Pub Date : 2024-11-04Epub Date: 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.027
Ryan Greenway, Rishi De-Kayne, Anthony P Brown, Henry Camarillo, Cassandra Delich, Kerry L McGowan, Joel Nelson, Lenin Arias-Rodriguez, Joanna L Kelley, Michael Tobler
The evolution of independent lineages along replicated environmental transitions frequently results in convergent adaptation, yet the degree to which convergence is present across multiple levels of biological organization is often unclear. Additionally, inherent biases associated with shared ancestry and variation in selective regimes across geographic replicates often pose challenges for confidently identifying patterns of convergence. We investigated a system in which three species of poeciliid fishes sympatrically occur in a toxic spring rich in hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and an adjacent nonsulfidic stream to examine patterns of adaptive evolution across levels of biological organization. We found convergence in morphological and physiological traits and genome-wide patterns of gene expression among all three species. In addition, there were shared signatures of selection on genes encoding H2S toxicity targets in the mitochondrial genomes of each species. However, analyses of nuclear genomes revealed neither evidence for substantial genomic islands of divergence around genes involved in H2S toxicity and detoxification nor substantial congruence of strongly differentiated regions across population pairs. These non-convergent, heterogeneous patterns of genomic divergence may indicate that sulfide tolerance is highly polygenic, with shared allele frequency shifts present at many loci with small effects along the genome. Alternatively, H2S tolerance may involve substantial genetic redundancy, with non-convergent, lineage-specific variation at multiple loci along the genome underpinning similar changes in phenotypes and gene expression. Overall, we demonstrate variability in the extent of convergence across organizational levels and highlight the challenges of linking patterns of convergence across scales.
{"title":"Integrative analyses of convergent adaptation in sympatric extremophile fishes.","authors":"Ryan Greenway, Rishi De-Kayne, Anthony P Brown, Henry Camarillo, Cassandra Delich, Kerry L McGowan, Joel Nelson, Lenin Arias-Rodriguez, Joanna L Kelley, Michael Tobler","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The evolution of independent lineages along replicated environmental transitions frequently results in convergent adaptation, yet the degree to which convergence is present across multiple levels of biological organization is often unclear. Additionally, inherent biases associated with shared ancestry and variation in selective regimes across geographic replicates often pose challenges for confidently identifying patterns of convergence. We investigated a system in which three species of poeciliid fishes sympatrically occur in a toxic spring rich in hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S) and an adjacent nonsulfidic stream to examine patterns of adaptive evolution across levels of biological organization. We found convergence in morphological and physiological traits and genome-wide patterns of gene expression among all three species. In addition, there were shared signatures of selection on genes encoding H<sub>2</sub>S toxicity targets in the mitochondrial genomes of each species. However, analyses of nuclear genomes revealed neither evidence for substantial genomic islands of divergence around genes involved in H<sub>2</sub>S toxicity and detoxification nor substantial congruence of strongly differentiated regions across population pairs. These non-convergent, heterogeneous patterns of genomic divergence may indicate that sulfide tolerance is highly polygenic, with shared allele frequency shifts present at many loci with small effects along the genome. Alternatively, H<sub>2</sub>S tolerance may involve substantial genetic redundancy, with non-convergent, lineage-specific variation at multiple loci along the genome underpinning similar changes in phenotypes and gene expression. Overall, we demonstrate variability in the extent of convergence across organizational levels and highlight the challenges of linking patterns of convergence across scales.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142460480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.072
Lindy Holden-Dye
Autotomy happens when an animal divests itself of an appendage in the interests of survival. A serendipitous observation shows that a sulfakinin/cholecystokinin-type neuropeptide promotes autotomy in starfish, opening a new route to understanding this fascinating phenomenon.
