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Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts最新文献

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Microscopy Study of Fretting Corrosion of Tin Plated Contacts 镀锡触点微动腐蚀的显微研究
T. Ito, Y. Hattori, K. Iida, Y. Saitoh
In recent years, there has been increasing demand to miniaturize wiring harness connectors in automobiles due to the increasing volume of electronic equipment and the reduction of the installation space allocated for the electronic equipment in cars for the comfort of the passengers. In this report, we made fretting test samples of connectors for which contact resistance had increased and analyzed the cross-section of the contact points using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and micro hardness measurement. Based on the observation and measurement results, we considered the change of the contact microstructure for various fretting cycles.
近年来,由于电子设备的体积越来越大,为了乘客的舒适度,汽车中分配给电子设备的安装空间越来越小,因此对汽车中线束连接器的小型化需求越来越大。在本报告中,我们制作了接触电阻增加的连接器的微动测试样品,并使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)和显微硬度测量分析了接触点的横截面。在观察和测量结果的基础上,考虑了不同微动周期接触微观结构的变化。
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引用次数: 11
Properties of Short Arc Phenomena on AgCu Electrical Contact Pairs for Automotive Electronics Devices 汽车电子器件用AgCu电接触副的短弧现象特性
M. Murakami, R. Hiroshi, T. Kubono, J. Sekikawa
Characteristics of arcs occurring between electrical contacts affect the reliability and lifetime of automotive electronic devices. Accordingly, it is important to investigate the properties of arcs on AgCu contact material. In this paper, arc phenomena occurring between AgCu electrical contact pairs in a DC 14V lamp switch circuit are observed with high-speed camera (12,000frames/s). The arc voltage and current are measured, simultaneously. The photographs taken with the high-speed camera were correlated to the changes in the arc voltage, current and calculated arc energy. The observed arc emitting time is less than 30mus. The irradiating arc power increased as the current at the lamp switch circuit increased. More energy on making arcs is discharged than the energy on breaking arcs. When the contacts were slowly closed, multiple arcs were emitted without rebounding. Moreover, after the single pip reached certain height the arc energy was so concentrated that the pip was burst. It appears that the position of contact for these electrical contact pairs moved when multiple short arcs were blew out as the contact slowly moving operation.
电触点之间的电弧特性影响着汽车电子设备的可靠性和使用寿命。因此,研究AgCu触点材料上的电弧特性具有重要意义。本文用高速摄像机(12000帧/秒)观察了直流14V灯开关电路中AgCu电接触对之间产生的电弧现象。同时测量电弧电压和电流。用高速相机拍摄的照片与电弧电压、电流和计算出的电弧能量的变化相关联。观察到的电弧发射时间小于30mus。随着灯开关电路处电流的增大,照射电弧功率增大。产生电弧所释放的能量比破坏电弧所释放的能量要多。当触点缓慢闭合时,多个电弧发射而不反弹。而且,在单点到达一定高度后,电弧能量过于集中,导致点爆裂。当多个短电弧被吹灭时,这些电触点对的触点位置会随着触点缓慢移动而移动。
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引用次数: 3
Comparison of Brush Contact Drop Characteristics with Copper Ring and Steel Ring, Considering Spark and Collector Ring Hazard 考虑火花和集电环危害的铜环和钢环电刷接触滴特性比较
N. Morita, T. Ueno, M. Mori, T. Otaka, M. Arata
Brush and collector ring system is applied to rotating machines, such as large synchronous generator for thermal and hydraulic power plant and large AC synchronous and wound rotor induction motors for industrial applications. Recently as results of power electronics technology & microcomputer control technology, inverter fed AC adjustable speed large synchronous motor for steel rolling mill and variable speed water turbine generator with AC excitation wound rotor have been developed, realizing excellent performance. In these rotating machines, not only large current capacity but also high performance reliability is required to brush/collector system From these back ground, authors try to introduce new theory to brush/collector system, based upon more than one hundred years of brush/collector ring application histories and based upon some experiments by testing machine, which are introduced by field experiences of those machines.
