Hao Wang, Premkumar Senguttuvan, D. Proffit, Baofei Pan, Chen Liao, A. Burrell, J. Vaughey, B. Key
{"title":"Formation of MgO during Chemical Magnesiation of Mg-Ion Battery Materials","authors":"Hao Wang, Premkumar Senguttuvan, D. Proffit, Baofei Pan, Chen Liao, A. Burrell, J. Vaughey, B. Key","doi":"10.1149/2.0051508EEL","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0051508EEL","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11470,"journal":{"name":"ECS Electrochemistry Letters","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1149/2.0051508EEL","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64319998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rohit Berlia, M. Singh, Punith Kumar, C. Srivastava
An electrodeposition based methodology for synthesizing Ni-Cr-Fe nanowires is provided. As-synthesized nanowires were 200 nm in diameter and more than 5 mu m in length. Detailed characterization of the nanowires using electron microscopy technique revealed an amorphous microstructure for the nanowires with uniform distribution of Ni, Fe and Cr atoms. Annealing of the nanowire using the electron beam inside electron microscope resulted in gradual crystallization of amorphous microstructure into a nanocrystalline one which illustrated the potential for microstructural engineering of the nanowires. (C) 2014 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Synthesis and Electron Microscopy of Superalloy Nanowires","authors":"Rohit Berlia, M. Singh, Punith Kumar, C. Srivastava","doi":"10.1149/2.0061502EEL","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0061502EEL","url":null,"abstract":"An electrodeposition based methodology for synthesizing Ni-Cr-Fe nanowires is provided. As-synthesized nanowires were 200 nm in diameter and more than 5 mu m in length. Detailed characterization of the nanowires using electron microscopy technique revealed an amorphous microstructure for the nanowires with uniform distribution of Ni, Fe and Cr atoms. Annealing of the nanowire using the electron beam inside electron microscope resulted in gradual crystallization of amorphous microstructure into a nanocrystalline one which illustrated the potential for microstructural engineering of the nanowires. (C) 2014 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":11470,"journal":{"name":"ECS Electrochemistry Letters","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1149/2.0061502EEL","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64324292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MgO-templated mesoporous carbon was investigated as an anode material for Na-ion storage. The mesoporous carbons exhibited a discharge capacity of 180 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1 in a potential range of 2.00–0.01 V vs. Na+/Na. This capacity was comparable to that of commercial hard carbon materials. They also showed an outstanding rate capability: 70 mAh g−1 at 4 A g−1, which was 10-fold greater than the corresponding capability of commercial hard carbons. These results indicate that MgO-templated mesoporous carbon is a potential new anode material for high-power-density Na-ion batteries and capacitors.
研究了氧化镁模板介孔碳作为钠离子存储的负极材料。在2.00 ~ 0.01 V vs. Na+/Na电位范围内，当电流密度为0.1 a g−1时，介孔碳的放电容量为180 mAh g−1。这种能力与商用硬碳材料相当。它们还表现出了出色的倍率能力:在4a g−1下，其倍率为70 mAh g−1，比商用硬碳的相应倍率高10倍。这些结果表明，mgo模板介孔碳是一种有潜力的高功率密度钠离子电池和电容器的新型负极材料。
{"title":"Excellent Rate Capability of MgO-Templated Mesoporous Carbon as an Na-Ion Energy Storage Material","authors":"Y. Kado, Y. Soneda, N. Yoshizawa","doi":"10.1149/2.0051502EEL","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0051502EEL","url":null,"abstract":"MgO-templated mesoporous carbon was investigated as an anode material for Na-ion storage. The mesoporous carbons exhibited a discharge capacity of 180 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1 in a potential range of 2.00–0.01 V vs. Na+/Na. This capacity was comparable to that of commercial hard carbon materials. They also showed an outstanding rate capability: 70 mAh g−1 at 4 A g−1, which was 10-fold greater than the corresponding capability of commercial hard carbons. These results indicate that MgO-templated mesoporous carbon is a potential new anode material for high-power-density Na-ion batteries and capacitors.","PeriodicalId":11470,"journal":{"name":"ECS Electrochemistry Letters","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1149/2.0051502EEL","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64319556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PVC (polyvinylchloride) Plastisol films immersed in electrolyte were studied by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and the data were fitted using one-time constant and two time constant equivalent circuits. Very often the electrical behavior of these films is better represented by the second circuit. The first time constant can be associated with the film capacitance and is independent of the immersion solution ionic mobility, whereas the second one could be related with charge separation inside the film pores and depends on cation mobility. Since the physical meaning of the two time constants is acknowledged their presence in EIS measurements should be taken into account when the results are analyzed. