Pub Date : 2022-11-07DOI: 10.3390/electrochem3040049
M. Zaib, Umer Farooq, M. Athar
In this study, an electrochemical sensor for the monitoring of Hg (II) at trace levels by using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry has been reported. Basically the electrochemical sensor is a Phanerochaete chrysosporium-based carbon paste electrode. Here, Phanerochaete chrysosporium has played a new vital role in electrochemical detection of heavy metal apart from its known contribution in their removal. Optimal voltammetric response was observed at −0.7 V deposition potential l, 5% biomass concentration ratio (w/w), and neutral pH conditions with 12 min as the accumulation time. Selectivity was evaluated in the presence of different interfering cations. Linear range was observed for 5–50 µgL−1 of metal concentration with a detection limit of 4.4 µgL−1. The equivalence of new and reference analytical methods was statistically assessed in mercury samples collected from chlor-alkali industrial effluent by correlation of results (Pearson’s product-moment correlation), weighted Deming regression analysis, paired comparison test, relative standard deviation (RSD), median relative error (MRE), root mean square error (RMSE), and predicted residual sum of square (PRESS). This work presented a simple, efficient, and promising analytical tool in trace level detection of Hg (II), as compared to previously reported carbon paste electrodes based on biological material.
{"title":"Application of Phanerochaete chrysopsorium-Based Carbon Paste Electrode as an Electrochemical Sensor for Voltammetric Detection of Hg (II) in Chlor-Alkali Industrial Effluent","authors":"M. Zaib, Umer Farooq, M. Athar","doi":"10.3390/electrochem3040049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3040049","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, an electrochemical sensor for the monitoring of Hg (II) at trace levels by using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry has been reported. Basically the electrochemical sensor is a Phanerochaete chrysosporium-based carbon paste electrode. Here, Phanerochaete chrysosporium has played a new vital role in electrochemical detection of heavy metal apart from its known contribution in their removal. Optimal voltammetric response was observed at −0.7 V deposition potential l, 5% biomass concentration ratio (w/w), and neutral pH conditions with 12 min as the accumulation time. Selectivity was evaluated in the presence of different interfering cations. Linear range was observed for 5–50 µgL−1 of metal concentration with a detection limit of 4.4 µgL−1. The equivalence of new and reference analytical methods was statistically assessed in mercury samples collected from chlor-alkali industrial effluent by correlation of results (Pearson’s product-moment correlation), weighted Deming regression analysis, paired comparison test, relative standard deviation (RSD), median relative error (MRE), root mean square error (RMSE), and predicted residual sum of square (PRESS). This work presented a simple, efficient, and promising analytical tool in trace level detection of Hg (II), as compared to previously reported carbon paste electrodes based on biological material.","PeriodicalId":11612,"journal":{"name":"Electrochem","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85090676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-07DOI: 10.3390/electrochem3040048
Lena Birkner, M. Eichelbaum
Platinum dissolution in PEM fuel cells is an increasingly important indicator for the state-of-health and lifetime prediction of fuel cells in real applications. For this reason, portable online analysis tools are needed that can detect and quantify platinum with high sensitivity, selectivity, and accuracy in the product water of fuel cells. We validated the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) and non-toxic bismuth film electrodes for the voltammetric determination of platinum for this purpose. Bismuth films were prepared by reductive deposition on both a glassy carbon solid state electrode and on a screen-printed electrode (film on-chip electrode). Both bismuth film electrodes could be successfully validated for the determination of platinum by adsorptive stripping voltammetry. An LOD of 7.9 μg/L and an LOQ of 29.1 μg/L were determined for the bismuth film solid state electrode, values of 22.5 μg/L for the LOD and of 79.0 μg/L for the LOQ were obtained for the bismuth film on-chip electrode. These numbers are still much higher than the results measured with the HMDE (LOD: 0.76 ng/L; LOQ: 2.8 ng/L) and are not sufficient to detect platinum in the product water of a fuel cell run in different load tests. The amount of dissolved platinum produced by a 100 W fuel cell stack upon dynamic and continuous high load cycling, respectively, was in the range of 2.9–4.1 ng/L, which could only be detected by the HMDE.
