Pub Date : 2007-09-24DOI: 10.1109/HOLM.2007.4318220
T. Ito, Y. Hattori, K. Iida, Y. Saitoh
In recent years, there has been increasing demand to miniaturize wiring harness connectors in automobiles due to the increasing volume of electronic equipment and the reduction of the installation space allocated for the electronic equipment in cars for the comfort of the passengers. In this report, we made fretting test samples of connectors for which contact resistance had increased and analyzed the cross-section of the contact points using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and micro hardness measurement. Based on the observation and measurement results, we considered the change of the contact microstructure for various fretting cycles.
{"title":"Microscopy Study of Fretting Corrosion of Tin Plated Contacts","authors":"T. Ito, Y. Hattori, K. Iida, Y. Saitoh","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.2007.4318220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.2007.4318220","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, there has been increasing demand to miniaturize wiring harness connectors in automobiles due to the increasing volume of electronic equipment and the reduction of the installation space allocated for the electronic equipment in cars for the comfort of the passengers. In this report, we made fretting test samples of connectors for which contact resistance had increased and analyzed the cross-section of the contact points using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and micro hardness measurement. Based on the observation and measurement results, we considered the change of the contact microstructure for various fretting cycles.","PeriodicalId":11624,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81352263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-24DOI: 10.1109/HOLM.2007.4318208
M. Murakami, R. Hiroshi, T. Kubono, J. Sekikawa
Characteristics of arcs occurring between electrical contacts affect the reliability and lifetime of automotive electronic devices. Accordingly, it is important to investigate the properties of arcs on AgCu contact material. In this paper, arc phenomena occurring between AgCu electrical contact pairs in a DC 14V lamp switch circuit are observed with high-speed camera (12,000frames/s). The arc voltage and current are measured, simultaneously. The photographs taken with the high-speed camera were correlated to the changes in the arc voltage, current and calculated arc energy. The observed arc emitting time is less than 30mus. The irradiating arc power increased as the current at the lamp switch circuit increased. More energy on making arcs is discharged than the energy on breaking arcs. When the contacts were slowly closed, multiple arcs were emitted without rebounding. Moreover, after the single pip reached certain height the arc energy was so concentrated that the pip was burst. It appears that the position of contact for these electrical contact pairs moved when multiple short arcs were blew out as the contact slowly moving operation.
{"title":"Properties of Short Arc Phenomena on AgCu Electrical Contact Pairs for Automotive Electronics Devices","authors":"M. Murakami, R. Hiroshi, T. Kubono, J. Sekikawa","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.2007.4318208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.2007.4318208","url":null,"abstract":"Characteristics of arcs occurring between electrical contacts affect the reliability and lifetime of automotive electronic devices. Accordingly, it is important to investigate the properties of arcs on AgCu contact material. In this paper, arc phenomena occurring between AgCu electrical contact pairs in a DC 14V lamp switch circuit are observed with high-speed camera (12,000frames/s). The arc voltage and current are measured, simultaneously. The photographs taken with the high-speed camera were correlated to the changes in the arc voltage, current and calculated arc energy. The observed arc emitting time is less than 30mus. The irradiating arc power increased as the current at the lamp switch circuit increased. More energy on making arcs is discharged than the energy on breaking arcs. When the contacts were slowly closed, multiple arcs were emitted without rebounding. Moreover, after the single pip reached certain height the arc energy was so concentrated that the pip was burst. It appears that the position of contact for these electrical contact pairs moved when multiple short arcs were blew out as the contact slowly moving operation.","PeriodicalId":11624,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84842036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-24DOI: 10.1109/HOLM.2007.4318234
N. Morita, T. Ueno, M. Mori, T. Otaka, M. Arata
Brush and collector ring system is applied to rotating machines, such as large synchronous generator for thermal and hydraulic power plant and large AC synchronous and wound rotor induction motors for industrial applications. Recently as results of power electronics technology & microcomputer control technology, inverter fed AC adjustable speed large synchronous motor for steel rolling mill and variable speed water turbine generator with AC excitation wound rotor have been developed, realizing excellent performance. In these rotating machines, not only large current capacity but also high performance reliability is required to brush/collector system From these back ground, authors try to introduce new theory to brush/collector system, based upon more than one hundred years of brush/collector ring application histories and based upon some experiments by testing machine, which are introduced by field experiences of those machines.
