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Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts最新文献

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Arc discharge and surge suppression during a breaking operation of a magnetic relay 磁继电器开断过程中的电弧放电和浪涌抑制
H. Honma, S. Kimura, K. Shoji, N. Wakatsuki
In a switching circuit with an inductive load, arc discharge and surge generated during a breaking operation are big problems. We proposed an electric method for arc discharge suppression using a timely controlled transient current switch and a capacitor arranged in parallel to the energizing switch. In this paper, we propose an improvement. We replaced the capacitor with two capacitors. One to suppress arc ignition and the other is to suppress surge. Using electrical measurements of the relay contact operation, adequate capacitance values and series resistance were derived numerically. The capacitance to suppress arc ignition does not depend on load inductance but only on load resistance. However, the capacitance and its series resistance to suppress surge depend on the load inductance and its resistance. For the break operation (50 V/8 A) of a conventional magnetic relay (HH62P) with an inductive load (84 mH), a 1muF capacitor can suppress arc ignition and a 100 muF capacitor and a resistance of 8Omega is sufficient to suppress surge. No arc ignition and surge controlled to less than 30 V were confirmed experimentally.
在带感性负载的开关电路中,开断过程中产生的电弧放电和浪涌是一个大问题。我们提出了一种利用及时控制的暂态电流开关和并联在励磁开关上的电容器来抑制电弧放电的电方法。在本文中,我们提出了一个改进方案。我们用两个电容器替换了这个电容器。一是抑制引弧,二是抑制浪涌。通过对继电器触点动作的电测量,数值推导出适当的电容值和串联电阻。抑制引弧的电容与负载电感无关,只与负载电阻有关。然而,抑制浪涌的电容及其串联电阻取决于负载电感及其电阻。对于传统磁继电器(HH62P)带感性负载(84 mH)的断动(50 V/8 A), 1muF电容器可以抑制引弧,100 muF电容器和8Omega电阻足以抑制浪涌。实验证实,该装置不引弧,浪涌控制在30v以下。
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引用次数: 7
The Effect of Contact Closure in Vacuum with Fault Current on Prestrike Arcing Time, Contact Welding and the Field Enhancement Factor 故障电流下真空触点闭合对击前起弧时间、触点焊接及场增强系数的影响
P. Slade, R. Kirkland, E. Taylor
Experiments were performed with vacuum interrupters containing Cu-Cr (25 wt%) and W-Cu (10 wt%) contacts. The vacuum interrupters were placed in a spring mechanism, which was placed in a tuned, capacitor bank electrical test circuit. The capacitor bank was charged to 25 kV, which allowed a symmetrical fault current of 50 kA (peak) at 30 Hz. As the vacuum interrupter's contacts closed a prestrike arc occurred when the contact spacing was small enough. This contact gap was recorded. The prestrike arc initiated the ac current, which was interrupted by the test circuit after one half cycle. The contacts were then opened with no current. This process was repeated 5 times. As the experiment progressed the prestrike arcing time increased; i.e. the contact gap broke down at larger and larger gaps during the closing operation resulting in longer and longer prestrike arcing times. We explained this phenomenon by considering the effect of the prestrike arc and the subsequent contact welding on the surface structure of the contacts. The change in the contact's surface structure resulted in an increase of the field enhancement factor, which, in turn, led to the vacuum breakdown of the contacts at increasing contact gaps. For the Cu-Cr contacts the prestrike arcing time was eventually long enough that the contacts formed a weld that the mechanism could not break. Although the prestrike arcing time with the W-Cu contacts did increase, the mechanism always broke any welds that formed.
实验用含有Cu-Cr (25 wt%)和W-Cu (10 wt%)触点的真空灭弧器进行。真空灭弧放置在弹簧机构中,弹簧机构放置在调谐的电容器组电气测试电路中。电容器组充电至25kv,允许在30hz下对称故障电流为50ka(峰值)。当触点间距足够小时,在真空灭弧器触点闭合时产生预击弧。这个接触间隙被记录下来。预击电弧产生交流电流,在半个周期后被测试电路中断。然后在没有电流的情况下打开触点。此过程重复5次。随着实验的进行,预走弧时间增加;即,在闭合过程中,接触间隙击穿的间隙越来越大,导致预击电弧时间越来越长。我们通过考虑预击电弧和随后的接触焊接对触点表面结构的影响来解释这一现象。触点表面结构的变化导致磁场增强系数的增大,进而导致触点在增大的触点间隙处发生真空击穿。对于Cu-Cr触点,预击弧时间最终足够长,使触点形成一个不断裂的焊缝。虽然钨铜触点的预打弧时间确实增加了,但该机制总是破坏任何形成的焊缝。
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引用次数: 16
The RAS Implications of DIMM Connector Failure Rates in Large, Highly Available Server Systems 大型高可用性服务器系统中DIMM连接器故障率的RAS含义
T. J. Dell
The juxtaposition of low-cost dual inline memory module (DIMM) connectors in highly reliable servers has created a difficult reliability, availability, and serviceability conundrum: the connector cost must be low enough to allow hundreds of sockets to be used per system, while at the same time, the system-level reliability must be high enough to prevent connector-related memory failures. This paper explores some of the modeling techniques that can be used to guide system-level fault tolerance decisions in view of the propensity of card-edge connectors to experience corrosion-induced failures, and it explains why understanding the probability density function (PDF) of the connector failure rate is crucial in establishing the system RAS strategy for DIMM connectors. The effects of both a "low" and "high" contact failure rate are analyzed at two different PDF's, and the resultant system implications are discussed.