{"title":"Validation of Voltammetric Methods for Online Analysis of Platinum Dissolution in a Hydrogen PEM Fuel Cell Stack","authors":"Lena Birkner, M. Eichelbaum","doi":"10.3390/electrochem3040048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3040048","url":null,"abstract":"Platinum dissolution in PEM fuel cells is an increasingly important indicator for the state-of-health and lifetime prediction of fuel cells in real applications. For this reason, portable online analysis tools are needed that can detect and quantify platinum with high sensitivity, selectivity, and accuracy in the product water of fuel cells. We validated the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) and non-toxic bismuth film electrodes for the voltammetric determination of platinum for this purpose. Bismuth films were prepared by reductive deposition on both a glassy carbon solid state electrode and on a screen-printed electrode (film on-chip electrode). Both bismuth film electrodes could be successfully validated for the determination of platinum by adsorptive stripping voltammetry. An LOD of 7.9 μg/L and an LOQ of 29.1 μg/L were determined for the bismuth film solid state electrode, values of 22.5 μg/L for the LOD and of 79.0 μg/L for the LOQ were obtained for the bismuth film on-chip electrode. These numbers are still much higher than the results measured with the HMDE (LOD: 0.76 ng/L; LOQ: 2.8 ng/L) and are not sufficient to detect platinum in the product water of a fuel cell run in different load tests. The amount of dissolved platinum produced by a 100 W fuel cell stack upon dynamic and continuous high load cycling, respectively, was in the range of 2.9–4.1 ng/L, which could only be detected by the HMDE.","PeriodicalId":11612,"journal":{"name":"Electrochem","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76392599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.3390/electrochem3040047
H. Oli, Jamuna Thapa Magar, N. Khadka, A. Subedee, D. Bhattarai, Bishweshwar Pant
Using natural plant extracts on metallic substances is the most frequently studied green corrosion inhibition approach in corrosion science. In this work, Coriaria nepalensis Stem Alkaloid (CNSA) has been successfully extracted and characterized by qualitative chemical (Mayer’s and Dragendroff’s) test and spectroscopic (UV and FTIR) measurement. CNSA has been employed as a green inhibitor for Mild Steel (MS) corrosion subjected to 1 M H2SO4 solution. The corrosion inhibition efficacy has been assessed by weight loss and polarization measurement methods. The effect of inhibitor concentration, immersion period, and temperature on the inhibition efficiency for the MS immersed in both acid and inhibitor solutions of different concentrations have been investigated. The maximum inhibition effect observed for CNSA is 96.4% for MS immersed in 1000 ppm inhibitor solution for 6 h at 18 °C by the weight loss measurement method. Similarly, the polarization measurement method observed a 97.03% inhibition efficiency for MS immersed for 3 h. The adsorption of inhibitor molecules on the MS surface aligns with the Langmuir model. The free energy of adsorption obtained is −28.75 kJ/mol indicating physical adsorption dominance over chemical adsorption. These findings suggested that CNSA has greater potential as an efficient green inhibitor.
利用天然植物提取物对金属物质进行缓蚀是腐蚀科学中研究最多的绿色缓蚀方法。通过定性化学(Mayer’s和Dragendroff’s)测试和光谱(UV和FTIR)测试，成功地提取了尼泊尔芫荽茎生物碱(CNSA)。CNSA被用作低碳钢(MS)在1 M H2SO4溶液中腐蚀的绿色缓蚀剂。采用失重法和极化法对其缓蚀效果进行了评价。研究了缓蚀剂浓度、浸泡时间和温度对MS在不同浓度酸溶液和缓蚀剂溶液中的缓蚀效果的影响。通过失重测量法，在1000 ppm的抑制剂溶液中，在18°C下浸泡6 h, MS对CNSA的最大抑制效果为96.4%。同样，极化测量方法对MS浸泡3 h的缓蚀效率为97.03%。抑制剂分子在MS表面的吸附符合Langmuir模型。吸附的自由能为−28.75 kJ/mol，表明物理吸附优于化学吸附。这些发现表明，CNSA作为一种高效的绿色抑制剂具有更大的潜力。
{"title":"Coriaria nepalensis Stem Alkaloid as a Green Inhibitor for Mild Steel Corrosion in 1 M H2SO4 Solution","authors":"H. Oli, Jamuna Thapa Magar, N. Khadka, A. Subedee, D. Bhattarai, Bishweshwar Pant","doi":"10.3390/electrochem3040047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3040047","url":null,"abstract":"Using natural plant extracts on metallic substances is the most frequently studied green corrosion inhibition approach in corrosion science. In this work, Coriaria nepalensis Stem Alkaloid (CNSA) has been successfully extracted and characterized by qualitative chemical (Mayer’s and Dragendroff’s) test and spectroscopic (UV and FTIR) measurement. CNSA has been employed as a green inhibitor for Mild Steel (MS) corrosion subjected to 1 M H2SO4 solution. The corrosion inhibition efficacy has been assessed by weight loss and polarization measurement methods. The effect of inhibitor concentration, immersion period, and temperature on the inhibition efficiency for the MS immersed in both acid and inhibitor solutions