliefs.18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31 A propositional language-including a language of thought5-implies thematic roles that, in a sentence, indicate the relation between noun and verb phrases, defining who acts on whom; i.e., who is the agent and who is the patient.32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39 Agent and patient roles are abstract in that they generally apply to different situations: whether A kicks, helps, or kisses B, A is the agent and B is the patient. Do preverbal infants represent abstract agent and patient roles? We presented 7-month-olds (n = 143) with sequences of scenes where the posture or relative positioning of two individuals indicated that, across different interactions, A acted on B. Results from habituation (experiment 1) and pupillometry paradigms (experiments 2 and 3) demonstrated that infants showed surprise when roles eventually switched (B acted on A). Thus, while encoding social interactions, infants fill in an abstract relational structure that marks the roles of agent and patient and that can be accessed via different event scenes and properties of the event participants (body postures or positioning). This mental process implies a combinatorial capacity that lays the foundations for productivity and compositionality in language and cognition.
1,2,3前语 言婴儿是否也拥有一种命题式的思维语言,在这种语言中,思维符号根据句法规 则进行组合,非常类似于句子中的单词。由于思维语言内容丰富、富有成效且抽象,因此它是解释婴儿早期从逻辑推理到错误信念表征等令人印象深刻的成就的一把钥匙。命题语言--包括思维语言5--意味着主题角色,在句子中表示名词和动词短语之间的关系,定义谁作用于谁,即谁是行为主体,谁是病人。32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39 行为主体和病人角色是抽象的,因为它们通常适用于不同的情况:无论甲踢乙、帮助乙还是亲吻乙,甲都是行为主体,乙是病人。语前婴儿会表现抽象的代理人和病人角色吗?我们向 7 个月大的婴儿(n = 143)展示了一系列场景,在这些场景中,两个人的姿势或相对位置表明,在不同的互动中,A 对 B 起作用。习惯化(实验 1)和瞳孔测量范式(实验 2 和 3)的结果表明,当角色最终转换(B 对 A 起作用)时,婴儿会表现出惊讶。因此,在对社会互动进行编码时,婴儿会填充一个抽象的关系结构,该结构标志着代理人和患者的角色,并可通过不同的事件场景和事件参与者的属性(身体姿势或定位)来访问该结构。这一心理过程意味着一种组合能力,它为语言和认知的生产力和组合性奠定了基础。
{"title":"Abstract thematic roles in infants' representation of social events.","authors":"Liuba Papeo, Sofie Vettori, Emilie Serraille, Catherine Odin, Farzad Rostami, Jean-Rémy Hochmann","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.081","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infants' thoughts are classically characterized as iconic, perceptual-like representations.<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup> Less clear is whether preverbal infants also possess a propositional language of thought, where mental symbols are combined according to syntactic rules, very much like words in sentences.<sup>4</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>5</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>6</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>7</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>8</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>9</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>10</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>11</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>12</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>13</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>14</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>15</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>16</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>17</sup> Because it is rich, productive, and abstract, a language of thought would provide a key to explaining impressive achievements in early infancy, from logical inference to representation of false beliefs.<sup>18</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>19</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>20</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>21</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>22</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>23</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>24</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>25</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>26</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>27</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>28</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>29</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>30</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>31</sup> A propositional language-including a language of thought<sup>5</sup>-implies thematic roles that, in a sentence, indicate the relation between noun and verb phrases, defining who acts on whom; i.e., who is the agent and who is the patient.