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Integrative analyses of convergent adaptation in sympatric extremophile fishes. 同域嗜极鱼类趋同适应的综合分析。
IF 8.1 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-04 Epub Date: 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.027
Ryan Greenway, Rishi De-Kayne, Anthony P Brown, Henry Camarillo, Cassandra Delich, Kerry L McGowan, Joel Nelson, Lenin Arias-Rodriguez, Joanna L Kelley, Michael Tobler

The evolution of independent lineages along replicated environmental transitions frequently results in convergent adaptation, yet the degree to which convergence is present across multiple levels of biological organization is often unclear. Additionally, inherent biases associated with shared ancestry and variation in selective regimes across geographic replicates often pose challenges for confidently identifying patterns of convergence. We investigated a system in which three species of poeciliid fishes sympatrically occur in a toxic spring rich in hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and an adjacent nonsulfidic stream to examine patterns of adaptive evolution across levels of biological organization. We found convergence in morphological and physiological traits and genome-wide patterns of gene expression among all three species. In addition, there were shared signatures of selection on genes encoding H2S toxicity targets in the mitochondrial genomes of each species. However, analyses of nuclear genomes revealed neither evidence for substantial genomic islands of divergence around genes involved in H2S toxicity and detoxification nor substantial congruence of strongly differentiated regions across population pairs. These non-convergent, heterogeneous patterns of genomic divergence may indicate that sulfide tolerance is highly polygenic, with shared allele frequency shifts present at many loci with small effects along the genome. Alternatively, H2S tolerance may involve substantial genetic redundancy, with non-convergent, lineage-specific variation at multiple loci along the genome underpinning similar changes in phenotypes and gene expression. Overall, we demonstrate variability in the extent of convergence across organizational levels and highlight the challenges of linking patterns of convergence across scales.

独立种系沿着重复的环境转换进化经常会导致趋同适应,但在生物组织的多个层次上出现趋同的程度往往并不清楚。此外,与共同祖先有关的固有偏差以及不同地理重复中选择性制度的差异,往往给有把握地识别趋同模式带来挑战。我们对一个系统进行了研究,在该系统中,三种poeciliid鱼类共生于富含硫化氢(H2S)的有毒泉水和邻近的非硫化物溪流中,研究了不同生物组织水平的适应性进化模式。我们发现,这三个物种的形态和生理特征以及全基因组的基因表达模式存在趋同性。此外,在每个物种的线粒体基因组中,编码 H2S 毒性靶标的基因都有共同的选择特征。然而,对核基因组的分析表明,在涉及 H2S 毒性和解毒的基因周围,既没有证据表明存在实质性的基因组分化岛,也没有证据表明不同种群对的强分化区域存在实质性的一致性。这些非一致性、异质性的基因组差异模式可能表明,硫化物耐受性是高度多基因性的,在许多位点上存在共享等位基因频率变化,但对基因组的影响较小。另外,H2S 耐受性可能涉及大量的遗传冗余,基因组中多个位点的非融合性、品系特异性变异支撑着表型和基因表达的类似变化。总之,我们展示了不同组织水平上趋同程度的差异,并强调了将不同尺度的趋同模式联系起来所面临的挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Neurobiology: Neuropeptides go out on a limb. 神经生物学:神经肽大显身手
IF 8.1 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.072
Lindy Holden-Dye

Autotomy happens when an animal divests itself of an appendage in the interests of survival. A serendipitous observation shows that a sulfakinin/cholecystokinin-type neuropeptide promotes autotomy in starfish, opening a new route to understanding this fascinating phenomenon.