of different concentrations have been investigated. The maximum inhibition effect observed for CNSA is 96.4% for MS immersed in 1000 ppm inhibitor solution for 6 h at 18 °C by the weight loss measurement method. Similarly, the polarization measurement method observed a 97.03% inhibition efficiency for MS immersed for 3 h. The adsorption of inhibitor molecules on the MS surface aligns with the Langmuir model. The free energy of adsorption obtained is −28.75 kJ/mol indicating physical adsorption dominance over chemical adsorption. These findings suggested that CNSA has greater potential as an efficient green inhibitor.","PeriodicalId":11612,"journal":{"name":"Electrochem","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81349173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.3390/electrochem3040046
P. Jeyabarathi, L. Rajendran, M. Lyons, M. Abukhaled
The theoretical model for a packed porous catalytic particle of the slab, cylindrical, and spherical geometries shape in fixed-bed electrochemical reactors is discussed. These particles have internal mass concentration and temperature gradients in endothermic or exothermic reactions. The model is based on a nonlinear reaction–diffusion equation containing a nonlinear term with an exponential relationship between intrinsic reaction rate and temperature. The porous catalyst particle’s concentration is obtained by solving the nonlinear equation using Akbari-Ganji’s method. A simple and closed-form analytical expression of the effectiveness factor for slab, cylindrical, and spherical geometries was also reported for all values of Thiele modulus, activation energy, and heat reaction. The accordance with results of a reliable numerical method shows the good accuracy that their approximate solution yields.
{"title":"Theoretical Analysis of Mass Transfer Behavior in Fixed-Bed Electrochemical Reactors: Akbari-Ganji’s Method","authors":"P. Jeyabarathi, L. Rajendran, M. Lyons, M. Abukhaled","doi":"10.3390/electrochem3040046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3040046","url":null,"abstract":"The theoretical model for a packed porous catalytic particle of the slab, cylindrical, and spherical geometries shape in fixed-bed electrochemical reactors is discussed. These particles have internal mass concentration and temperature gradients in endothermic or exothermic reactions. The model is based on a nonlinear reaction–diffusion equation containing a nonlinear term with an exponential relationship between intrinsic reaction rate and temperature. The porous catalyst particle’s concentration is obtained by solving the nonlinear equation using Akbari-Ganji’s method. A simple and closed-form analytical expression of the effectiveness factor for slab, cylindrical, and spherical geometries was also reported for all values of Thiele modulus, activation energy, and heat reaction. The accordance with results of a reliable numerical method shows the good accuracy that their approximate solution yields.","PeriodicalId":11612,"journal":{"name":"Electrochem","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76168711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-11DOI: 10.3390/electrochem3040045
Aijuan Li, Yuanshuai Jiang, Xinnian Sun, Huajun Chi, Chuanhu Niu, Gang Liu
Electrochemical energy storage technology has the characteristics of convenient use, fast response, and flexible configuration. At present, the energy storage technology used in smart electric vehicles is mainly electrochemical energy storage technology. In particular, the promotion of electrochemical energy storage technology in the field of smart electric vehicles is an effective way to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality. One of the most critical issues limiting the development and popularity of intelligent electric vehicles is the performance and range of power batteries; vehicle path planning is very important to the performance of power batteries and the driving range. Improved path planning algorithms can obviously shorten the path length and reduce the time of searching and planning a path under the condition of the same starting point and end point, that is, to increase the range of the power battery. On the premise of the comprehensive analysis of the intelligent electric vehicle’s grasp of environmental information, trajectory planning methods are divided into local trajectory planning and global trajectory planning methods. The main content of the trajectory planning method is given, the key technologies involved in the research are discussed, and its advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. Finally, the main development trends of intelligent electric vehicle trajectory planning technology in the future are proposed.