<sup>32</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>33</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>34</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>35</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>36</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>37</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>38</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>39</sup> Agent and patient roles are abstract in that they generally apply to different situations: whether A kicks, helps, or kisses B, A is the agent and B is the patient. Do preverbal infants represent abstract agent and patient roles? We presented 7-month-olds (n = 143) with sequences of scenes where the posture or relative positioning of two individuals indicated that, across different interactions, A acted on B. Results from habituation (experiment 1) and pupillometry paradigms (experiments 2 and 3) demonstrated that infants showed surprise when roles eventually switched (B acted on A). Thus, while encoding social interactions, infants fill in an abstract relational structure that marks the roles of agent and patient and that can be accessed via different event scenes and properties of the event participants (body postures or positioning). This mental process implies a combinatorial capacity that lays the foundations for productivity and compositionality in language and cognition.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142016662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19Epub Date: 2024-07-09DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.033
Heiner Kuhl, Jürgen F H Strassert, Dora Čertnerová, Elisabeth Varga, Eva Kreuz, Dunja K Lamatsch, Sven Wuertz, Jan Köhler, Michael T Monaghan, Matthias Stöck
The catastrophic loss of aquatic life in the Central European Oder River in 2022, caused by a toxic bloom of the haptophyte microalga Prymnesium parvum (in a wide sense, s.l.), underscores the need to improve our understanding of the genomic basis of the toxin. Previous morphological, phylogenetic, and genomic studies have revealed cryptic diversity within P. parvum s.l. and uncovered three clade-specific (types A, B, and C) prymnesin toxins. Here, we used state-of-the-art long-read sequencing and assembled the first haplotype-resolved diploid genome of a P. parvum type B from the strain responsible for the Oder disaster. Comparative analyses with type A genomes uncovered a genome-size expansion driven by repetitive elements in type B. We also found conserved synteny but divergent evolution in several polyketide synthase (PKS) genes, which are known to underlie toxin production in combination with environmental cues. We identified an approximately 20-kbp deletion in the largest PKS gene of type B that we link to differences in the chemical structure of types A and B prymnesins. Flow cytometry and electron microscopy analyses confirmed diploidy in the Oder River strain and revealed differences to closely related strains in both ploidy and morphology. Our results provide unprecedented resolution of strain diversity in P. parvum s.l. and a better understanding of the genomic basis of toxin variability in haptophytes. The reference-quality genome will enable us to better understand changes in microbial diversity in the face of increasing environmental pressures and provides a basis for strain-level monitoring of invasive Prymnesium in the future.
2022 年,欧洲中部奥得河(Oder River)因七鳃鳗微藻 Prymnesium parvum(广义上的 Prymnesium parvum)的毒性藻华造成了水生生物的灾难性死亡,这突出表明我们需要进一步了解这种毒素的基因组基础。先前的形态学、系统发育和基因组研究揭示了副藻内的隐性多样性,并发现了三个支系特异性(A、B 和 C 型)的胰蛋白酶毒素。在这里,我们使用了最先进的长线程测序技术,并从奥得河灾难的菌株中首次组装出了单倍型解析的副猪嗜血杆菌 B 型二倍体基因组。与 A 型基因组的比较分析发现,B 型基因组在重复元件的驱动下出现了基因组规模的扩大。我们还发现,在几个聚酮合成酶(PKS)基因中存在保守的同源关系,但却出现了不同的进化,而众所周知,这些基因是结合环境线索产生毒素的基础。我们在 B 型最大的 PKS 基因中发现了一个约 20-kbp 的缺失,这与 A 型和 B 型 prymnesins 化学结构的差异有关。流式细胞术和电子显微镜分析证实了奥得河菌株的二倍体性,并揭示了其在倍性和形态上与近缘菌株的差异。我们的研究结果提供了前所未有的 Parvum s.l.菌株多样性分辨率,并使人们更好地了解了七叶虫毒素变异的基因组基础。参考质量的基因组将使我们能够更好地理解微生物多样性在面对日益增长的环境压力时的变化,并为将来对入侵栉水母进行菌株级监测奠定基础。
{"title":"The haplotype-resolved Prymnesium parvum (type B) microalga genome reveals the genetic basis of its fish-killing toxins.","authors":"Heiner Kuhl, Jürgen F H Strassert, Dora Čertnerová, Elisabeth Varga, Eva Kreuz, Dunja K Lamatsch, Sven Wuertz, Jan Köhler, Michael T Monaghan, Matthias Stöck","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The catastrophic loss of aquatic life in the Central European Oder River in 2022, caused by a toxic bloom of the haptophyte microalga Prymnesium parvum (in a wide sense, s.l.), underscores the need to improve our understanding of the genomic basis of the toxin. Previous morphological, phylogenetic, and genomic studies have revealed cryptic diversity within P. parvum s.l. and uncovered three clade-specific (types A, B, and C) prymnesin toxins. Here, we used state-of-the-art long-read sequencing and assembled the first haplotype-resolved diploid genome of a P. parvum type B from the strain responsible for the Oder disaster. Comparative analyses with type A genomes uncovered a genome-size expansion driven by repetitive elements in type B. We also found conserved synteny but divergent evolution in several polyketide synthase (PKS) genes, which are known to underlie toxin production in combination with environmental cues. We identified an approximately 20-kbp deletion in the largest PKS gene of type B that we link to differences in the chemical structure of types A and B prymnesins. Flow cytometry and electron microscopy analyses confirmed diploidy in the Oder River strain and revealed differences to closely related strains in both ploidy and morphology. Our results provide unprecedented resolution of strain diversity in P. parvum s.l. and a better understanding of the genomic basis of toxin variability in haptophytes. The reference-quality genome will enable us to better understand changes in microbial diversity in the face of increasing environmental pressures and provides a basis for strain-level monitoring of invasive Prymnesium in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141579235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cupuladriid bryozoans.","authors":"Aaron O'Dea, Kimberly García-Méndez","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aaron O'Dea and Kimberly García-Méndez introduce the cupuladriids, a group of bryozoans that are atypical for their ability to actively move.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142008431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.062