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) can be used to evaluate coatings. The results obtained can be interpreted with an equivalent circuit composed by a resistor (solution resistance) followed by a capacitor (coating capacitance) in parallel with a resistor (poreresistance).FrequentlytheEISresultsforanintactcoating show a second time constant in the high frequency region. Several interpretations of these results are possible, namely, water-polymer composite response, coating pore structure, charge separation occurring at the film, coating relaxation given by the water entrance, high heterogeneity of the coating and transient instability (early water uptake), interaction between adsorbed electrolyte and the polymer (dipole relaxation) and difference between the coating outer and inner parts
{"title":"Influence of the Solution Ionic Mobility on the Impedance Response of Organic Coatings","authors":"R. Duarte, A. Castela, M. Ferreira","doi":"10.1149/2.0021502EEL","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0021502EEL","url":null,"abstract":"PVC (polyvinylchloride) Plastisol films immersed in electrolyte were studied by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and the data were fitted using one-time constant and two time constant equivalent circuits. Very often the electrical behavior of these films is better represented by the second circuit. The first time constant can be associated with the film capacitance and is independent of the immersion solution ionic mobility, whereas the second one could be related with charge separation inside the film pores and depends on cation mobility. Since the physical meaning of the two time constants is acknowledged their presence in EIS measurements should be taken into account when the results are analyzed. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) can be used to evaluate coatings. The results obtained can be interpreted with an equivalent circuit composed by a resistor (solution resistance) followed by a capacitor (coating capacitance) in parallel with a resistor (poreresistance).FrequentlytheEISresultsforanintactcoating show a second time constant in the high frequency region. Several interpretations of these results are possible, namely, water-polymer composite response, coating pore structure, charge separation occurring at the film, coating relaxation given by the water entrance, high heterogeneity of the coating and transient instability (early water uptake), interaction between adsorbed electrolyte and the polymer (dipole relaxation) and difference between the coating outer and inner parts","PeriodicalId":11470,"journal":{"name":"ECS Electrochemistry Letters","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1149/2.0021502EEL","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64307535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metallic sodium is presently used as an intermediate (Sodium Alcoholate) in agricultural chemicals, 1 PCB decomposing agents (Sodium Dispersion), 2,3 and sodium-sulfur secondary batteries. 4,5 Presently, the sodium production has carried out only at a few countries in the world. Therefore, development of a process to circulate metallic sodium is highly desirable not only from resources recycling considerations. A process for electrowinning of sodium (Downs process) 6,7 produces metallic Na and Cl2 gas from NaCl-CaCl2-BaCl2 molten salts. The voltage of the electrolysis increases to exceed the decomposition voltage of NaCl during the electrolysis, and the electrical power consumption is known to be about 11000 kWh/t. In electrorefining to produce highly pure sodium from sodium containing impurities, the decomposition voltage is theoretically zero, and it may be assumed that the electrolysis voltage is not high. As a result it may be expected that the electric power consumption of the electrorefining process becomes less than the electrowinning process. However, no electrorefining process for sodium has been implemented on an industrial scale. In sodium-sulfur batteries where much sodium is contained, a large amount of metallic sodium remains in the batteries also in the used state. The sodium of about 400 kg is used for production of the sodium-sulfur batteries in every year. If metallic sodium is collected fromusedsodium-sulfurbattery, electrorefining ofthe sodiummaybe carried out and resources of high purity sodium could be secured. And we believe that the development of electrorefining process becomes valuable technology in fields of high purity metal production. We have proposed a sodium recycling process which involves collection of the metallic sodium from used sodium-sulfur batteries and refining of the collected metallic sodium. 