Zachary J. Beneduci, Drew A. Scott, S. Byrd, Rebecca M. Swab
ABSTRACT More than 2.5 million hectares have been impacted by coal mining in the Appalachian region of the United States. Revegetation to forested cover is a desirable post-mining land use but is often impractical given the challenges of reforestation on abandoned coal mines. Considering a prospective pollination crisis and the potential value of habitat restoration for pollinators, prairie restoration on mine lands offers a practical restoration option. We tested the effect of native prairie restoration in comparison to traditional reclamation with non-native cool-season grassland on pollinator richness, diversity, and community structure at three mined sites in southeastern Ohio. Rather than treatment level effects, we found correlations between overall floral and pollinator richness and beta diversity, as well as varied pollinator diversity and distinct community composition by month. Therefore, judicious design of prairie restoration seed mixes could increase floral diversity and provide across-season forage for pollinators in post-mining landscapes. Our findings also suggest, by the presence of several specialist/uncommon pollinators, that prairie restorations on coal mines can provide habitat for at-risk pollinators.
{"title":"We Built It; Did They Come? Pollinator Diversity and Community Structure in a Post-Mining Prairie Restoration Project","authors":"Zachary J. Beneduci, Drew A. Scott, S. Byrd, Rebecca M. Swab","doi":"10.3368/er.41.4.180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.41.4.180","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT More than 2.5 million hectares have been impacted by coal mining in the Appalachian region of the United States. Revegetation to forested cover is a desirable post-mining land use but is often impractical given the challenges of reforestation on abandoned coal mines. Considering a prospective pollination crisis and the potential value of habitat restoration for pollinators, prairie restoration on mine lands offers a practical restoration option. We tested the effect of native prairie restoration in comparison to traditional reclamation with non-native cool-season grassland on pollinator richness, diversity, and community structure at three mined sites in southeastern Ohio. Rather than treatment level effects, we found correlations between overall floral and pollinator richness and beta diversity, as well as varied pollinator diversity and distinct community composition by month. Therefore, judicious design of prairie restoration seed mixes could increase floral diversity and provide across-season forage for pollinators in post-mining landscapes. Our findings also suggest, by the presence of several specialist/uncommon pollinators, that prairie restorations on coal mines can provide habitat for at-risk pollinators.","PeriodicalId":11492,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Restoration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139282131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The ability of temperate forest herbaceous species to recover from anthropogenic disturbance and to colonize new secondary woods is limited by both seed shortage (lack of dispersal) and suitable safe sites (sites where seedling establishment is possible). In this study, which originated in 1998–99, I added seeds of 14 species, including six phylogenetically related pairs classified as common or restricted in distribution, to both occupied and unoccupied upland forest sites. I recorded emergence the first year and followed yearly survival for an additional five years. Adding seeds resulted in flowering individuals for 12 of the 14 species and an additional species established by vegetative spread. I concluded that dispersal, rather than safe sites, was most limiting. Species with restricted distributions, which also have larger seeds than related common species, had higher survivorship over five years. Minimum longevity ranged from 8–18 years, suggesting that once on site, long-term persistence is possible. A practical implication of these results is that limited funding and other resources can be focused on seed addition techniques, particularly for larger-seeded species. Because the mean age to first flowering was six years, a second practical implication is that the traditional monitoring protocol of following plants through to reproduction as a measure of restoration success may be difficult for many long-lived species. Using “citizen scientists” to monitor may help make long-term monitoring more feasible beyond the limited time frame of grant funding.