{"title":"Neurobiology: Neuropeptides go out on a limb.","authors":"Lindy Holden-Dye","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autotomy happens when an animal divests itself of an appendage in the interests of survival. A serendipitous observation shows that a sulfakinin/cholecystokinin-type neuropeptide promotes autotomy in starfish, opening a new route to understanding this fascinating phenomenon.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142582237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-04Epub Date: 2024-10-16DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.048
José Moya-Díaz, Patrício Simões, Leon Lagnado
The operation of the retina, like other brain circuits, is under modulatory control. One coordinator of changes in retinal function is dopamine, a neuromodulator released in a light-dependent way to adjust vision on a diurnal cycle. Here, we demonstrate that substance P is a similarly powerful retinal modulator that interacts with the dopamine system. By imaging glutamatergic synaptic transmission in larval zebrafish, we find that substance P decreases the contrast sensitivity of ON and OFF visual channels up to 8-fold, with suppression of visual signals being strongest through the "transient" pathway responding to higher frequencies. These actions are exerted in the morning, in large part by suppressing the amplification of visual signals by dopamine, but substance P is almost completely inactive in the afternoon. Modulation of retinal gain is accompanied by changes in patterns of vesicle release at the synapses of bipolar cells: increased gain shifts coding of stimulus strength from the rate of release events to their amplitude generated by a process of multivesicular release (MVR). Together, these actions of substance P reduce the flow of visual information, measured in bits, ∼3-fold. Thus, whereas dopamine "pushes" the retina to transmit information at higher rates in the afternoon, substance P acts in antiphase to suppress dopamine signaling and "pull down" information transmission in the morning.
视网膜的运作与其他大脑回路一样,受到调节控制。多巴胺是视网膜功能变化的协调器之一,多巴胺是一种神经调节剂,以依赖光的方式释放,按昼夜周期调节视力。在这里,我们证明了 P 物质同样是一种强大的视网膜调节剂,它与多巴胺系统相互作用。通过对幼体斑马鱼的谷氨酸能突触传递进行成像,我们发现 P 物质会降低 ON 和 OFF 视觉通道的对比敏感度达 8 倍之多,通过对较高频率做出反应的 "瞬时 "通路对视觉信号的抑制最强。这些作用是在上午产生的,很大程度上是通过抑制多巴胺对视觉信号的放大作用产生的,但 P 物质在下午几乎完全失效。对视网膜增益的调节伴随着双极细胞突触处囊泡释放模式的变化:增益的增加使刺激强度的编码从释放事件的速率转移到多囊释放(MVR)过程产生的振幅。P 物质的这些作用加在一起,使以比特为单位的视觉信息流减少了 3 倍。因此,多巴胺 "推动 "视网膜在下午以更高的速度传输信息,而 P 物质则反相作用,抑制多巴胺信号,在上午 "拉低 "信息传输速度。
{"title":"Substance P and dopamine form a \"push-pull\" system that diurnally regulates retinal gain.","authors":"José Moya-Díaz, Patrício Simões, Leon Lagnado","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The operation of the retina, like other brain circuits, is under modulatory control. One coordinator of changes in retinal function is dopamine, a neuromodulator released in a light-dependent way to adjust vision on a diurnal cycle. Here, we demonstrate that substance P is a similarly powerful retinal modulator that interacts with the dopamine system. By imaging glutamatergic synaptic transmission in larval zebrafish, we find that substance P decreases the contrast sensitivity of ON and OFF visual channels up to 8-fold, with suppression of visual signals being strongest through the \"transient\" pathway responding to higher frequencies. These actions are exerted in the morning, in large part by suppressing the amplification of visual signals by dopamine, but substance P is almost completely inactive in the afternoon. Modulation of retinal gain is accompanied by changes in patterns of vesicle release at the synapses of bipolar cells: increased gain shifts coding of stimulus strength from the rate of release events to their amplitude generated by a process of multivesicular release (MVR). Together, these actions of substance P reduce the flow of visual information, measured in bits, ∼3-fold. Thus, whereas dopamine \"pushes\" the retina to transmit information at higher rates in the afternoon, substance P acts in antiphase to suppress dopamine signaling and \"pull down\" information transmission in the morning.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142460510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.021
Isabel Levin, Mira Sinha, Sophie Barton, Erin Hecht