在高可靠性服务器中同时使用低成本的双内联内存模块(DIMM)连接器产生了一个难以解决的可靠性、可用性和可维护性难题:连接器成本必须足够低,以允许每个系统使用数百个插座,同时,系统级可靠性必须足够高,以防止连接器相关的内存故障。本文探讨了一些可用于指导系统级容错决策的建模技术,考虑到卡边连接器容易经历腐蚀导致的故障,并解释了为什么理解连接器故障率的概率密度函数(PDF)对于建立DIMM连接器的系统RAS策略至关重要。在两种不同的PDF下,分析了“低”和“高”接触故障率的影响,并讨论了由此产生的系统含义。
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引用次数: 1
Arc Fault Detection and Discrimination Methods 电弧故障检测与判别方法
C. Restrepo
Arc waveform characteristics can be evaluated with various methods to recognize the presence of hazardous arc fault conditions. Discussion covers the arc phenomena and how it is generated in a low voltage electrical distribution circuit, as well as the isolation of the presence of hazardous conditions versus conditions that could falsely mimic the presence of an arc fault. Many waveform characteristics and conditions support the detection of hazardous arc faults and foster a more robust design, capable of withstanding unwanted tripping conditions.
电弧波形特征可以用各种方法来评估,以识别危险电弧故障条件的存在。讨论涵盖了电弧现象及其如何在低压配电电路中产生,以及危险条件与可能错误地模拟电弧故障存在的条件的隔离。许多波形特征和条件支持危险电弧故障的检测,并促进更强大的设计,能够承受不必要的跳闸条件。
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引用次数: 92
Dynamic Characteristic and Contact Bounce Analysis for an AC Contactor with PWM Controlled Coil 带PWM控制线圈的交流接触器动态特性及触点弹跳分析
Yingyi Liu, Degui Chen, Liang Ji, Yingsan Geng
In the optimum design of AC contactors, it is important to analyze the dynamic behavior. Moreover, movable contact and core bounces have remarkable effect on the lifetime of contactors. According to a kind of intelligent contactor with feedback mechanism, this paper builds two different sets of periodically inter-transferred equations. The equations describe the coupling of the electric circuit, electromagnetic field and mechanical system taking account of the influence of friction. And with virtual prototyping technology, the dynamic behavior of the contactor can be obtained. The paper introduces the contact resistance to investigate the bounce of the contact.
在交流接触器的优化设计中,对接触器的动态特性进行分析是十分重要的。动触点和铁芯回弹对接触器寿命有显著影响。针对一类带反馈机制的智能接触器,建立了两组不同的周期互传方程。该方程描述了考虑摩擦影响的电路、电磁场和机械系统的耦合关系。利用虚拟样机技术,获得了接触器的动态特性。本文引入接触电阻来研究接触的弹跳。
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引用次数: 20
Modeling the Arc Splitting Process in Low-Voltage Arc Chutes 低压电弧槽电弧劈裂过程建模
A. Mutzke, T. Ruther, M. Kurrat, M. Lindmayer, Ernst-Dieter Wilkening
Investigations on the arc splitting process in low- voltage arc chutes have shown that a threshold voltage has to be exceeded before new arc roots form. When an arc spot has been formed, the electrode fall is nearly constant and rather independent of the current. In simulations a thin layer of elements with a nonlinear current density-voltage characteristic surrounding the splitter plate represents the formation of new arc roots. To model this behavior a characteristic with a voltage hump at low current densities and a constant final voltage at higher current densities has been presented in former publications. In this paper, the influence of the magnitude of the voltage hump is studied. A lower voltage hump yields a smaller arc loop around the front edge of the splitter plate and an earlier subdivision of the arc. A too high voltage hump makes arc splitting impossible. A comparing simulation without any arc root model, but only with the properties of the metallic plates, shows that a realistic simulation of the arc splitting process needs special treatment of the arc roots. The results are compared and verified on the basis of experimental results. Hence, the arc splitting process is analyzed concerning arc voltage and current through the plate as well as location of the arc roots.