{"title":"Research Status of Intelligent Electric Vehicle Trajectory Planning and Its Key Technologies: A Review","authors":"Aijuan Li, Yuanshuai Jiang, Xinnian Sun, Huajun Chi, Chuanhu Niu, Gang Liu","doi":"10.3390/electrochem3040045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3040045","url":null,"abstract":"Electrochemical energy storage technology has the characteristics of convenient use, fast response, and flexible configuration. At present, the energy storage technology used in smart electric vehicles is mainly electrochemical energy storage technology. In particular, the promotion of electrochemical energy storage technology in the field of smart electric vehicles is an effective way to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality. One of the most critical issues limiting the development and popularity of intelligent electric vehicles is the performance and range of power batteries; vehicle path planning is very important to the performance of power batteries and the driving range. Improved path planning algorithms can obviously shorten the path length and reduce the time of searching and planning a path under the condition of the same starting point and end point, that is, to increase the range of the power battery. On the premise of the comprehensive analysis of the intelligent electric vehicle’s grasp of environmental information, trajectory planning methods are divided into local trajectory planning and global trajectory planning methods. The main content of the trajectory planning method is given, the key technologies involved in the research are discussed, and its advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. Finally, the main development trends of intelligent electric vehicle trajectory planning technology in the future are proposed.","PeriodicalId":11612,"journal":{"name":"Electrochem","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75973765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-11DOI: 10.3390/electrochem3040044
Rajaram Karki, Ajay Kumar Bajgai, N. Khadka, Onisha Thapa, Tanka Mukhiya, H. Oli, D. Bhattarai
In situ corrosion inhibition in acid cleaning processes by using green inhibitors is at the forefront of corrosion chemistry. Plant extracts, especially alkaloids, are known to be good corrosion inhibitors against mild steel corrosion. In this research, alkaloids extracted from Acacia catechu have been used as green corrosion inhibitors for mild steel corrosion in a 1 M H2SO4 solution. Qualitative chemical tests and FTIR measurements have been performed to confirm the alkaloids in the extract. The inhibition efficiency of the extract has been studied by using weight-loss and potentiodynamic polarization methods. A weight-loss measurement has been adopted for the study of inhibitor’s concentration effect, with a variation employed to measure the inhibition efficiency for time and temperature. The weight-loss measurement revealed a maximum efficiency of 93.96% after 3 h at 28 °C for a 1000 ppm alkaloid solution. The 1000 ppm inhibitor is effective up to a temperature of 48 °C, with 84.39% efficiency. The electrochemical measurement results revealed that the alkaloids act as a mixed type of inhibitor. Inhibition efficiencies of 98.91% and 98.54% in the 1000 ppm inhibitor concentration solution for the as-immersed and immersed conditions, respectively, have been achieved. The adsorption isotherm has indicated the physical adsorption of alkaloids. Further, the spontaneous and endothermic adsorption processes have been indicated by the thermodynamic parameters. The results show that alkaloids extracted from the bark of Acacia catechu can be a promising green inhibitors for mild steel corrosion.