The ability to communicate with conspecifics is an adaptive behavior important for survival and reproduction, particularly in lineages that evolved enlarged brains and complex social behavior. In humans, language is supported by a robust, left-lateralized white matter fiber tract called the arcuate fasciculus, which links Broca's and Wernicke's areas, the core neocortical language regions located in the frontal and temporal lobes, respectively1. This tract is also present in chimpanzees, less substantial than in humans and either weakly leftwardly-asymmetric or not asymmetric2. Other mammalian lineages have evolved large brains, complex behavior and social communication in parallel with primates, notably including carnivores. In dogs (Canis familiaris), domestication has almost certainly involved additional selective pressures and environmental factors that have shaped the evolution and development of neural circuits for communication. We report that the dog brain possesses a large, left-lateralized white matter tract that links cortical centers for productive and receptive communication, and that this tract is positively associated with individual variation in receptive vocabulary size.
{"title":"A left-lateralized white matter tract associated with communication in domestic dogs.","authors":"Isabel Levin, Mira Sinha, Sophie Barton, Erin Hecht","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ability to communicate with conspecifics is an adaptive behavior important for survival and reproduction, particularly in lineages that evolved enlarged brains and complex social behavior. In humans, language is supported by a robust, left-lateralized white matter fiber tract called the arcuate fasciculus, which links Broca's and Wernicke's areas, the core neocortical language regions located in the frontal and temporal lobes, respectively<sup>1</sup>. This tract is also present in chimpanzees, less substantial than in humans and either weakly leftwardly-asymmetric or not asymmetric<sup>2</sup>. Other mammalian lineages have evolved large brains, complex behavior and social communication in parallel with primates, notably including carnivores. In dogs (Canis familiaris), domestication has almost certainly involved additional selective pressures and environmental factors that have shaped the evolution and development of neural circuits for communication. We report that the dog brain possesses a large, left-lateralized white matter tract that links cortical centers for productive and receptive communication, and that this tract is positively associated with individual variation in receptive vocabulary size.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142582207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.081
Zoe T Richards
Population declines threaten many marine ecosystems, but their genetic consequences remain largely unknown. A new study shows how a Caribbean coral finds itself trapped in an extinction vortex and vulnerable to the interplay of climate change, habitat degradation, small population size, low genetic diversity and reduced dispersal.
{"title":"Conservation: Corals in an extinction vortex.","authors":"Zoe T Richards","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.081","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Population declines threaten many marine ecosystems, but their genetic consequences remain largely unknown. A new study shows how a Caribbean coral finds itself trapped in an extinction vortex and vulnerable to the interplay of climate change, habitat degradation, small population size, low genetic diversity and reduced dispersal.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142582220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-04Epub Date: 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.033
Shivani Hariharan, Eugenia González Palomares, Susanne S Babl, Luciana López-Jury, Julio C Hechavarria
Echolocating bats exhibit remarkable auditory behaviors, enabled by adaptations both within and outside their auditory system. Yet research on echolocating bats has focused mostly on brain areas that belong to the classic ascending auditory pathway. This study provides direct evidence linking the cerebellum, an evolutionarily ancient and non-classic auditory structure, to vocalization and hearing. We report that in the fruit-eating bat Carollia perspicillata, external sounds can evoke cerebellar responses with latencies below 20 ms. Such fast responses are indicative of early inputs to the bat cerebellum. After establishing fruit-eating bats as a good model to study cerebellar auditory responses, we searched for a neural correlate of vocal production within the cerebellum. We investigated spike trains and field potentials occurring before and after vocalization and found that the type of sound produced (echolocation pulses or communication calls) can be decoded from pre-vocal and post-vocal neural signals, with prediction accuracies that reach above 85%. The latter provides a direct correlate of vocalization in an ancient motor-coordination structure that lies outside of the classic ascending auditory pathway. Taken together, our findings provide evidence of specializations for vocalization and hearing in the cerebellum of an auditory specialist.
