{"title":"How Should We Talk about Our Work?","authors":"S. Handel","doi":"10.3368/er.40.4.227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.40.4.227","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11492,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Restoration","volume":"40 1","pages":"227 - 228"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47435369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wild by Design: The Rise of Ecological Restoration","authors":"P. Brewitt","doi":"10.3368/er.40.4.277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.40.4.277","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11492,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Restoration","volume":"40 1","pages":"277 - 279"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46161227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Ecological restoration projects could benefit from using knowledge of pre-restoration conditions to forecast potential restoration outcomes, including species compositional change that can be among the most stochastic changes in ecosystems. In Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine) forests in Arizona, USA, predictability of understory plant composition from pre-restoration soil seed banks, on-site vegetation, and nearby vegetation was examined for 12 years after restorative forest thinning treatments. Pre-restoration seed banks and vegetation were nested and predictive subsets of post-restoration species composition of understory communities. For example, the portion of species in the pre-restoration seed bank also in the on-site vegetation increased from 32% before to 79% five years after restoration at nine sites. As many as 57–69% of species only inhabiting seed banks before restoration transitioned to occurring in vegetation, strengthening seed bank:vegetation correspondence. In total, knowledge of pre-restoration seed bank and vegetation composition enabled forecasting 64–76% of the species in vegetation up to 12 years after restoration, with another 14–26% of species predictable from species composition in nearby remnant openings. Ecosystems in which practitioners may anticipate predictability of species compositional changes after restoration could include habitats with high potential for seed bank:vegetation synchrony (i.e. seed banks containing species capable of growing in a site’s vegetation), moderately shaded structure enabling species varying in shade tolerance to coexist, and with seed dispersal (at least stochastic long-distance dispersal) subordinate to local regeneration from seed banks and vegetative expansion. Changes in species composition may be more deterministic than stochastic in at least some ecosystems undergoing restoration.
{"title":"Are Pre-Restoration Soil Seed Banks and Vegetation Nested and Predictive Subsets of Post-Restoration Communities?","authors":"S. R. Abella","doi":"10.3368/er.40.4.234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.40.4.234","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ecological restoration projects could benefit from using knowledge of pre-restoration conditions to forecast potential restoration outcomes, including species compositional change that can be among the most stochastic changes in ecosystems. In Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine) forests in Arizona, USA, predictability of understory plant composition from pre-restoration soil seed banks, on-site vegetation, and nearby vegetation was examined for 12 years after restorative forest thinning treatments. Pre-restoration seed banks and vegetation were nested and predictive subsets of post-restoration species composition of understory communities. For example, the portion of species in the pre-restoration seed bank also in the on-site vegetation increased from 32% before to 79% five years after restoration at nine sites. As many as 57–69% of species only inhabiting seed banks before restoration transitioned to occurring in vegetation, strengthening seed bank:vegetation correspondence. In total, knowledge of pre-restoration seed bank and vegetation composition enabled forecasting 64–76% of the species in vegetation up to 12 years after restoration, with another 14–26% of species predictable from species composition in nearby remnant openings. Ecosystems in which practitioners may anticipate predictability of species compositional changes after restoration could include habitats with high potential for seed bank:vegetation synchrony (i.e. seed banks containing species capable of growing in a site’s vegetation), moderately shaded structure enabling species varying in shade tolerance to coexist, and with seed dispersal (at least stochastic long-distance dispersal) subordinate to local regeneration from seed banks and vegetative expansion. Changes in species composition may be more deterministic than stochastic in at least some ecosystems undergoing restoration.","PeriodicalId":11492,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Restoration","volume":"40 1","pages":"234 - 246"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45285413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah Kirkpatrick Humiston, R. Schultz, M. Chislock
{"title":"Evaluating Restoration Techniques for a Coastal Fen on Lake Ontario Degraded by Shrub Encroachment","authors":"Sarah Kirkpatrick Humiston, R. Schultz, M. Chislock","doi":"10.3368/er.40.4.229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.40.4.229","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11492,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Restoration","volume":"40 1","pages":"229 - 233"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48636442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Rangelands of the American West host over 600,000 oil and gas production sites. Domestic oil and gas extraction expanded during the last two decades, creating restoration needs. This review article synthesizes the growing body of literature on restoring arid and semi-arid rangelands of the U.S. and Canada following oil and gas production, including restoring soils, re-establishing vegetation, and preventing or mitigating any surface or water contamination. Existing studies reveal that even soils on treated sites are permanently changed by oil and gas production. However, certain in situ treatment techniques result in less bare ground and increased site revegetation on contaminated sites. Various reseeding techniques are effective, and research results promote the use of diverse, native, locally adapted seed, including plant species known to be better suited to specific post-production conditions. Research suggests that less grazing at restoration sites might generate better restoration outcomes than prolonged moderate or heavy grazing during the full season. Open questions remain regarding: 1) techniques for successfully remediating soil after oil and brine spills; 2) the use of cover crops to accelerate recovery of a perennial plant community suitable to the site; and 3) the effects of cattle grazing on restoration outcomes. Resources needed to complete restoration on an extensive scale are also discussed, including economic and labor requirements, as well as potential ecosystem service benefits.