电刷和集电环系统适用于旋转机器,如热电厂和水力发电厂的大型同步发电机和工业应用的大型交流同步和绕线转子感应电动机。近年来,随着电力电子技术和微机控制技术的发展,研制出了轧钢用变频调速大型同步电动机和交流励磁绕线转子变频水轮发电机,实现了优良的性能。在此背景下,作者根据一百多年来电刷/集电极环的应用历史,结合电刷/集电极环的现场工作经验,通过试验机的一些实验,试图为电刷/集电极系统引入新的理论。
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引用次数: 4
The Influence of Different Atmospheres on Arc Width, Arc Mobility, and Contact Welding investigated for Low Power Switches 研究了不同气氛对小功率开关电弧宽度、电弧迁移率和接触焊接的影响
C. Schrank, A.R. Neuhaus, M. Reichart
Although the arc root mobility is a well-known effect e.g. at circuit breakers with arc lengths in the mm range, the effect and its consequences for low power switches (in the range of 20 A) with bounce heights in the mum range, is not known. Consequently, a previously developed model switch was used to investigate the influence of different atmospheres on the arc width and the mobility (speed) of the arc, both strongly affecting the contact welding behavior at make. Fine grain silver contacts were used for the investigations under ambient air, nitrogen, argon, and helium. The chosen bounce pattern yielded bounce durations in the range of about 1.5 ms. A load voltage of 27 VDC was chosen to guarantee stable burning arcs for this fundamental work. Depending on the atmosphere, the arc width increased in the following order: helium < ambient air and nitrogen < argon; while the arc speed increased in the order: helium < ambient air < nitrogen and argon. Altogether, under the prevailing conditions of the surrounding atmosphere, the 98% weld force values of experiments carried out under argon and helium yielded weld force values more than twice as high as measured under ambient air and nitrogen.
虽然电弧根迁移率是众所周知的效应,例如,在电弧长度在毫米范围内的断路器中,对于弹跳高度在毫米范围内的低功率开关(在20 a范围内)的影响及其后果尚不清楚。因此,使用先前开发的模型开关来研究不同气氛对电弧宽度和电弧迁移率(速度)的影响,这两者都强烈影响接触焊接行为。采用细粒银触头在空气、氮气、氩气和氦气条件下进行了研究。所选择的反弹模式产生的反弹持续时间约为1.5毫秒。为保证这项基础工作的稳定燃烧电弧,选择了27 VDC的负载电压。根据不同的气氛,弧宽的增加顺序如下:氦气<环境空气,氮气<氩气;而电弧速度的增大顺序为氦气<环境空气<氮气和氩气。总的来说,在周围大气的普遍条件下,在氩气和氦气下进行的98%的焊接力值实验所得到的焊接力值是在环境空气和氮气下测量的两倍以上。
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引用次数: 6
Calculation of the Short-time Withstand Current for Air Circuit Breaker 空气断路器短时耐压电流的计算
Honggang Xiang, Degui Chen, Xingwen Li, Liang Ji, W. Tong
In the optimization design of contact system for the air circuit breaker (ACB), it is important to calculate the short-time withstand current. Introducing the contact bridges to describe contact spots between movable and fixed contacts, transient analysis is carried out by coupling electromagnetic field and thermal field to parallel contact systems, where nonlinear of ferromagnetic splitter plates and properties of conduct material varying with temperature are under consideration. In each time step of calculation, the cross-sectional areas of the contact bridges are changed with the contact forces by Holm formula. The proposed method could be used to analyze the short-time withstand current of ACB.
在空气断路器触点系统的优化设计中,短路耐受电流的计算是一个重要的问题。引入接触桥来描述动触点和固定触点之间的接触点,通过电磁场和热场的耦合对并联接触系统进行瞬态分析,考虑了铁磁分流板的非线性和导电材料随温度变化的特性。在计算的每个时间步长,接触桥的横截面积随接触力的变化采用Holm公式。该方法可用于ACB的短时耐压电流分析。
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引用次数: 7
Dependency of Contact Resistance on Load 接触电阻对负载的依赖性
Y. Saitoh, K. Iida, S. Sawada, K. Shimizu, Y. Hattori
Recently characteristics required of automobiles have been diversified, and from the electric/electronic points of view, the changes of automobiles are a wide range of electronization flow of control and changes of power source of automobiles represented by electric automobiles and the transmission system. Considering these, the connector, one of the network parts of an automobile to shoulder the transmission of signals and power is increasingly important in electric connection and reliability. In designing the connector to be installed in the automobile, therefore, we think it significant to obtain theory to become a design guide on the connecting performance, especially contact resistance characteristic. The objective of this study is to derive the theoretical formula of the contact resistance to meet the requirements from the design of the connector to be installed in the automobile and verify its effectiveness. First, from the known formula of contact resistance, we derived a formula including parameters to determine the connector specifications that are simple and can be used for the design and verified the effectiveness from statistical results of various measurement data.