在酸洗过程中使用绿色缓蚀剂的现场缓蚀是腐蚀化学的前沿。植物提取物，特别是生物碱，是抗低碳钢腐蚀的良好缓蚀剂。在本研究中，从儿茶中提取的生物碱作为绿色缓蚀剂用于1 M H2SO4溶液中低碳钢的腐蚀。定性化学试验和红外光谱测定证实了提取物中的生物碱。采用失重法和动电位极化法研究了提取物的抑菌效果。采用失重法研究缓蚀剂的浓度效应，采用变分法测量缓蚀剂的缓蚀效率随时间和温度的变化。失重测量结果显示，在28℃条件下，1000 ppm生物碱溶液中，失重3 h后，失重效率最高达93.96%。1000ppm的缓蚀剂在48°C的温度下有效，效率为84.39%。电化学测定结果表明，生物碱是一种混合型缓蚀剂。在1000 ppm的缓蚀剂溶液中，浸没和浸没条件下的缓蚀效率分别为98.91%和98.54%。吸附等温线显示了生物碱的物理吸附。此外，热力学参数还表明了自发吸附过程和吸热吸附过程。结果表明，从儿茶树皮中提取的生物碱是一种很有前途的绿色缓蚀剂。
{"title":"Acacia catechu Bark Alkaloids as Novel Green Inhibitors for Mild Steel Corrosion in a One Molar Sulphuric Acid Solution","authors":"Rajaram Karki, Ajay Kumar Bajgai, N. Khadka, Onisha Thapa, Tanka Mukhiya, H. Oli, D. Bhattarai","doi":"10.3390/electrochem3040044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3040044","url":null,"abstract":"In situ corrosion inhibition in acid cleaning processes by using green inhibitors is at the forefront of corrosion chemistry. Plant extracts, especially alkaloids, are known to be good corrosion inhibitors against mild steel corrosion. In this research, alkaloids extracted from Acacia catechu have been used as green corrosion inhibitors for mild steel corrosion in a 1 M H2SO4 solution. Qualitative chemical tests and FTIR measurements have been performed to confirm the alkaloids in the extract. The inhibition efficiency of the extract has been studied by using weight-loss and potentiodynamic polarization methods. A weight-loss measurement has been adopted for the study of inhibitor’s concentration effect, with a variation employed to measure the inhibition efficiency for time and temperature. The weight-loss measurement revealed a maximum efficiency of 93.96% after 3 h at 28 °C for a 1000 ppm alkaloid solution. The 1000 ppm inhibitor is effective up to a temperature of 48 °C, with 84.39% efficiency. The electrochemical measurement results revealed that the alkaloids act as a mixed type of inhibitor. Inhibition efficiencies of 98.91% and 98.54% in the 1000 ppm inhibitor concentration solution for the as-immersed and immersed conditions, respectively, have been achieved. The adsorption isotherm has indicated the physical adsorption of alkaloids. Further, the spontaneous and endothermic adsorption processes have been indicated by the thermodynamic parameters. The results show that alkaloids extracted from the bark of Acacia catechu can be a promising green inhibitors for mild steel corrosion.","PeriodicalId":11612,"journal":{"name":"Electrochem","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90914931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-09DOI: 10.3390/electrochem3040043
S. V. Sokolkov
Digital medicine based on the integration of all medical data from a particular patient has become a reality today, thanks to information technology. Traditional medical examinations can be supplemented by assessment results of the oxidative-anti-oxidative (OAO) status of the body. Electrochemical sensors are able to not only determine the integral indicators of the OAO system of the body but also to depict details of the processes occurring in the system. The main obstacle to the widespread use of electrochemical sensors in medical diagnostics is the extremely small amount of received information in comparison to the tens of thousands of known human diseases. The problem can be eliminated only by rethinking the purpose of electrochemical measurement within the framework of thermodynamics of information processes and information theory. In the information paradigm of electrochemical analysis of biological fluids, a sample is considered an electrochemical message created by a sensor. The purpose of electrochemical measurement is to obtain information in a volume sufficient to identify the sample composition within the range of possible concentrations of its components. The fundamentals of the thermodynamics of information processes are considered and conclusions that are of practical importance for the development of electrochemical sensors and analyzers are derived. It is shown that the potentiostatic control of the sensor is physically impacted by the electromechanical instability of the electrical double layer, which is the main source of sensor signal noise. Estimates of a minimum amount of analytical signal information required for the identification of a sample of known composition, such as a biological fluid, are provided. Examples of highly informative analytical signals for flowing and stationary samples are presented. Problems related to the visualization of such signals are noted.