{"title":"A Review of Restoration Techniques and Outcomes for Rangelands Affected by Oil and Gas Production in North America","authors":"K. B. Walsh, J. Rose","doi":"10.3368/er.40.4.259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.40.4.259","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Rangelands of the American West host over 600,000 oil and gas production sites. Domestic oil and gas extraction expanded during the last two decades, creating restoration needs. This review article synthesizes the growing body of literature on restoring arid and semi-arid rangelands of the U.S. and Canada following oil and gas production, including restoring soils, re-establishing vegetation, and preventing or mitigating any surface or water contamination. Existing studies reveal that even soils on treated sites are permanently changed by oil and gas production. However, certain in situ treatment techniques result in less bare ground and increased site revegetation on contaminated sites. Various reseeding techniques are effective, and research results promote the use of diverse, native, locally adapted seed, including plant species known to be better suited to specific post-production conditions. Research suggests that less grazing at restoration sites might generate better restoration outcomes than prolonged moderate or heavy grazing during the full season. Open questions remain regarding: 1) techniques for successfully remediating soil after oil and brine spills; 2) the use of cover crops to accelerate recovery of a perennial plant community suitable to the site; and 3) the effects of cattle grazing on restoration outcomes. Resources needed to complete restoration on an extensive scale are also discussed, including economic and labor requirements, as well as potential ecosystem service benefits.","PeriodicalId":11492,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Restoration","volume":"40 1","pages":"259 - 269"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44478353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The midwestern United States has a well-developed native plant industry with a wide variety of native seed mixes available to buyers, often for the purpose of ecological restoration. Despite the influence of seed mixes on site-level restoration outcomes, there has yet to be a comprehensive overview of seed mixes available in the Midwest. We characterized seed mix composition by analyzing a database of 1,031 commercially available native seed mixes. Our objectives were: 1) to describe the major types of seed mixes; 2) compare basic ecological characteristics of the seed mix types, including species richness, relative weights of graminoids, species’ wetland fidelities, and the blooming phenology of forbs; and 3) identify popular or “workhorse” species—species that are frequently and abundantly used in restorations. We identified six major types of seed mixes reflecting different habitat targets and soil moisture conditions: pollinator habitat, tallgrass prairie, wetland, wet prairie, dry prairie, and woodland/savanna mixes. Species richness was generally greatest for wetland mixes, whereas tallgrass prairie mixes were the most species-poor. Percent of seed mix weight which was graminoids was highest in tallgrass prairie mixes, whereas it was low in pollinator habitat mixes. The species composition of the mixes reflected a moisture gradient in the field from wetlands to dry prairies. Despite their infrequency, woodland/savanna mixes were distinct because they had many unique species, and the blooming phenology was markedly different due to the presence of earlier-flowering forbs. Popular species in midwestern seed mixes were generalist prairie species with inexpensive seed, including dominant C4 grasses and early successional, showy forbs. This study is a descriptive overview of the current state of native seed mixes in the Midwest and suggests that most mixes consist of standard components of target communities.