{"title":"Cerebellar activity predicts vocalization in fruit bats.","authors":"Shivani Hariharan, Eugenia González Palomares, Susanne S Babl, Luciana López-Jury, Julio C Hechavarria","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Echolocating bats exhibit remarkable auditory behaviors, enabled by adaptations both within and outside their auditory system. Yet research on echolocating bats has focused mostly on brain areas that belong to the classic ascending auditory pathway. This study provides direct evidence linking the cerebellum, an evolutionarily ancient and non-classic auditory structure, to vocalization and hearing. We report that in the fruit-eating bat Carollia perspicillata, external sounds can evoke cerebellar responses with latencies below 20 ms. Such fast responses are indicative of early inputs to the bat cerebellum. After establishing fruit-eating bats as a good model to study cerebellar auditory responses, we searched for a neural correlate of vocal production within the cerebellum. We investigated spike trains and field potentials occurring before and after vocalization and found that the type of sound produced (echolocation pulses or communication calls) can be decoded from pre-vocal and post-vocal neural signals, with prediction accuracies that reach above 85%. The latter provides a direct correlate of vocalization in an ancient motor-coordination structure that lies outside of the classic ascending auditory pathway. Taken together, our findings provide evidence of specializations for vocalization and hearing in the cerebellum of an auditory specialist.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142399718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.019
Daniel M Hooper, Callum S McDiarmid, Matthew J Powers, Nicholas M Justyn, Marek Kučka, Nathan S Hart, Geoffrey E Hill, Peter Andolfatto, Yingguang Frank Chan, Simon C Griffith
Carotenoid pigments produce the yellow and red colors of birds and other vertebrates. Despite their importance in social signaling and sexual selection, our understanding of how carotenoid ornamentation evolves in nature remains limited. Here, we examine the long-tailed finch Poephila acuticauda, an Australian songbird with a yellow-billed western subspecies acuticauda and a red-billed eastern subspecies hecki, which hybridize where their ranges overlap. We found that yellow bills can be explained by the loss of C(4)-oxidation, thus preventing yellow dietary carotenoids from being converted to red. Combining linked-read genomic sequencing and reflectance spectrophotometry measurements of bill color collected from wild-sampled finches and laboratory crosses, we identify four loci that together explain 53% of variance in this trait. The two loci of largest effect contain the genes CYP2J19, an essential enzyme for producing red carotenoids, and TTC39B, an enhancer of carotenoid metabolism. A paucity of protein-coding changes and an enrichment of associated upstream variants suggest that the loss of C(4)-oxidation results from cis-regulatory evolution. Evolutionary genealogy reconstruction indicates that the red-billed phenotype is ancestral and that yellow alleles at CYP2J19 and TTC39B first arose and fixed in acuticauda approximately 100 kya. Yellow alleles subsequently introgressed into hecki less than 5 kya. Across all color loci, acuticauda-derived variants show evidence of selective sweeps, implying that yellow bill coloration has been favored by natural selection. Our study illustrates how evolutionary transitions between yellow and red coloration can be achieved by successive selective events acting on regulatory changes at a few interacting genes.