{"title":"Demography, Time to First Flowering and Longevity of 14 Temperate Forest Herbaceous Species, Iowa, USA","authors":"Catherine Mabry McMullen","doi":"10.3368/er.41.4.213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.41.4.213","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The ability of temperate forest herbaceous species to recover from anthropogenic disturbance and to colonize new secondary woods is limited by both seed shortage (lack of dispersal) and suitable safe sites (sites where seedling establishment is possible). In this study, which originated in 1998–99, I added seeds of 14 species, including six phylogenetically related pairs classified as common or restricted in distribution, to both occupied and unoccupied upland forest sites. I recorded emergence the first year and followed yearly survival for an additional five years. Adding seeds resulted in flowering individuals for 12 of the 14 species and an additional species established by vegetative spread. I concluded that dispersal, rather than safe sites, was most limiting. Species with restricted distributions, which also have larger seeds than related common species, had higher survivorship over five years. Minimum longevity ranged from 8–18 years, suggesting that once on site, long-term persistence is possible. A practical implication of these results is that limited funding and other resources can be focused on seed addition techniques, particularly for larger-seeded species. Because the mean age to first flowering was six years, a second practical implication is that the traditional monitoring protocol of following plants through to reproduction as a measure of restoration success may be difficult for many long-lived species. Using “citizen scientists” to monitor may help make long-term monitoring more feasible beyond the limited time frame of grant funding.","PeriodicalId":11492,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Restoration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139281926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Iliad, Book XXV. Restoration of the Trojan War Battlefield","authors":"S. Handel","doi":"10.3368/er.41.4.149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.41.4.149","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11492,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Restoration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139282313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. K. C. Fernandes, Taruhim Miranda Cardoso Quadros, Taise Almeida Conceição, Zubaria Waqar, Ivana Cardoso, A. S. Santos, F. Gaiotto
{"title":"Can Forest Restoration Affect the Genetic Diversity of Plants?","authors":"A. K. C. Fernandes, Taruhim Miranda Cardoso Quadros, Taise Almeida Conceição, Zubaria Waqar, Ivana Cardoso, A. S. Santos, F. Gaiotto","doi":"10.3368/er.41.4.152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.41.4.152","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11492,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Restoration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139281910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. L. Albers, M. Wildhaber, N. Green, Matthew A. Struckhoff, Michael J. Hooper
ABSTRACT We used trail cameras to monitor human visits and activities at two sites in northeast Indiana being restored to bottomland hardwood forests. These sites, managed as nature preserves, are close to cities, where trails and parking lots have been added for ease of access. In this study, trail cameras were successfully used to capture visitation rates and activity types. The two sites had median visitor use rates of 1 and 13 visitors per day. Across both sites, “parking lot use only” (62%), hikers (30.2%), and bicyclists (5%) accounted for more than 97% of site visits. Overall, most weekday visitor-time occurred during daylight hours, peaking at lunch and evening. Mean total number of daily visitors was higher during weekends; however, total daily visitor-time did not vary between days of the week. Michaelis-Menten rarefaction models of sampling efficiency across the study’s four camera stations suggest sampling duration of 27 to 55 days to accurately estimate mean daily visitor counts and 3 to 40 days to detect half the maximal numbers of observed activities. Study estimates of visitation provide land managers with information for accommodating visitor use activities on the restored sites and offer inputs for cultural ecosystem services assessments and associated economic analyses.
{"title":"Visitor Use and Activities Detected Using Trail Cameras at Forest Restoration Sites","authors":"J. L. Albers, M. Wildhaber, N. Green, Matthew A. Struckhoff, Michael J. Hooper","doi":"10.3368/er.41.4.199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.41.4.199","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We used trail cameras to monitor human visits and activities at two sites in northeast Indiana being restored to bottomland hardwood forests. These sites, managed as nature preserves, are close to cities, where trails and parking lots have been added for ease of access. In this study, trail cameras were successfully used to capture visitation rates and activity types. The two sites had median visitor use rates of 1 and 13 visitors per day. Across both sites, “parking lot use only” (62%), hikers (30.2%), and bicyclists (5%) accounted for more than 97% of site visits. Overall, most weekday visitor-time occurred during daylight hours, peaking at lunch and evening. Mean total number of daily visitors was higher during weekends; however, total daily visitor-time did not vary between days of the week. Michaelis-Menten rarefaction models of sampling efficiency across the study’s four camera stations suggest sampling duration of 27 to 55 days to accurately estimate mean daily visitor counts and 3 to 40 days to detect half the maximal numbers of observed activities. Study estimates of visitation provide land managers with information for accommodating visitor use activities on the restored sites and offer inputs for cultural ecosystem services assessments and associated economic analyses.","PeriodicalId":11492,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Restoration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139282351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mary Schoell, Suzanne Ayvazian, Donald Cobb, David Grunden, Marty Chintala, Anna Gerber-Williams, Adam Pimenta, Charles Strobel, Kenneth Rocha
As salt marsh habitats face challenges due to sea level rise, storm events, and coastal development, there is an effort to use nature-based approaches such as living shorelines to enhance salt marshes and provide coastal protection. A living shoreline restoration and seasonal monitoring was conducted between July 2016 and October 2018 at an eroding salt marsh on Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, Northeastern USA to assess changes in two essential ecosystem services: shoreline stabilization and nitrogen removal. Neither the living shoreline nor unaltered sites demonstrated significant sediment deposition at the marsh edge or on the marsh platform between 2017 and 2018. While we expected nitrogen removal via denitrification to improve at the living shoreline sites over time as abiotic and biotic conditions became more favorable, we found limited support for this hypothesis. We found higher rates of denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) at the living shoreline sites when compared to unaltered sites, but these rates did not increase over time. This study also provides a qualitative assessment of our living shoreline structural integrity through the years, particularly following storm events that greatly challenged our restoration efforts. We demonstrate that living shorelines fortified solely with natural materials may not be the most effective approach to maintain these ecosystem services for Northeastern USA salt marshes exposed to intense northeasterly storms. We suggest the restoration of salt marshes to improve major functions be a priority among managers and restoration practitioners. Initiatives promoting the use of nature-based restoration solution where environmental conditions permit should be encouraged.