{"title":"Comparison of Brush Contact Drop Characteristics with Copper Ring and Steel Ring, Considering Spark and Collector Ring Hazard","authors":"N. Morita, T. Ueno, M. Mori, T. Otaka, M. Arata","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.2007.4318234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.2007.4318234","url":null,"abstract":"Brush and collector ring system is applied to rotating machines, such as large synchronous generator for thermal and hydraulic power plant and large AC synchronous and wound rotor induction motors for industrial applications. Recently as results of power electronics technology & microcomputer control technology, inverter fed AC adjustable speed large synchronous motor for steel rolling mill and variable speed water turbine generator with AC excitation wound rotor have been developed, realizing excellent performance. In these rotating machines, not only large current capacity but also high performance reliability is required to brush/collector system From these back ground, authors try to introduce new theory to brush/collector system, based upon more than one hundred years of brush/collector ring application histories and based upon some experiments by testing machine, which are introduced by field experiences of those machines.","PeriodicalId":11624,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88621753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-24DOI: 10.1109/HOLM.2007.4318205
C. Schrank, A.R. Neuhaus, M. Reichart
Although the arc root mobility is a well-known effect e.g. at circuit breakers with arc lengths in the mm range, the effect and its consequences for low power switches (in the range of 20 A) with bounce heights in the mum range, is not known. Consequently, a previously developed model switch was used to investigate the influence of different atmospheres on the arc width and the mobility (speed) of the arc, both strongly affecting the contact welding behavior at make. Fine grain silver contacts were used for the investigations under ambient air, nitrogen, argon, and helium. The chosen bounce pattern yielded bounce durations in the range of about 1.5 ms. A load voltage of 27 VDC was chosen to guarantee stable burning arcs for this fundamental work. Depending on the atmosphere, the arc width increased in the following order: helium < ambient air and nitrogen < argon; while the arc speed increased in the order: helium < ambient air < nitrogen and argon. Altogether, under the prevailing conditions of the surrounding atmosphere, the 98% weld force values of experiments carried out under argon and helium yielded weld force values more than twice as high as measured under ambient air and nitrogen.
{"title":"The Influence of Different Atmospheres on Arc Width, Arc Mobility, and Contact Welding investigated for Low Power Switches","authors":"C. Schrank, A.R. Neuhaus, M. Reichart","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.2007.4318205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.2007.4318205","url":null,"abstract":"Although the arc root mobility is a well-known effect e.g. at circuit breakers with arc lengths in the mm range, the effect and its consequences for low power switches (in the range of 20 A) with bounce heights in the mum range, is not known. Consequently, a previously developed model switch was used to investigate the influence of different atmospheres on the arc width and the mobility (speed) of the arc, both strongly affecting the contact welding behavior at make. Fine grain silver contacts were used for the investigations under ambient air, nitrogen, argon, and helium. The chosen bounce pattern yielded bounce durations in the range of about 1.5 ms. A load voltage of 27 VDC was chosen to guarantee stable burning arcs for this fundamental work. Depending on the atmosphere, the arc width increased in the following order: helium < ambient air and nitrogen < argon; while the arc speed increased in the order: helium < ambient air < nitrogen and argon. Altogether, under the prevailing conditions of the surrounding atmosphere, the 98% weld force values of experiments carried out under argon and helium yielded weld force values more than twice as high as measured under ambient air and nitrogen.","PeriodicalId":11624,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86813796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-24DOI: 10.1109/HOLM.2007.4318225
Honggang Xiang, Degui Chen, Xingwen Li, Liang Ji, W. Tong
In the optimization design of contact system for the air circuit breaker (ACB), it is important to calculate the short-time withstand current. Introducing the contact bridges to describe contact spots between movable and fixed contacts, transient analysis is carried out by coupling electromagnetic field and thermal field to parallel contact systems, where nonlinear of ferromagnetic splitter plates and properties of conduct material varying with temperature are under consideration. In each time step of calculation, the cross-sectional areas of the contact bridges are changed with the contact forces by Holm formula. The proposed method could be used to analyze the short-time withstand current of ACB.
{"title":"Calculation of the Short-time Withstand Current for Air Circuit Breaker","authors":"Honggang Xiang, Degui Chen, Xingwen Li, Liang Ji, W. Tong","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.2007.4318225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.2007.4318225","url":null,"abstract":"In the optimization design of contact system for the air circuit breaker (ACB), it is important to calculate the short-time withstand current. Introducing the contact bridges to describe contact spots between movable and fixed contacts, transient analysis is carried out by coupling electromagnetic field and thermal field to parallel contact systems, where nonlinear of ferromagnetic splitter plates and properties of conduct material varying with temperature are under consideration. In each time step of calculation, the cross-sectional areas of the contact bridges are changed with the contact forces by Holm formula. The proposed method could be used to analyze the short-time withstand current of ACB.","PeriodicalId":11624,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87767707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-24DOI: 10.1109/HOLM.2007.4318197
Y. Saitoh, K. Iida, S. Sawada, K. Shimizu, Y. Hattori
Recently characteristics required of automobiles have been diversified, and from the electric/electronic points of view, the changes of automobiles are a wide range of electronization flow of control and changes of power source of automobiles represented by electric automobiles and the transmission system. Considering these, the connector, one of the network parts of an automobile to shoulder the transmission of signals and power is increasingly important in electric connection and reliability. In designing the connector to be installed in the automobile, therefore, we think it significant to obtain theory to become a design guide on the connecting performance, especially contact resistance characteristic. The objective of this study is to derive the theoretical formula of the contact resistance to meet the requirements from the design of the connector to be installed in the automobile and verify its effectiveness. First, from the known formula of contact resistance, we derived a formula including parameters to determine the connector specifications that are simple and can be used for the design and verified the effectiveness from statistical results of various measurement data.