{"title":"Spread of yellow-bill-color alleles favored by selection in the long-tailed finch hybrid system.","authors":"Daniel M Hooper, Callum S McDiarmid, Matthew J Powers, Nicholas M Justyn, Marek Kučka, Nathan S Hart, Geoffrey E Hill, Peter Andolfatto, Yingguang Frank Chan, Simon C Griffith","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carotenoid pigments produce the yellow and red colors of birds and other vertebrates. Despite their importance in social signaling and sexual selection, our understanding of how carotenoid ornamentation evolves in nature remains limited. Here, we examine the long-tailed finch Poephila acuticauda, an Australian songbird with a yellow-billed western subspecies acuticauda and a red-billed eastern subspecies hecki, which hybridize where their ranges overlap. We found that yellow bills can be explained by the loss of C(4)-oxidation, thus preventing yellow dietary carotenoids from being converted to red. Combining linked-read genomic sequencing and reflectance spectrophotometry measurements of bill color collected from wild-sampled finches and laboratory crosses, we identify four loci that together explain 53% of variance in this trait. The two loci of largest effect contain the genes CYP2J19, an essential enzyme for producing red carotenoids, and TTC39B, an enhancer of carotenoid metabolism. A paucity of protein-coding changes and an enrichment of associated upstream variants suggest that the loss of C(4)-oxidation results from cis-regulatory evolution. Evolutionary genealogy reconstruction indicates that the red-billed phenotype is ancestral and that yellow alleles at CYP2J19 and TTC39B first arose and fixed in acuticauda approximately 100 kya. Yellow alleles subsequently introgressed into hecki less than 5 kya. Across all color loci, acuticauda-derived variants show evidence of selective sweeps, implying that yellow bill coloration has been favored by natural selection. Our study illustrates how evolutionary transitions between yellow and red coloration can be achieved by successive selective events acting on regulatory changes at a few interacting genes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142582203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.016
Zheyi Ni, Connor Neifert, Arturo Rosete, Abdalla M Albeely, Yu Yang, Marta Pratelli, Michael Brecht, Ann M Clemens
Juvenile rodents and other altricial mammals react with calming, immobility, and postural modifications to parental pickup, a set of behaviors referred to as the transport response.1,2,3,4,5 Here, we investigate sensory mechanisms underlying the rat transport response. Grasping rat pups in anterior neck positions evokes strong immobility and folding up of feet, whereas more posterior grasping has lesser effects on immobility and foot position. Transport responses are enhanced by slow (1 Hz), and even more so by fast (4 Hz), gentle shaking and translation, features consistent with parental transport. With lateral grasping, the forepaw below the grasping position points downward and the forepaw lateral to the grasping position points upward and medially. Such forepaw adjustments put the pup's center of gravity below the grasping point, optimizing pup transportability. Tactile stimuli on the back, belly, tail, whisker, dorsal forepaws, and dorsal hind-paws do not significantly affect behavior of anterior-neck-held pups. Instead, ground contact, or paw stimulation consistent with ground contact, disrupts transport responses. We identify afferents mediating transport response by examining membrane labeling with FM 1-436 following anterior neck grasping. We observe a dense innervation of the anterior-neck-skin region (∼30 terminals/mm2). We find an age-related decrease of cytochrome oxidase reactivity in the rat somatosensory cortical neck representation, a possible correlate to developmental decrease in pup transport response. We conclude that anterior neck grasping and loss of ground contact trigger calming and postural adjustments for parental transport in rat pups, responses putatively driven from the densely innervated anterior neck skin.