J Ryan Shipley, Esther R Frei, Ariel Bergamini, Steffen Boch, Tobias Schulz, Christian Ginzler, Marco Barandun, Peter Bebi, Janine Bolliger, Kurt Bollmann, Noémie Delpouve, Martin M Gossner, Catherine Graham, Frank Krumm, Mauro Marty, Noémie Pichon, Andreas Rigling, Christian Rixen
Europe's semi-natural grasslands support notably high levels of temperate biodiversity across multiple taxonomic groups. However, these ecosystems face unique conservation challenges. Contemporary agricultural practices have replaced historical traditional low-intensity agriculture in many regions, resulting in a spectrum of management intensities within these ecosystems, ranging from highly intensive methods to complete abandonment. Paradoxically, both extremes along this spectrum of management intensity can be detrimental to biodiversity of semi-natural grasslands. Moreover, while anthropogenic climate change is an overarching threat to these ecosystems, rapid changes in land use and its intensity often present more immediate pressures. Often occurring at a faster rate than climate change itself, these land-use changes have the potential to rapidly impact the biodiversity of these grasslands. Here, we divide the ecological processes, threats, and developments to semi-natural grasslands into three sections. First, we examine the different impacts of agricultural intensification and abandonment on these ecosystems, considering their different consequences for biodiversity. Second, we review seminal works on various evidence-based management practices and offer a concise summary that provides support for various conservation and management strategies. However, the socio-economic factors that drive both abandonment and intensification in semi-natural grasslands can also be used to develop solutions through strategic governmental and non-governmental interventions. Accordingly, we conclude with a way forward by providing several key policy recommendations. By synthesizing existing knowledge and identifying research gaps, this essay aims to provide valuable insights for advancing the sustainable management of semi-natural grasslands.
{"title":"Agricultural practices and biodiversity: Conservation policies for semi-natural grasslands in Europe.","authors":"J Ryan Shipley, Esther R Frei, Ariel Bergamini, Steffen Boch, Tobias Schulz, Christian Ginzler, Marco Barandun, Peter Bebi, Janine Bolliger, Kurt Bollmann, Noémie Delpouve, Martin M Gossner, Catherine Graham, Frank Krumm, Mauro Marty, Noémie Pichon, Andreas Rigling, Christian Rixen","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Europe's semi-natural grasslands support notably high levels of temperate biodiversity across multiple taxonomic groups. However, these ecosystems face unique conservation challenges. Contemporary agricultural practices have replaced historical traditional low-intensity agriculture in many regions, resulting in a spectrum of management intensities within these ecosystems, ranging from highly intensive methods to complete abandonment. Paradoxically, both extremes along this spectrum of management intensity can be detrimental to biodiversity of semi-natural grasslands. Moreover, while anthropogenic climate change is an overarching threat to these ecosystems, rapid changes in land use and its intensity often present more immediate pressures. Often occurring at a faster rate than climate change itself, these land-use changes have the potential to rapidly impact the biodiversity of these grasslands. Here, we divide the ecological processes, threats, and developments to semi-natural grasslands into three sections. First, we examine the different impacts of agricultural intensification and abandonment on these ecosystems, considering their different consequences for biodiversity. Second, we review seminal works on various evidence-based management practices and offer a concise summary that provides support for various conservation and management strategies. However, the socio-economic factors that drive both abandonment and intensification in semi-natural grasslands can also be used to develop solutions through strategic governmental and non-governmental interventions. Accordingly, we conclude with a way forward by providing several key policy recommendations. By synthesizing existing knowledge and identifying research gaps, this essay aims to provide valuable insights for advancing the sustainable management of semi-natural grasslands.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142008428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}