当动物为了生存而切除自己的附肢时,就会发生自切现象。一个偶然的观察结果表明,一种磺胺激肽/胆囊收缩素类神经肽能促进海星的自体切除术,这为了解这一奇妙现象开辟了一条新途径。
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引用次数: 0
Substance P and dopamine form a "push-pull" system that diurnally regulates retinal gain. P 物质和多巴胺形成了一个 "推拉 "系统,可在昼夜调节视网膜增益。
IF 8.1 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-04 Epub Date: 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.048
José Moya-Díaz, Patrício Simões, Leon Lagnado

The operation of the retina, like other brain circuits, is under modulatory control. One coordinator of changes in retinal function is dopamine, a neuromodulator released in a light-dependent way to adjust vision on a diurnal cycle. Here, we demonstrate that substance P is a similarly powerful retinal modulator that interacts with the dopamine system. By imaging glutamatergic synaptic transmission in larval zebrafish, we find that substance P decreases the contrast sensitivity of ON and OFF visual channels up to 8-fold, with suppression of visual signals being strongest through the "transient" pathway responding to higher frequencies. These actions are exerted in the morning, in large part by suppressing the amplification of visual signals by dopamine, but substance P is almost completely inactive in the afternoon. Modulation of retinal gain is accompanied by changes in patterns of vesicle release at the synapses of bipolar cells: increased gain shifts coding of stimulus strength from the rate of release events to their amplitude generated by a process of multivesicular release (MVR). Together, these actions of substance P reduce the flow of visual information, measured in bits, ∼3-fold. Thus, whereas dopamine "pushes" the retina to transmit information at higher rates in the afternoon, substance P acts in antiphase to suppress dopamine signaling and "pull down" information transmission in the morning.

视网膜的运作与其他大脑回路一样,受到调节控制。多巴胺是视网膜功能变化的协调器之一,多巴胺是一种神经调节剂,以依赖光的方式释放,按昼夜周期调节视力。在这里,我们证明了 P 物质同样是一种强大的视网膜调节剂,它与多巴胺系统相互作用。通过对幼体斑马鱼的谷氨酸能突触传递进行成像,我们发现 P 物质会降低 ON 和 OFF 视觉通道的对比敏感度达 8 倍之多,通过对较高频率做出反应的 "瞬时 "通路对视觉信号的抑制最强。这些作用是在上午产生的,很大程度上是通过抑制多巴胺对视觉信号的放大作用产生的,但 P 物质在下午几乎完全失效。对视网膜增益的调节伴随着双极细胞突触处囊泡释放模式的变化:增益的增加使刺激强度的编码从释放事件的速率转移到多囊释放(MVR)过程产生的振幅。P 物质的这些作用加在一起,使以比特为单位的视觉信息流减少了 3 倍。因此,多巴胺 "推动 "视网膜在下午以更高的速度传输信息,而 P 物质则反相作用,抑制多巴胺信号,在上午 "拉低 "信息传输速度。
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引用次数: 0
A left-lateralized white matter tract associated with communication in domestic dogs. 与家犬交流有关的左侧白质束。
IF 8.1 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.021
Isabel Levin, Mira Sinha, Sophie Barton, Erin Hecht

The ability to communicate with conspecifics is an adaptive behavior important for survival and reproduction, particularly in lineages that evolved enlarged brains and complex social behavior. In humans, language is supported by a robust, left-lateralized white matter fiber tract called the arcuate fasciculus, which links Broca's and Wernicke's areas, the core neocortical language regions located in the frontal and temporal lobes, respectively1. This tract is also present in chimpanzees, less substantial than in humans and either weakly leftwardly-asymmetric or not asymmetric2. Other mammalian lineages have evolved large brains, complex behavior and social communication in parallel with primates, notably including carnivores. In dogs (Canis familiaris), domestication has almost certainly involved additional selective pressures and environmental factors that have shaped the evolution and development of neural circuits for communication. We report that the dog brain possesses a large, left-lateralized white matter tract that links cortical centers for productive and receptive communication, and that this tract is positively associated with individual variation in receptive vocabulary size.