幼年啮齿类动物和其他初生哺乳动物对父母抱起幼鼠时会做出镇静、不动和姿势改变等反应,这些行为被称为迁移反应1,2,3,4,5。在前颈部位抓住幼鼠会引起幼鼠强烈的不动和脚部折叠,而在后颈部位抓住幼鼠则对幼鼠的不动和脚部位置影响较小。缓慢(1赫兹)、甚至快速(4赫兹)的轻微摇晃和平移都会增强迁移反应,这些特征与亲代迁移一致。侧向抓握时,抓握位置下方的前爪指向下方,抓握位置外侧的前爪指向上方和内侧。这样的前爪调整使幼犬的重心低于抓握点,从而优化了幼犬的运输能力。背部、腹部、尾巴、胡须、前爪背侧和后爪背侧的触觉刺激对颈前抓握幼鼠的行为没有显著影响。相反,地面接触或与地面接触一致的爪刺激会扰乱运输反应。我们通过检查前颈抓握后的 FM 1-436 膜标记,确定了介导运输反应的传入神经。我们观察到颈前皮肤区域有密集的神经支配(每平方毫米有 30 个终端)。我们发现大鼠躯体感觉皮层颈部表征中细胞色素氧化酶反应性的下降与年龄有关,这可能与幼鼠运输反应的发育下降有关。我们的结论是,前颈抓握和失去地面接触会触发大鼠幼崽的平静和姿势调整,以适应父母的运输,这些反应可能是由前颈皮肤的密集神经支配引起的。
{"title":"Tactile mechanisms and afferents underlying the rat pup transport response.","authors":"Zheyi Ni, Connor Neifert, Arturo Rosete, Abdalla M Albeely, Yu Yang, Marta Pratelli, Michael Brecht, Ann M Clemens","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Juvenile rodents and other altricial mammals react with calming, immobility, and postural modifications to parental pickup, a set of behaviors referred to as the transport response.<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>4</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>5</sup> Here, we investigate sensory mechanisms underlying the rat transport response. Grasping rat pups in anterior neck positions evokes strong immobility and folding up of feet, whereas more posterior grasping has lesser effects on immobility and foot position. Transport responses are enhanced by slow (1 Hz), and even more so by fast (4 Hz), gentle shaking and translation, features consistent with parental transport. With lateral grasping, the forepaw below the grasping position points downward and the forepaw lateral to the grasping position points upward and medially. Such forepaw adjustments put the pup's center of gravity below the grasping point, optimizing pup transportability. Tactile stimuli on the back, belly, tail, whisker, dorsal forepaws, and dorsal hind-paws do not significantly affect behavior of anterior-neck-held pups. Instead, ground contact, or paw stimulation consistent with ground contact, disrupts transport responses. We identify afferents mediating transport response by examining membrane labeling with FM 1-43<sup>6</sup> following anterior neck grasping. We observe a dense innervation of the anterior-neck-skin region (∼30 terminals/mm<sup>2</sup>). We find an age-related decrease of cytochrome oxidase reactivity in the rat somatosensory cortical neck representation, a possible correlate to developmental decrease in pup transport response. We conclude that anterior neck grasping and loss of ground contact trigger calming and postural adjustments for parental transport in rat pups, responses putatively driven from the densely innervated anterior neck skin.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142582204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.018
Jamie Darby, Richard A Phillips, Henri Weimerskirch, Ewan D Wakefield, José C Xavier, Jorge M Pereira, Samantha C Patrick
Knowledge of how animals respond to weather and changes in their physical environment is increasingly important, given the higher frequency of extreme weather recorded in recent years and its forecasted increase globally.1,2 Even species considered to be highly adapted to extremes of weather, as albatrosses are to strong winds,3,4,5 may be disadvantaged by shifts in those extremes. Tracked albatrosses were shown recently to avoid storms and the strongest associated winds.6 The drivers of this response are so far unknown, though we hypothesize that turbulent storm conditions restrict foraging success, possibly by reducing the detectability or accessibility of food, and albatrosses divert toward more profitable conditions where possible. We tested the impact of the physical environment-wind speed, rainfall, water clarity, and time of day-on feeding activity and success of two species of albatrosses with contrasting foraging strategies. We tracked 33 wandering and 48 black-browed albatrosses from Bird Island (South Georgia) with GPS and immersion loggers, and 19 and 7 individuals, respectively, with stomach-temperature loggers to record ingestions, providing an in-depth picture of foraging behavior. Reduced foraging profitability (probability of prey capture and overall mass) was associated with stormy conditions, specifically strong winds and heavy rain in surface-seizing wandering albatrosses, and the probability of prey capture was reduced in strong winds in black-browed albatrosses. We show that even highly wind-adapted species may frequently encounter conditions that make foraging difficult, giving context to storm avoidance in albatrosses.