{"title":"Electrochemical Digitization of Biological Fluids Samples","authors":"S. V. Sokolkov","doi":"10.3390/electrochem3040043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3040043","url":null,"abstract":"Digital medicine based on the integration of all medical data from a particular patient has become a reality today, thanks to information technology. Traditional medical examinations can be supplemented by assessment results of the oxidative-anti-oxidative (OAO) status of the body. Electrochemical sensors are able to not only determine the integral indicators of the OAO system of the body but also to depict details of the processes occurring in the system. The main obstacle to the widespread use of electrochemical sensors in medical diagnostics is the extremely small amount of received information in comparison to the tens of thousands of known human diseases. The problem can be eliminated only by rethinking the purpose of electrochemical measurement within the framework of thermodynamics of information processes and information theory. In the information paradigm of electrochemical analysis of biological fluids, a sample is considered an electrochemical message created by a sensor. The purpose of electrochemical measurement is to obtain information in a volume sufficient to identify the sample composition within the range of possible concentrations of its components. The fundamentals of the thermodynamics of information processes are considered and conclusions that are of practical importance for the development of electrochemical sensors and analyzers are derived. It is shown that the potentiostatic control of the sensor is physically impacted by the electromechanical instability of the electrical double layer, which is the main source of sensor signal noise. Estimates of a minimum amount of analytical signal information required for the identification of a sample of known composition, such as a biological fluid, are provided. Examples of highly informative analytical signals for flowing and stationary samples are presented. Problems related to the visualization of such signals are noted.","PeriodicalId":11612,"journal":{"name":"Electrochem","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87276565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-08DOI: 10.3390/electrochem3040041
Mansi Gandhi, K. Amreen, B. Tiwari
Naturally occurring phytonutrients/phyto-components are likely to have therapeutic values. These phyto-derived naturally occurring components, such as polyphenols, phenolics, flavonoids and phenolic acids have a hydrocarbon background with a polyphenolic ring, an ester bond with a polyphenolic ring, etc. Their structures play a critical role in determining the chemical and physical attributes that define their activity/functions and roles. Owing to their chemical structure, most of them are electroactive. Thus, these phytochemicals can be used in the preparation of electrochemical sensors. Gaining an understanding of functional genotypical units using electrochemistry is a unique study. The feasibility of incorporating an array of biosensors into a fully-automated micro-electrochemical system is further explored. This review is intended to provide in-depth knowledge of biosensors’ applications based on/for Plantae kingdom and varieties. The discussion focuses primarily on the fields associated with the fully-automated micro-electrochemical system and appropriate methods for its advancement. The intended approach is to provide a selective outlook including the setbacks/shortcomings and usefulness of opting for the concerned technique.
{"title":"Recent Advances in the Electro-Active Therapeutic Phytochemical-Based Sensors","authors":"Mansi Gandhi, K. Amreen, B. Tiwari","doi":"10.3390/electrochem3040041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3040041","url":null,"abstract":"Naturally occurring phytonutrients/phyto-components are likely to have therapeutic values. These phyto-derived naturally occurring components, such as polyphenols, phenolics, flavonoids and phenolic acids have a hydrocarbon background with a polyphenolic ring, an ester bond with a polyphenolic ring, etc. Their structures play a critical role in determining the chemical and physical attributes that define their activity/functions and roles. Owing to their chemical structure, most of them are electroactive. Thus, these phytochemicals can be used in the preparation of electrochemical sensors. Gaining an understanding of functional genotypical units using electrochemistry is a unique study. The feasibility of incorporating an array of biosensors into a fully-automated micro-electrochemical system is further explored. This review is intended to provide in-depth knowledge of biosensors’ applications based on/for Plantae kingdom and varieties. The discussion focuses primarily on the fields associated with the fully-automated micro-electrochemical system and appropriate methods for its advancement. The intended approach is to provide a selective outlook including the setbacks/shortcomings and usefulness of opting for the concerned technique.","PeriodicalId":11612,"journal":{"name":"Electrochem","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89239652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-08DOI: 10.3390/electrochem3040042
Etienne Dijoux, N. Steiner, M. Benne, M. Péra, B. Grondin-Perez
Reliability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is a major issue for large industrialization and commercialization. Indeed, performance can be degraded due to abnormal operating conditions, namely, faults, which lead either to a transient decay of the fuel cell performance or to permanent damage that cannot be recovered. The literature shows that long-time exposure to faults leads to fuel cell degradation. Therefore, it is necessary to use tools that can not only diagnose these faulty conditions, but also modify the fuel cell operations to recover a healthy operating point. For that purpose, one approach is the Active Fault Tolerant Control (AFTC) strategy which is composed of three functions. First, a diagnosis part allows fault detection and identification. Then a decision part, which is an algorithm aiming at finding a new operating point that mitigates the occurring fault. Finally, a control part applies the mitigation strategy established by the decision algorithm. The present work focuses on the decision part. and aims to bring a new contribution to PEMFCs reliability improvement and address water management issues, namely, the cell flooding and membrane drying out with the developed AFTC tool. The strategy is tested and validated on a single PEMFC cell and results are presented, analyzed, and discussed.