近年来,对汽车的特性要求越来越多样化,从电气/电子的角度来看,汽车的变化是以电动汽车和传动系统为代表的汽车电控流和动力源的大范围变化。考虑到这些,连接器作为承担信号和电力传输的汽车网络部件之一,在电气连接和可靠性方面显得越来越重要。因此,在设计安装在汽车上的连接器时,我们认为获得有关连接性能,特别是接触电阻特性的理论指导具有重要意义。本研究的目的是从汽车上安装的连接器的设计出发,推导出满足要求的接触电阻的理论公式,并验证其有效性。首先,从已知的接触电阻公式出发,推导出包含参数的公式,以确定简单且可用于设计的连接器规格,并从各种测量数据的统计结果中验证了其有效性。
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引用次数: 6
An Experimental Study of Arc Duration and Transition from Metallic to Gaseous Phase in Ag Alloy Break Arc 银合金断弧弧长及金属相到气相转变的实验研究
K. Yoshida, S. Tanimoto
We have studied maintaining mechanism of the contacts arc discharge. In our experiment, the arc duration ta, metallic phase arc duration tm, and transition ratio from metallic to gaseous phase arc G were experimentally studied in Ag, AgCu and AgSnO2 breaking contacts. Experiments were carried out under the variation of source voltage E (12, 24, 36, 48 V), closed contact current Io (0.4 - 6 A). As a result, the gaseous phase transition was not occurred in E=24 V or less. In addition, gaseous phase transition boundary closed contact current (at which G=50 %) of AgSnO2 was smaller than that of Ag and AgCu contacts. It was clarified that the Io which ta and tm increases rapidly is corresponding to the transition boundary from metallic to gaseous phase arc.
研究了触点电弧放电的维持机理。实验研究了Ag、AgCu和AgSnO2破断触点的弧长ta、金属相弧长tm和金属相弧向气相弧的过渡比G。在源电压E(12、24、36、48 V)和闭合触点电流Io (0.4 ~ 6 A)的变化条件下进行了实验,结果表明,在E=24 V及以下的条件下,气相转变没有发生。此外,当G= 50%时,AgSnO2的气相边界闭合触点电流小于Ag和AgCu触点电流。结果表明,ta和tm快速增加的Io对应于金属弧到气相弧的过渡边界。
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引用次数: 4
A study of Time/Current Characteristics of the Ignition Processes in Cellulosic Material Caused by Electrical Arcing for Application in 240V Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupters 应用于240V电弧故障断路器的纤维材料电弧点火过程的时间/电流特性研究
D. Kolker, S. Campolo, N. DiSalvo
In the development of Arc-Fault Circuit interrupters (AFCIs), one of the most important parameters is the time that an arcing fault could persist before the device will interrupt the current flow and hopefully mitigate fire propagation. In 1996 Underwriters laboratories (UL) published a report on time/current ignition characteristics of arcs at 120 V. Despite the very limited number of tests (195), the obtained data still are used to develop trip times for 120 V rated AFCIs. Continuous expansion of AFCI applications from the dwelling unit bedrooms to other living areas requires knowledge of ignition characteristics at 240 V in order to specify times necessary to clear arcing faults with 240 V AFCIs. This work presents results of research on ignition characteristics of cotton fire indicators caused by electrical arcs with currents ranging from 2 A to 45 A and times from 10 s to 20 ms, when supplied by a 240 V circuit. The total number of tests exceeded 6,000 and provides a statistically acceptable confidence level. The paper examines the role of statistical analysis with respect to the ignition phenomenon due to random variations in the formation of a carbonized path. The duration of actual arcing time is compared with ignition yielding different forms of combustion. The experiments revealed that ignition is possible at currents as low as 2 A. This paper also analyzes the role of temperature rating of PVC wire insulation and other related parameters. Findings could be useful for the future development of 240 V AFCIs.