与同类交流的能力是一种对生存和繁殖非常重要的适应行为,尤其是在进化出大大脑和复杂社会行为的种系中。在人类中,语言是由一个强大的、左侧化的白质纤维束支持的,这个纤维束被称为弓状筋束,它连接着布罗卡区和韦尼克区,这两个区分别是位于额叶和颞叶的新皮质核心语言区1。黑猩猩体内也有这条束,但没有人类那么多,而且左向不对称程度较弱或不对称2。与灵长类同时进化出大大脑、复杂行为和社会交流能力的还有其他哺乳动物,尤其是食肉动物。在犬(Canis familiaris)中,驯化几乎肯定涉及额外的选择性压力和环境因素,这些压力和因素塑造了用于交流的神经回路的进化和发展。我们报告说,狗的大脑拥有一个巨大的、左侧化的白质束,它连接着大脑皮层的生产性和接受性交流中心,而且这个白质束与接受性词汇量的个体差异呈正相关。
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引用次数: 0
Conservation: Corals in an extinction vortex. 保护:处于灭绝漩涡中的珊瑚。
IF 8.1 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.081
Zoe T Richards

Population declines threaten many marine ecosystems, but their genetic consequences remain largely unknown. A new study shows how a Caribbean coral finds itself trapped in an extinction vortex and vulnerable to the interplay of climate change, habitat degradation, small population size, low genetic diversity and reduced dispersal.

种群数量下降威胁着许多海洋生态系统,但其遗传后果在很大程度上仍不为人所知。一项新的研究表明,加勒比海的一种珊瑚如何发现自己陷入了灭绝漩涡,并容易受到气候变化、栖息地退化、种群规模小、遗传多样性低和扩散减少等因素的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Cerebellar activity predicts vocalization in fruit bats. 小脑活动可预测果蝠的发声。
IF 8.1 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-04 Epub Date: 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.033
Shivani Hariharan, Eugenia González Palomares, Susanne S Babl, Luciana López-Jury, Julio C Hechavarria

Echolocating bats exhibit remarkable auditory behaviors, enabled by adaptations both within and outside their auditory system. Yet research on echolocating bats has focused mostly on brain areas that belong to the classic ascending auditory pathway. This study provides direct evidence linking the cerebellum, an evolutionarily ancient and non-classic auditory structure, to vocalization and hearing. We report that in the fruit-eating bat Carollia perspicillata, external sounds can evoke cerebellar responses with latencies below 20 ms. Such fast responses are indicative of early inputs to the bat cerebellum. After establishing fruit-eating bats as a good model to study cerebellar auditory responses, we searched for a neural correlate of vocal production within the cerebellum. We investigated spike trains and field potentials occurring before and after vocalization and found that the type of sound produced (echolocation pulses or communication calls) can be decoded from pre-vocal and post-vocal neural signals, with prediction accuracies that reach above 85%. The latter provides a direct correlate of vocalization in an ancient motor-coordination structure that lies outside of the classic ascending auditory pathway. Taken together, our findings provide evidence of specializations for vocalization and hearing in the cerebellum of an auditory specialist.

回声定位蝙蝠表现出非凡的听觉行为,这得益于其听觉系统内外的适应性。然而,对回声定位蝙蝠的研究主要集中在属于经典上升听觉通路的大脑区域。本研究提供了直接证据,证明小脑这一进化古老的非经典听觉结构与发声和听觉有关。我们报告说,在食果蝙蝠Carollia perspicillata中,外部声音可以唤起小脑反应,其潜伏期低于20毫秒。这种快速反应表明了蝙蝠小脑的早期输入。在确定食果蝠是研究小脑听觉反应的良好模型后,我们在小脑内寻找发声的神经相关因素。我们研究了发声前后出现的尖峰列车和场电位,发现声音的类型(回声定位脉冲或交流呼叫)可以从发声前和发声后的神经信号中解码,预测准确率达到 85% 以上。后者在经典的上升听觉通路之外的古老运动协调结构中提供了发声的直接相关性。总之,我们的研究结果为听觉专家的小脑发声和听觉特化提供了证据。
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引用次数: 0
Spread of yellow-bill-color alleles favored by selection in the long-tailed finch hybrid system. 长尾雀杂交系统中受选择青睐的黄喙颜色等位基因的扩散。
IF 8.1 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.019
Daniel M Hooper, Callum S McDiarmid, Matthew J Powers, Nicholas M Justyn, Marek Kučka, Nathan S Hart, Geoffrey E Hill, Peter Andolfatto, Yingguang Frank Chan, Simon C Griffith