{"title":"Exploring the Use of Living Shorelines for Stabilization and Nutrient Mitigation in New England.","authors":"Mary Schoell, Suzanne Ayvazian, Donald Cobb, David Grunden, Marty Chintala, Anna Gerber-Williams, Adam Pimenta, Charles Strobel, Kenneth Rocha","doi":"10.3368/er.41.2-3.84","DOIUrl":"10.3368/er.41.2-3.84","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As salt marsh habitats face challenges due to sea level rise, storm events, and coastal development, there is an effort to use nature-based approaches such as living shorelines to enhance salt marshes and provide coastal protection. A living shoreline restoration and seasonal monitoring was conducted between July 2016 and October 2018 at an eroding salt marsh on Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, Northeastern USA to assess changes in two essential ecosystem services: shoreline stabilization and nitrogen removal. Neither the living shoreline nor unaltered sites demonstrated significant sediment deposition at the marsh edge or on the marsh platform between 2017 and 2018. While we expected nitrogen removal via denitrification to improve at the living shoreline sites over time as abiotic and biotic conditions became more favorable, we found limited support for this hypothesis. We found higher rates of denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) at the living shoreline sites when compared to unaltered sites, but these rates did not increase over time. This study also provides a qualitative assessment of our living shoreline structural integrity through the years, particularly following storm events that greatly challenged our restoration efforts. We demonstrate that living shorelines fortified solely with natural materials may not be the most effective approach to maintain these ecosystem services for Northeastern USA salt marshes exposed to intense northeasterly storms. We suggest the restoration of salt marshes to improve major functions be a priority among managers and restoration practitioners. Initiatives promoting the use of nature-based restoration solution where environmental conditions permit should be encouraged.</p>","PeriodicalId":11492,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Restoration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10659082/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45251183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Modern fire exclusion in upland oak- and oak-pine-dominated forests has resulted in reduced flammability of surface fuels as a result of the replacement of flammable fuels of oaks and associated vegetation by less flammable fuels produced by mesophytic trees. Some consequences of such “mesophication” include reductions in herb diversity, C4 grasses, and oak regeneration. We tested two hypotheses of the effects of C4 grasses and tree leaf litter on fuel consumption in the field in restored and unrestored oak woodlands: 1) the presence of C4 grasses increases fuel consumption by a late growing-season prescribed fire (“graminification”), and 2) removing tree leaf fuels reduces fuel consumption by a late growing-season fire to a greater extent in areas lacking substantial, slow-to-dry mesophyte tree leaf litter (mesophication reversal). Consistent with graminification, removing C4 grasses in a restored oak woodland reduced fuel consumption, and fuel consumption was greater following tree leaf litter removal in restored woodland plots containing C4 grasses than in areas that had not been restored and that lacked such grasses. Consistent with mesophication reversal, removing tree leaf fuels reduced fuel consumption to a greater extent in areas where tree leaf litter was dominated by pyrophytic oaks than in an untreated area with a significant amount of mesophyte tree leaf litter. We conclude that mesophication can be reversed at early stages of restoration by thinning mesophytic trees and opening the canopy. Increases in C4 grasses (graminification) at late stages of restoration further increase flammability.
{"title":"Graminification and Reversal of Mesophication in a Restored Oak Woodland","authors":"Alicia L. Arrington-Thomas, John Stephen Brewer","doi":"10.3368/er.41.2-3.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.41.2-3.109","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Modern fire exclusion in upland oak- and oak-pine-dominated forests has resulted in reduced flammability of surface fuels as a result of the replacement of flammable fuels of oaks and associated vegetation by less flammable fuels produced by mesophytic trees. Some consequences of such “mesophication” include reductions in herb diversity, C4 grasses, and oak regeneration. We tested two hypotheses of the effects of C4 grasses and tree leaf litter on fuel consumption in the field in restored and unrestored oak woodlands: 1) the presence of C4 grasses increases fuel consumption by a late growing-season prescribed fire (“graminification”), and 2) removing tree leaf fuels reduces fuel consumption by a late growing-season fire to a greater extent in areas lacking substantial, slow-to-dry mesophyte tree leaf litter (mesophication reversal). Consistent with graminification, removing C4 grasses in a restored oak woodland reduced fuel consumption, and fuel consumption was greater following tree leaf litter removal in restored woodland plots containing C4 grasses than in areas that had not been restored and that lacked such grasses. Consistent with mesophication reversal, removing tree leaf fuels reduced fuel consumption to a greater extent in areas where tree leaf litter was dominated by pyrophytic oaks than in an untreated area with a significant amount of mesophyte tree leaf litter. We conclude that mesophication can be reversed at early stages of restoration by thinning mesophytic trees and opening the canopy. Increases in C4 grasses (graminification) at late stages of restoration further increase flammability.","PeriodicalId":11492,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Restoration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48473506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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