在电弧故障断路器(afci)的开发中,最重要的参数之一是电弧故障在设备中断电流并有望减缓火灾传播之前持续的时间。1996年,美国保险商实验室(UL)发布了一份关于120伏电弧时间/电流点火特性的报告。尽管测试次数非常有限(195次),获得的数据仍然用于开发120 V额定afci的跳闸时间。AFCI应用从住宅单元卧室不断扩展到其他生活区域,需要了解240 V的点火特性,以便指定清除240 V AFCI电弧故障所需的时间。本文介绍了在240v电压下,由电流为2a ~ 45a,时间为10s ~ 20ms的电弧引起的棉花火灾指示器着火特性的研究结果。测试总数超过6 000次,提供了统计上可接受的置信水平。本文探讨了统计分析在炭化路径形成过程中随机变化引起的点火现象中的作用。实际电弧持续时间与不同燃烧形式的点火时间进行了比较。实验表明,在低至2a的电流下点火是可能的。本文还分析了聚氯乙烯电线绝缘温度等级及其他相关参数的作用。这些发现可能对240v afci的未来发展有用。
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引用次数: 20
Effects of test procedures and sequences on the performance of tin-plated connectors 试验程序和顺序对镀锡连接器性能的影响
W. Abbott, J. H. Neer, H. J. Healey
Laboratory and field studies were initiated with the objective of defining test procedures and sequences which would be both technically sound and cost effective for the evaluation of tin-plated connector products. A related objective was to evaluate and possibly redefine the contact resistance failure criterion for such products in low end applications. The results of this work have suggested that two parallel and relatively simple test methodologies may be adequate to evaluate the reliability of tin connector interfaces. One noncorrosive method may involve vibration as the primary stress with thermal aging used in a sequential exposure. The second method should be some form of dilute, flowing mixed gas environment having NO/sub 2/ (and possibly SO/sub 2/) at concentrations equal to or less than 100 ppb. Finally, these studies have indicated that tests of this type can drive the major degradation mechanisms for tin-plated products without producing unrealistically severe degradation. For such tests, tin-plated products may actually meet or exceed current low-end failure criteria which were actually developed for precious metal products.
启动了实验室和实地研究,目的是确定测试程序和顺序,这些程序和顺序在技术上合理且具有成本效益,可用于评估镀锡连接器产品。一个相关的目标是评估和可能重新定义低端应用中此类产品的接触电阻失效标准。这项工作的结果表明,两种并行和相对简单的测试方法可能足以评估锡连接器接口的可靠性。一种非腐蚀方法可能涉及振动作为主要应力,在连续暴露中使用热老化。第二种方法应该是某种形式的稀释、流动的混合气体环境,其中NO/sub 2/(可能还有SO/sub 2/)的浓度等于或小于100 ppb。最后,这些研究表明,这种类型的测试可以驱动镀锡产品的主要降解机制,而不会产生不切实际的严重降解。对于这些测试,镀锡产品实际上可能达到或超过目前的低端失效标准,这些标准实际上是为贵金属产品开发的。
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引用次数: 10
Evaluation of receptacle connections and contacts 插座连接和触点的评定
J. Aronstein
Wire connections and plug contacts at receptacles account for the majority of electrical power contacts in most residential structures. Average current and duty cycle for these wiring devices have been increasing over the past decades as more appliances, portable heating equipment, and electronics are added to typical user loading. Receptacle contact and connection failures contribute significantly to fire losses in the United States. This paper provides comparative data on long-term test performance of copper-wired screw and push-in wiring terminals and on insertion plug contacts of receptacles presently on the market.
在大多数住宅结构中,插座上的电线连接和插头接触占电力接触的大部分。在过去的几十年里,随着越来越多的电器、便携式加热设备和电子设备被添加到典型的用户负载中,这些布线设备的平均电流和占空比一直在增加。在美国,插座接触和连接故障是造成火灾损失的重要原因。本文提供了目前市场上的铜线螺纹、推入式接线端子和插拔式插座的长期试验性能的比较数据。
{"title":"Evaluation of receptacle connections and contacts","authors":"J. Aronstein","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1993.489684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1993.489684","url":null,"abstract":"Wire connections and plug contacts at receptacles account for the majority of electrical power contacts in most residential structures. Average current and duty cycle for these wiring devices have been increasing over the past decades as more appliances, portable heating equipment, and electronics are added to typical user loading. Receptacle contact and connection failures contribute significantly to fire losses in the United States. This paper provides comparative data on long-term test performance of copper-wired screw and push-in wiring terminals and on insertion plug contacts of receptacles presently on the market.","PeriodicalId":11624,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":"25 1","pages":"253-260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88256342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
期刊
Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts
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