Carotenoid pigments produce the yellow and red colors of birds and other vertebrates. Despite their importance in social signaling and sexual selection, our understanding of how carotenoid ornamentation evolves in nature remains limited. Here, we examine the long-tailed finch Poephila acuticauda, an Australian songbird with a yellow-billed western subspecies acuticauda and a red-billed eastern subspecies hecki, which hybridize where their ranges overlap. We found that yellow bills can be explained by the loss of C(4)-oxidation, thus preventing yellow dietary carotenoids from being converted to red. Combining linked-read genomic sequencing and reflectance spectrophotometry measurements of bill color collected from wild-sampled finches and laboratory crosses, we identify four loci that together explain 53% of variance in this trait. The two loci of largest effect contain the genes CYP2J19, an essential enzyme for producing red carotenoids, and TTC39B, an enhancer of carotenoid metabolism. A paucity of protein-coding changes and an enrichment of associated upstream variants suggest that the loss of C(4)-oxidation results from cis-regulatory evolution. Evolutionary genealogy reconstruction indicates that the red-billed phenotype is ancestral and that yellow alleles at CYP2J19 and TTC39B first arose and fixed in acuticauda approximately 100 kya. Yellow alleles subsequently introgressed into hecki less than 5 kya. Across all color loci, acuticauda-derived variants show evidence of selective sweeps, implying that yellow bill coloration has been favored by natural selection. Our study illustrates how evolutionary transitions between yellow and red coloration can be achieved by successive selective events acting on regulatory changes at a few interacting genes.

类胡萝卜素色素赋予鸟类和其他脊椎动物黄色和红色。尽管类胡萝卜素色素在社会信号传递和性选择中非常重要,但我们对类胡萝卜素装饰在自然界中如何演变的了解仍然有限。在这里,我们研究了长尾雀(Poephila acuticauda),这是一种澳大利亚鸣禽,有一个黄嘴的西部亚种 acuticauda 和一个红嘴的东部亚种 hecki,它们在分布区重叠的地方杂交。我们发现,黄嘴的原因是 C(4)- 氧化作用的丧失,从而阻止了黄色食物类胡萝卜素转化为红色。结合从野生采样雀类和实验室杂交雀类中收集的喙颜色的联读基因组测序和反射分光光度法测量结果,我们确定了四个基因位点,它们共同解释了这一性状中 53% 的变异。影响最大的两个基因位点包含 CYP2J19 和 TTC39B,前者是产生红色类胡萝卜素的必需酶,后者是类胡萝卜素代谢的促进因子。蛋白编码变化的稀少和相关上游变异的丰富表明,C(4)-氧化的丧失是顺式调节进化的结果。进化谱系重建表明,红嘴表型是祖先的,CYP2J19 和 TTC39B 的黄色等位基因大约在 100 千年前首次出现并固定在 acuticauda 中。随后,黄色等位基因在不到 5 千年的时间内导入hecki。在所有颜色位点上,acuticauda 衍生的变体都显示出选择性横扫的证据,这意味着黄色喙的着色受到了自然选择的青睐。我们的研究说明了黄色和红色之间的进化转变是如何通过连续的选择性事件作用于几个相互作用基因的调控变化来实现的。
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引用次数: 0
Tactile mechanisms and afferents underlying the rat pup transport response. 大鼠幼崽运输反应的触觉机制和传入神经
IF 8.1 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.016
Zheyi Ni, Connor Neifert, Arturo Rosete, Abdalla M Albeely, Yu Yang, Marta Pratelli, Michael Brecht, Ann M Clemens