{"title":"Experimental Validation of an Active Fault Tolerant Control Strategy Applied to a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell","authors":"Etienne Dijoux, N. Steiner, M. Benne, M. Péra, B. Grondin-Perez","doi":"10.3390/electrochem3040042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3040042","url":null,"abstract":"Reliability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is a major issue for large industrialization and commercialization. Indeed, performance can be degraded due to abnormal operating conditions, namely, faults, which lead either to a transient decay of the fuel cell performance or to permanent damage that cannot be recovered. The literature shows that long-time exposure to faults leads to fuel cell degradation. Therefore, it is necessary to use tools that can not only diagnose these faulty conditions, but also modify the fuel cell operations to recover a healthy operating point. For that purpose, one approach is the Active Fault Tolerant Control (AFTC) strategy which is composed of three functions. First, a diagnosis part allows fault detection and identification. Then a decision part, which is an algorithm aiming at finding a new operating point that mitigates the occurring fault. Finally, a control part applies the mitigation strategy established by the decision algorithm. The present work focuses on the decision part. and aims to bring a new contribution to PEMFCs reliability improvement and address water management issues, namely, the cell flooding and membrane drying out with the developed AFTC tool. The strategy is tested and validated on a single PEMFC cell and results are presented, analyzed, and discussed.","PeriodicalId":11612,"journal":{"name":"Electrochem","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84205949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-23DOI: 10.3390/electrochem3040040
K. W. Ahmed, M. Jang, M. Park, Zhongwei Chen, M. Fowler
Hydrogen is considered to be the fuel of the future and with the advancement of fuel cell technology, there is a renewed interest in hydrogen production by the electrolysis of water. Among low-temperature water electrolysis options, polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyzer is the preferred choice due to its compact size, intermittent use, and connectivity with renewable energy. In addition, it is possible to generate compressed hydrogen directly in the PEM electrolyzer, thereby reducing the additional pressurization cost for hydrogen storage. The development of electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a major focus of electrolysis research. Other components, such as PEMs, gas diffusion layers (GDL), and bipolar plates (BPs) have also received significant attention to enhance the overall efficiency of PEM electrolyzers. Improvements in each component or process of the PEM electrolyzer have a significant impact on increasing the energy efficiency of the electrolyzer. This work discusses various synthesis techniques to improve the dispersion of OER electrocatalyst and reducing catalyst loading for the PEM electrolyzer. Various techniques are discussed for the development of electrocatalysts, including nanostructured, core shell, and electrodeposition to deposit catalysts on GDL. The design and methodology of new and improved GDL are discussed along with the fabrication of gas diffusion electrodes and passivation techniques to reduce the oxidation of GDL. The passivation technique of BPs using Au and Pt is summarized for its effect on electrolysis efficiency. Finally, the optimization of various operating conditions for PEM electrolyzer are reviewed to improve the efficiency of the electrolyzer.
{"title":"Effect of Components and Operating Conditions on the Performance of PEM Electrolyzers: A Review","authors":"K. W. Ahmed, M. Jang, M. Park, Zhongwei Chen, M. Fowler","doi":"10.3390/electrochem3040040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3040040","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen is considered to be the fuel of the future and with the advancement of fuel cell technology, there is a renewed interest in hydrogen production by the electrolysis of water. Among low-temperature water electrolysis options, polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyzer is the preferred choice due to its compact size, intermittent use, and connectivity with renewable energy. In addition, it is possible to generate compressed hydrogen directly in the PEM electrolyzer, thereby reducing the additional pressurization cost for hydrogen storage. The development of electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a major focus of electrolysis research. Other components, such as PEMs, gas diffusion layers (GDL), and bipolar plates (BPs) have also received significant attention to enhance the overall efficiency of PEM electrolyzers. Improvements in each component or process of the PEM electrolyzer have a significant impact on increasing the energy efficiency of the electrolyzer. This work discusses various synthesis techniques to improve the dispersion of OER electrocatalyst and reducing catalyst loading for the PEM electrolyzer. Various techniques are discussed for the development of electrocatalysts, including nanostructured, core shell, and electrodeposition to deposit catalysts on GDL. The design and methodology of new and improved GDL are discussed along with the fabrication of gas diffusion electrodes and passivation techniques to reduce the oxidation of GDL. The passivation technique of BPs using Au and Pt is summarized for its effect on electrolysis efficiency. Finally, the optimization of various operating conditions for PEM electrolyzer are reviewed to improve the efficiency of the electrolyzer.","PeriodicalId":11612,"journal":{"name":"Electrochem","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83483366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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