{"title":"Species Composition and Ecological Characteristics of Native Seed Mixes in the Midwest (USA)","authors":"Jack Zinnen, Jeffrey W. Matthews","doi":"10.3368/er.40.4.247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.40.4.247","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The midwestern United States has a well-developed native plant industry with a wide variety of native seed mixes available to buyers, often for the purpose of ecological restoration. Despite the influence of seed mixes on site-level restoration outcomes, there has yet to be a comprehensive overview of seed mixes available in the Midwest. We characterized seed mix composition by analyzing a database of 1,031 commercially available native seed mixes. Our objectives were: 1) to describe the major types of seed mixes; 2) compare basic ecological characteristics of the seed mix types, including species richness, relative weights of graminoids, species’ wetland fidelities, and the blooming phenology of forbs; and 3) identify popular or “workhorse” species—species that are frequently and abundantly used in restorations. We identified six major types of seed mixes reflecting different habitat targets and soil moisture conditions: pollinator habitat, tallgrass prairie, wetland, wet prairie, dry prairie, and woodland/savanna mixes. Species richness was generally greatest for wetland mixes, whereas tallgrass prairie mixes were the most species-poor. Percent of seed mix weight which was graminoids was highest in tallgrass prairie mixes, whereas it was low in pollinator habitat mixes. The species composition of the mixes reflected a moisture gradient in the field from wetlands to dry prairies. Despite their infrequency, woodland/savanna mixes were distinct because they had many unique species, and the blooming phenology was markedly different due to the presence of earlier-flowering forbs. Popular species in midwestern seed mixes were generalist prairie species with inexpensive seed, including dominant C4 grasses and early successional, showy forbs. This study is a descriptive overview of the current state of native seed mixes in the Midwest and suggests that most mixes consist of standard components of target communities.","PeriodicalId":11492,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Restoration","volume":"40 1","pages":"247 - 258"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45301877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Compost Treatment Trials for In Situ Control of Japanese Knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum)","authors":"L. Day, S. McIntyre","doi":"10.3368/er.40.3.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.40.3.165","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11492,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Restoration","volume":"40 1","pages":"165 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69612531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Trial plantings of Castanea dentata (American chestnut) are currently underway using reclaimed surface mines as reintroduction sites for hybrids bred for disease resistance to canker causing Cryphonectria parasitica (chestnut blight). Coalfields of the eastern US coincide with the species range, but little is known of its ecological interactions as it had largely been extirpated from the landscape by the 1940s. Non-native species such as Lespedeza cuneata (sericea lespedeza) have been planted extensively in the region for both agriculture and mine reclamation and often dominate disturbed sites to form novel systems in place of native forests. We investigated the influence of herbaceous species on BC2F3 chestnut hybrid establishment and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) root colonization on three surface mines in eastern Tennessee that were restored using methods to avoid soil compaction. Hybrid chestnut growth, vegetation density, and species composition surrounding each seedling was assessed after eight growing seasons. ECM fungi present on root samples was quantified and identified by DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Sites differed significantly in herbaceous cover and seedling growth. Larger seedlings were found on the site that was comprised primarily of L. cuneata. Average ECM colonization was similar across sites, and groundcover vegetation diversity or L. cuneata did not influence ECM species richness. There was a difference in ECM community composition among the three sites with some fungi displaying subtle changes in species rank. Results suggest that in the absence of soil compaction, L. cuneata does not impede hybrid chestnut establishment or ECM root colonization in Appalachian afforestation projects.
{"title":"Castanea dentata Interactions and Ectomycorrhizal Colonization in Novel Ecosystems","authors":"Jenise M. Bauman, J. Franklin, Amy J. Santas","doi":"10.3368/er.40.3.179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.40.3.179","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Trial plantings of Castanea dentata (American chestnut) are currently underway using reclaimed surface mines as reintroduction sites for hybrids bred for disease resistance to canker causing Cryphonectria parasitica (chestnut blight). Coalfields of the eastern US coincide with the species range, but little is known of its ecological interactions as it had largely been extirpated from the landscape by the 1940s. Non-native species such as Lespedeza cuneata (sericea lespedeza) have been planted extensively in the region for both agriculture and mine reclamation and often dominate disturbed sites to form novel systems in place of native forests. We investigated the influence of herbaceous species on BC2F3 chestnut hybrid establishment and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) root colonization on three surface mines in eastern Tennessee that were restored using methods to avoid soil compaction. Hybrid chestnut growth, vegetation density, and species composition surrounding each seedling was assessed after eight growing seasons. ECM fungi present on root samples was quantified and identified by DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Sites differed significantly in herbaceous cover and seedling growth. Larger seedlings were found on the site that was comprised primarily of L. cuneata. Average ECM colonization was similar across sites, and groundcover vegetation diversity or L. cuneata did not influence ECM species richness. There was a difference in ECM community composition among the three sites with some fungi displaying subtle changes in species rank. Results suggest that in the absence of soil compaction, L. cuneata does not impede hybrid chestnut establishment or ECM root colonization in Appalachian afforestation projects.","PeriodicalId":11492,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Restoration","volume":"40 1","pages":"179 - 190"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47332754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Effect of Oxbow Lake Restoration on Breeding Birds in an Agricultural Landscape","authors":"Mary Kate Shaver, Jordan C. Giese, L. Schulte","doi":"10.3368/er.40.3.168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/er.40.3.168","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11492,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Restoration","volume":"40 1","pages":"168 - 172"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48845524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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