Juvenile rodents and other altricial mammals react with calming, immobility, and postural modifications to parental pickup, a set of behaviors referred to as the transport response.1,2,3,4,5 Here, we investigate sensory mechanisms underlying the rat transport response. Grasping rat pups in anterior neck positions evokes strong immobility and folding up of feet, whereas more posterior grasping has lesser effects on immobility and foot position. Transport responses are enhanced by slow (1 Hz), and even more so by fast (4 Hz), gentle shaking and translation, features consistent with parental transport. With lateral grasping, the forepaw below the grasping position points downward and the forepaw lateral to the grasping position points upward and medially. Such forepaw adjustments put the pup's center of gravity below the grasping point, optimizing pup transportability. Tactile stimuli on the back, belly, tail, whisker, dorsal forepaws, and dorsal hind-paws do not significantly affect behavior of anterior-neck-held pups. Instead, ground contact, or paw stimulation consistent with ground contact, disrupts transport responses. We identify afferents mediating transport response by examining membrane labeling with FM 1-436 following anterior neck grasping. We observe a dense innervation of the anterior-neck-skin region (∼30 terminals/mm2). We find an age-related decrease of cytochrome oxidase reactivity in the rat somatosensory cortical neck representation, a possible correlate to developmental decrease in pup transport response. We conclude that anterior neck grasping and loss of ground contact trigger calming and postural adjustments for parental transport in rat pups, responses putatively driven from the densely innervated anterior neck skin.

幼年啮齿类动物和其他初生哺乳动物对父母抱起幼鼠时会做出镇静、不动和姿势改变等反应,这些行为被称为迁移反应1,2,3,4,5。在前颈部位抓住幼鼠会引起幼鼠强烈的不动和脚部折叠,而在后颈部位抓住幼鼠则对幼鼠的不动和脚部位置影响较小。缓慢(1赫兹)、甚至快速(4赫兹)的轻微摇晃和平移都会增强迁移反应,这些特征与亲代迁移一致。侧向抓握时,抓握位置下方的前爪指向下方,抓握位置外侧的前爪指向上方和内侧。这样的前爪调整使幼犬的重心低于抓握点,从而优化了幼犬的运输能力。背部、腹部、尾巴、胡须、前爪背侧和后爪背侧的触觉刺激对颈前抓握幼鼠的行为没有显著影响。相反,地面接触或与地面接触一致的爪刺激会扰乱运输反应。我们通过检查前颈抓握后的 FM 1-436 膜标记,确定了介导运输反应的传入神经。我们观察到颈前皮肤区域有密集的神经支配(每平方毫米有 30 个终端)。我们发现大鼠躯体感觉皮层颈部表征中细胞色素氧化酶反应性的下降与年龄有关,这可能与幼鼠运输反应的发育下降有关。我们的结论是,前颈抓握和失去地面接触会触发大鼠幼崽的平静和姿势调整,以适应父母的运输,这些反应可能是由前颈皮肤的密集神经支配引起的。
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引用次数: 0
Strong winds reduce foraging success in albatrosses. 强风降低了信天翁的觅食成功率。
IF 8.1 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.018
Jamie Darby, Richard A Phillips, Henri Weimerskirch, Ewan D Wakefield, José C Xavier, Jorge M Pereira, Samantha C Patrick