8‐10 The electrorefining process of the metallic sodium from used Na-S batteries developed by us investigated organic solvents, molten salts, and ionic liquids as the electrolyte. From the results, it was found that an ionic liquid mixture of NaTFSI (sodium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonylimide) -TBATFSI (tetrabuthylammonium bis (trifluoromethane)sulfonylimide) has a wide electrochemical potential window and that it displays low reactivity with molten metallic sodium below 473 K. This paper reports the melting point of the investigated ionic liquid mixture, its conductance, voltammogram, and the electrorefining reaction with metallic sodium by constant current electrolysis in the NaTFSI-TBATFSI ionic liquid.
{"title":"Electrorefining of Sodium in Sodium Bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonylimide and Tetrabutylammonium Bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonylimide Mixture Ionic Liquids for Metallic Sodium Recycling","authors":"M. Ueda, R. Inaba, H. Matsushima, T. Ohtsuka","doi":"10.1149/2.0031502EEL","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0031502EEL","url":null,"abstract":"Metallic sodium is presently used as an intermediate (Sodium Alcoholate) in agricultural chemicals, 1 PCB decomposing agents (Sodium Dispersion), 2,3 and sodium-sulfur secondary batteries. 4,5 Presently, the sodium production has carried out only at a few countries in the world. Therefore, development of a process to circulate metallic sodium is highly desirable not only from resources recycling considerations. A process for electrowinning of sodium (Downs process) 6,7 produces metallic Na and Cl2 gas from NaCl-CaCl2-BaCl2 molten salts. The voltage of the electrolysis increases to exceed the decomposition voltage of NaCl during the electrolysis, and the electrical power consumption is known to be about 11000 kWh/t. In electrorefining to produce highly pure sodium from sodium containing impurities, the decomposition voltage is theoretically zero, and it may be assumed that the electrolysis voltage is not high. As a result it may be expected that the electric power consumption of the electrorefining process becomes less than the electrowinning process. However, no electrorefining process for sodium has been implemented on an industrial scale. In sodium-sulfur batteries where much sodium is contained, a large amount of metallic sodium remains in the batteries also in the used state. The sodium of about 400 kg is used for production of the sodium-sulfur batteries in every year. If metallic sodium is collected fromusedsodium-sulfurbattery, electrorefining ofthe sodiummaybe carried out and resources of high purity sodium could be secured. And we believe that the development of electrorefining process becomes valuable technology in fields of high purity metal production. We have proposed a sodium recycling process which involves collection of the metallic sodium from used sodium-sulfur batteries and refining of the collected metallic sodium. 8‐10 The electrorefining process of the metallic sodium from used Na-S batteries developed by us investigated organic solvents, molten salts, and ionic liquids as the electrolyte. From the results, it was found that an ionic liquid mixture of NaTFSI (sodium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonylimide) -TBATFSI (tetrabuthylammonium bis (trifluoromethane)sulfonylimide) has a wide electrochemical potential window and that it displays low reactivity with molten metallic sodium below 473 K. This paper reports the melting point of the investigated ionic liquid mixture, its conductance, voltammogram, and the electrorefining reaction with metallic sodium by constant current electrolysis in the NaTFSI-TBATFSI ionic liquid.","PeriodicalId":11470,"journal":{"name":"ECS Electrochemistry Letters","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1149/2.0031502EEL","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64312644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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