{"title":"Dependency of Contact Resistance on Load","authors":"Y. Saitoh, K. Iida, S. Sawada, K. Shimizu, Y. Hattori","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.2007.4318197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.2007.4318197","url":null,"abstract":"Recently characteristics required of automobiles have been diversified, and from the electric/electronic points of view, the changes of automobiles are a wide range of electronization flow of control and changes of power source of automobiles represented by electric automobiles and the transmission system. Considering these, the connector, one of the network parts of an automobile to shoulder the transmission of signals and power is increasingly important in electric connection and reliability. In designing the connector to be installed in the automobile, therefore, we think it significant to obtain theory to become a design guide on the connecting performance, especially contact resistance characteristic. The objective of this study is to derive the theoretical formula of the contact resistance to meet the requirements from the design of the connector to be installed in the automobile and verify its effectiveness. First, from the known formula of contact resistance, we derived a formula including parameters to determine the connector specifications that are simple and can be used for the design and verified the effectiveness from statistical results of various measurement data.","PeriodicalId":11624,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89354369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-24DOI: 10.1109/HOLM.2007.4318206
K. Yoshida, S. Tanimoto
We have studied maintaining mechanism of the contacts arc discharge. In our experiment, the arc duration ta, metallic phase arc duration tm, and transition ratio from metallic to gaseous phase arc G were experimentally studied in Ag, AgCu and AgSnO2 breaking contacts. Experiments were carried out under the variation of source voltage E (12, 24, 36, 48 V), closed contact current Io (0.4 - 6 A). As a result, the gaseous phase transition was not occurred in E=24 V or less. In addition, gaseous phase transition boundary closed contact current (at which G=50 %) of AgSnO2 was smaller than that of Ag and AgCu contacts. It was clarified that the Io which ta and tm increases rapidly is corresponding to the transition boundary from metallic to gaseous phase arc.
{"title":"An Experimental Study of Arc Duration and Transition from Metallic to Gaseous Phase in Ag Alloy Break Arc","authors":"K. Yoshida, S. Tanimoto","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.2007.4318206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.2007.4318206","url":null,"abstract":"We have studied maintaining mechanism of the contacts arc discharge. In our experiment, the arc duration ta, metallic phase arc duration tm, and transition ratio from metallic to gaseous phase arc G were experimentally studied in Ag, AgCu and AgSnO2 breaking contacts. Experiments were carried out under the variation of source voltage E (12, 24, 36, 48 V), closed contact current Io (0.4 - 6 A). As a result, the gaseous phase transition was not occurred in E=24 V or less. In addition, gaseous phase transition boundary closed contact current (at which G=50 %) of AgSnO2 was smaller than that of Ag and AgCu contacts. It was clarified that the Io which ta and tm increases rapidly is corresponding to the transition boundary from metallic to gaseous phase arc.","PeriodicalId":11624,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74020473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-24DOI: 10.1109/HOLM.2007.4318202
D. Kolker, S. Campolo, N. DiSalvo
In the development of Arc-Fault Circuit interrupters (AFCIs), one of the most important parameters is the time that an arcing fault could persist before the device will interrupt the current flow and hopefully mitigate fire propagation. In 1996 Underwriters laboratories (UL) published a report on time/current ignition characteristics of arcs at 120 V. Despite the very limited number of tests (195), the obtained data still are used to develop trip times for 120 V rated AFCIs. Continuous expansion of AFCI applications from the dwelling unit bedrooms to other living areas requires knowledge of ignition characteristics at 240 V in order to specify times necessary to clear arcing faults with 240 V AFCIs. This work presents results of research on ignition characteristics of cotton fire indicators caused by electrical arcs with currents ranging from 2 A to 45 A and times from 10 s to 20 ms, when supplied by a 240 V circuit. The total number of tests exceeded 6,000 and provides a statistically acceptable confidence level. The paper examines the role of statistical analysis with respect to the ignition phenomenon due to random variations in the formation of a carbonized path. The duration of actual arcing time is compared with ignition yielding different forms of combustion. The experiments revealed that ignition is possible at currents as low as 2 A. This paper also analyzes the role of temperature rating of PVC wire insulation and other related parameters. Findings could be useful for the future development of 240 V AFCIs.