Knowledge of how animals respond to weather and changes in their physical environment is increasingly important, given the higher frequency of extreme weather recorded in recent years and its forecasted increase globally.1,2 Even species considered to be highly adapted to extremes of weather, as albatrosses are to strong winds,3,4,5 may be disadvantaged by shifts in those extremes. Tracked albatrosses were shown recently to avoid storms and the strongest associated winds.6 The drivers of this response are so far unknown, though we hypothesize that turbulent storm conditions restrict foraging success, possibly by reducing the detectability or accessibility of food, and albatrosses divert toward more profitable conditions where possible. We tested the impact of the physical environment-wind speed, rainfall, water clarity, and time of day-on feeding activity and success of two species of albatrosses with contrasting foraging strategies. We tracked 33 wandering and 48 black-browed albatrosses from Bird Island (South Georgia) with GPS and immersion loggers, and 19 and 7 individuals, respectively, with stomach-temperature loggers to record ingestions, providing an in-depth picture of foraging behavior. Reduced foraging profitability (probability of prey capture and overall mass) was associated with stormy conditions, specifically strong winds and heavy rain in surface-seizing wandering albatrosses, and the probability of prey capture was reduced in strong winds in black-browed albatrosses. We show that even highly wind-adapted species may frequently encounter conditions that make foraging difficult, giving context to storm avoidance in albatrosses.

鉴于近年来记录到的极端天气频率较高,而且预计全球极端天气会越来越多,了解动物如何对天气及其物理环境的变化做出反应变得越来越重要。最近的研究表明,跟踪信天翁会避开风暴和与之相关的最强风。6 这种反应的驱动因素目前尚不清楚,但我们假设,动荡的风暴条件限制了觅食的成功率,可能是通过降低食物的可探测性或可获得性,信天翁在可能的情况下转向更有利的条件。我们测试了物理环境--风速、降雨量、水透明度和一天中的时间--对两种觅食策略截然不同的信天翁的觅食活动和成功率的影响。我们用全球定位系统和浸入式记录仪跟踪了鸟岛(南乔治亚岛)上的33只流浪信天翁和48只黑眉信天翁,并分别用胃温记录仪跟踪了19只和7只信天翁的摄食情况,从而深入了解了它们的觅食行为。觅食收益率(捕获猎物的概率和总质量)的降低与暴风雨条件有关,特别是表面捕食的游荡信天翁的强风和暴雨,而黑眉信天翁在强风中捕获猎物的概率降低。我们的研究表明,即使是高度适应风的物种也会经常遇到使觅食变得困难的条件,这为信天翁躲避风暴提供了背景资料。
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引用次数: 0
The polyvalent sequestration ability of an economically important beetle. 一种具有重要经济价值的甲虫的多价螯合能力。
IF 8.1 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.005
Carla C M Arce, Ricardo A R Machado, Marine Mamin, Gaétan Glauser, Pamela Bruno, Betty Benrey, Matthias Erb, Christelle A M Robert, Ted C J Turlings

Many specialized herbivorous insects sequester single classes of toxic secondary metabolites from their host plants as protection against natural enemies. If and how herbivores can use multiple classes of plant toxins across the large chemical diversity of plants for self-protection is unknown. We show that the polyphagous adults of the beetle Diabrotica virgifera are capable of selectively accumulating benzoxazinoids, cucurbitacins, and glucosinolates but not cyanogenic glycosides. Female beetles transfer the sequestered defense metabolites into their eggs, protecting them against generalist predators. Eggs containing a mixture of toxins are better protected than eggs with individual toxins. This work shows how herbivores can exploit plant chemical diversity to their own benefit as a novel adaptive mechanism that contributes to the structuring of multitrophic interaction networks.

许多专门的食草昆虫会从寄主植物中封存单一类别的有毒次生代谢物,作为抵御天敌的保护措施。食草昆虫是否以及如何利用植物的多种化学成分中的多类植物毒素进行自我保护尚不清楚。我们的研究表明,甲虫 Diabrotica virgifera 的多食性成虫能够选择性地积累苯并恶嗪类、葫芦素和葡萄糖苷酸盐,但不能积累氰苷。雌甲虫会将固着的防御代谢物转移到卵中,保护卵免受一般捕食者的伤害。与含有单个毒素的卵相比,含有混合毒素的卵受到的保护更好。这项工作显示了食草动物如何利用植物化学多样性为自己谋利,这是一种新的适应机制,有助于多营养互作网络的构建。
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引用次数: 0
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