{"title":"Strong winds reduce foraging success in albatrosses.","authors":"Jamie Darby, Richard A Phillips, Henri Weimerskirch, Ewan D Wakefield, José C Xavier, Jorge M Pereira, Samantha C Patrick","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Knowledge of how animals respond to weather and changes in their physical environment is increasingly important, given the higher frequency of extreme weather recorded in recent years and its forecasted increase globally.<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup> Even species considered to be highly adapted to extremes of weather, as albatrosses are to strong winds,<sup>3</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>4</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>5</sup> may be disadvantaged by shifts in those extremes. Tracked albatrosses were shown recently to avoid storms and the strongest associated winds.<sup>6</sup> The drivers of this response are so far unknown, though we hypothesize that turbulent storm conditions restrict foraging success, possibly by reducing the detectability or accessibility of food, and albatrosses divert toward more profitable conditions where possible. We tested the impact of the physical environment-wind speed, rainfall, water clarity, and time of day-on feeding activity and success of two species of albatrosses with contrasting foraging strategies. We tracked 33 wandering and 48 black-browed albatrosses from Bird Island (South Georgia) with GPS and immersion loggers, and 19 and 7 individuals, respectively, with stomach-temperature loggers to record ingestions, providing an in-depth picture of foraging behavior. Reduced foraging profitability (probability of prey capture and overall mass) was associated with stormy conditions, specifically strong winds and heavy rain in surface-seizing wandering albatrosses, and the probability of prey capture was reduced in strong winds in black-browed albatrosses. We show that even highly wind-adapted species may frequently encounter conditions that make foraging difficult, giving context to storm avoidance in albatrosses.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142564255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-29DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.005
Carla C M Arce, Ricardo A R Machado, Marine Mamin, Gaétan Glauser, Pamela Bruno, Betty Benrey, Matthias Erb, Christelle A M Robert, Ted C J Turlings
Many specialized herbivorous insects sequester single classes of toxic secondary metabolites from their host plants as protection against natural enemies. If and how herbivores can use multiple classes of plant toxins across the large chemical diversity of plants for self-protection is unknown. We show that the polyphagous adults of the beetle Diabrotica virgifera are capable of selectively accumulating benzoxazinoids, cucurbitacins, and glucosinolates but not cyanogenic glycosides. Female beetles transfer the sequestered defense metabolites into their eggs, protecting them against generalist predators. Eggs containing a mixture of toxins are better protected than eggs with individual toxins. This work shows how herbivores can exploit plant chemical diversity to their own benefit as a novel adaptive mechanism that contributes to the structuring of multitrophic interaction networks.
{"title":"The polyvalent sequestration ability of an economically important beetle.","authors":"Carla C M Arce, Ricardo A R Machado, Marine Mamin, Gaétan Glauser, Pamela Bruno, Betty Benrey, Matthias Erb, Christelle A M Robert, Ted C J Turlings","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many specialized herbivorous insects sequester single classes of toxic secondary metabolites from their host plants as protection against natural enemies. If and how herbivores can use multiple classes of plant toxins across the large chemical diversity of plants for self-protection is unknown. We show that the polyphagous adults of the beetle Diabrotica virgifera are capable of selectively accumulating benzoxazinoids, cucurbitacins, and glucosinolates but not cyanogenic glycosides. Female beetles transfer the sequestered defense metabolites into their eggs, protecting them against generalist predators. Eggs containing a mixture of toxins are better protected than eggs with individual toxins. This work shows how herbivores can exploit plant chemical diversity to their own benefit as a novel adaptive mechanism that contributes to the structuring of multitrophic interaction networks.</p>","PeriodicalId":11359,"journal":{"name":"Current Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142589858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}