{"title":"A study of Time/Current Characteristics of the Ignition Processes in Cellulosic Material Caused by Electrical Arcing for Application in 240V Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupters","authors":"D. Kolker, S. Campolo, N. DiSalvo","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.2007.4318202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.2007.4318202","url":null,"abstract":"In the development of Arc-Fault Circuit interrupters (AFCIs), one of the most important parameters is the time that an arcing fault could persist before the device will interrupt the current flow and hopefully mitigate fire propagation. In 1996 Underwriters laboratories (UL) published a report on time/current ignition characteristics of arcs at 120 V. Despite the very limited number of tests (195), the obtained data still are used to develop trip times for 120 V rated AFCIs. Continuous expansion of AFCI applications from the dwelling unit bedrooms to other living areas requires knowledge of ignition characteristics at 240 V in order to specify times necessary to clear arcing faults with 240 V AFCIs. This work presents results of research on ignition characteristics of cotton fire indicators caused by electrical arcs with currents ranging from 2 A to 45 A and times from 10 s to 20 ms, when supplied by a 240 V circuit. The total number of tests exceeded 6,000 and provides a statistically acceptable confidence level. The paper examines the role of statistical analysis with respect to the ignition phenomenon due to random variations in the formation of a carbonized path. The duration of actual arcing time is compared with ignition yielding different forms of combustion. The experiments revealed that ignition is possible at currents as low as 2 A. This paper also analyzes the role of temperature rating of PVC wire insulation and other related parameters. Findings could be useful for the future development of 240 V AFCIs.","PeriodicalId":11624,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87572379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-09-27DOI: 10.1109/HOLM.1993.489676
W. Abbott, J. H. Neer, H. J. Healey
Laboratory and field studies were initiated with the objective of defining test procedures and sequences which would be both technically sound and cost effective for the evaluation of tin-plated connector products. A related objective was to evaluate and possibly redefine the contact resistance failure criterion for such products in low end applications. The results of this work have suggested that two parallel and relatively simple test methodologies may be adequate to evaluate the reliability of tin connector interfaces. One noncorrosive method may involve vibration as the primary stress with thermal aging used in a sequential exposure. The second method should be some form of dilute, flowing mixed gas environment having NO/sub 2/ (and possibly SO/sub 2/) at concentrations equal to or less than 100 ppb. Finally, these studies have indicated that tests of this type can drive the major degradation mechanisms for tin-plated products without producing unrealistically severe degradation. For such tests, tin-plated products may actually meet or exceed current low-end failure criteria which were actually developed for precious metal products.
{"title":"Effects of test procedures and sequences on the performance of tin-plated connectors","authors":"W. Abbott, J. H. Neer, H. J. Healey","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1993.489676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1993.489676","url":null,"abstract":"Laboratory and field studies were initiated with the objective of defining test procedures and sequences which would be both technically sound and cost effective for the evaluation of tin-plated connector products. A related objective was to evaluate and possibly redefine the contact resistance failure criterion for such products in low end applications. The results of this work have suggested that two parallel and relatively simple test methodologies may be adequate to evaluate the reliability of tin connector interfaces. One noncorrosive method may involve vibration as the primary stress with thermal aging used in a sequential exposure. The second method should be some form of dilute, flowing mixed gas environment having NO/sub 2/ (and possibly SO/sub 2/) at concentrations equal to or less than 100 ppb. Finally, these studies have indicated that tests of this type can drive the major degradation mechanisms for tin-plated products without producing unrealistically severe degradation. For such tests, tin-plated products may actually meet or exceed current low-end failure criteria which were actually developed for precious metal products.","PeriodicalId":11624,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82081879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-09-27DOI: 10.1109/HOLM.1993.489684
J. Aronstein
Wire connections and plug contacts at receptacles account for the majority of electrical power contacts in most residential structures. Average current and duty cycle for these wiring devices have been increasing over the past decades as more appliances, portable heating equipment, and electronics are added to typical user loading. Receptacle contact and connection failures contribute significantly to fire losses in the United States. This paper provides comparative data on long-term test performance of copper-wired screw and push-in wiring terminals and on insertion plug contacts of receptacles presently on the market.
{"title":"Evaluation of receptacle connections and contacts","authors":"J. Aronstein","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1993.489684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1993.489684","url":null,"abstract":"Wire connections and plug contacts at receptacles account for the majority of electrical power contacts in most residential structures. Average current and duty cycle for these wiring devices have been increasing over the past decades as more appliances, portable heating equipment, and electronics are added to typical user loading. Receptacle contact and connection failures contribute significantly to fire losses in the United States. This paper provides comparative data on long-term test performance of copper-wired screw and push-in wiring terminals and on insertion plug contacts of receptacles presently on the market.","PeriodicalId":11624,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88256342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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