对低压电弧槽中电弧分裂过程的研究表明,在新的电弧根形成之前,必须超过一个阈值电压。当形成电弧点时,电极下降几乎是恒定的,与电流无关。在模拟中,在分流板周围有一层具有非线性电流密度-电压特性的薄层元件代表了新电弧根的形成。为了模拟这种行为,在以前的出版物中提出了低电流密度下电压驼峰和高电流密度下恒定的最终电压的特征。本文研究了电压驼峰幅度的影响。电压较低的驼峰产生一个更小的电弧环,围绕分裂板的前缘和更早的电弧细分。电压过高的驼峰使电弧不可能分裂。通过不使用弧根模型而只考虑金属板的特性的对比仿真,可以看出,要真实地模拟弧裂过程,需要对弧根进行特殊处理。并在实验结果的基础上进行了比较和验证。在此基础上,分析了电弧劈裂过程中通过极板的电弧电压、电弧电流以及电弧根的位置。
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引用次数: 28
The influence of design parameters on contact interlocking caused by material transfer 设计参数对材料传递引起的接触联锁的影响
M. Reichart, A.R. Neuhaus, C. Schrank, S. Ilincic, G. Vorlaufer
Contacts, switching DC loads, can create material transfer pip and crater formations which may cause non opening faults due to interlocking. Both, the material transfer formation and the capability to open the contacts at pronounced material transfer, are affected by the design parameters of the contact system. Since the decoupling of these two phenomena cannot be carried out in experimental investigations, a variation of design parameters without a changed material transfer formation is generally not possible. Therefore a finite element model of a contact system, similar to a mass-produced relay, with simple predetermined material transfer on the contacts was designed. By simulating the dynamic opening process and calculating relevant physical quantities (e.g. the separation force) the influence of certain design parameters on the opening capability was investigated. The calculations showed essential dependencies of the required force to open the contact system on certain design parameters. Although for real switches there is not a predictable interdependence between the widely scattering material transfer formation and the opening capability, the calculation can assist to optimize a well-defined switchgear design if material transfer is assumed.
触点,切换直流负载,可以产生材料传递pip和火山口形成,这可能导致非打开故障,由于联锁。接触系统的设计参数对材料传递的形成和在明显的材料传递时打开触点的能力都有影响。由于这两种现象的解耦不能在实验研究中进行,因此在不改变材料传递形成的情况下改变设计参数通常是不可能的。因此,设计了一个类似于量产继电器的触点系统的有限元模型,该模型在触点上具有简单的预定材料传递。通过模拟动态开启过程,计算相关物理量(如分离力),研究了某些设计参数对开启能力的影响。计算表明,打开接触系统所需的力与某些设计参数有本质的依赖关系。虽然对于实际的开关来说,广泛散射的材料传输形成和开断能力之间没有可预测的相互依赖关系,但如果假设材料传输,计算可以帮助优化定义良好的开关柜设计。
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引用次数: 2
Thermal Analysis of Sealed Electromagnetic Relays Using 3-D Finite Element Method 密封电磁继电器的三维有限元热分析
Huimin Liang, Wenlong Wang, G. Zhai
Up to now, it is difficult to test the inner temperatures of sealed electromagnetic relays. In this paper, the temperature distribution of a sealed electromagnetic relay is obtained by using 3-D finite element analysis. The quality of thermal simulation results depends on the accuracy of both the modeled heat sources and heat sinks. Due to the high performance requirements of sealed electromagnetic relay it is interesting to know not only the temperatures of the conducting parts but also the thermal impact on the plastic components. Therefore, the non-metallic parts of the sealed electromagnetic relay (including the air within the device) are now part of the model. In order to improve the accuracy of simulation, the contact radius is calculated in advance. The relationship between convection heat transfer coefficient and temperature and how to consider connecting wires boundary condition are also researched here. Finally, the temperature distribution of a sealed electromagnetic relay is obtained by this method. Comparisons with experimental results confirm its validity.
到目前为止,对密封电磁继电器内部温度的测试是比较困难的。本文采用三维有限元分析方法,得到了密封电磁继电器的温度分布。热模拟结果的质量取决于模拟热源和散热器的精度。由于密封电磁继电器的高性能要求,不仅要知道导电部件的温度,还要知道对塑料部件的热影响。因此,密封电磁继电器的非金属部分(包括装置内的空气)现在是模型的一部分。为了提高仿真精度,对接触半径进行了提前计算。研究了对流换热系数与温度的关系以及如何考虑接线边界条件。最后,用该方法得到了密封电磁继电器的温度分布。与实验结果的比较验证了该方法的有效性。
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引用次数: 4
Basic Investigations for Switching of RF Signals 射频信号开关的基本研究
W. Johler
A major advantage of electromechanical RF relays is their capability to carry and to switch signals from DC up to the GHz range. Up to now the switching capability of miniature RF relays was limited to a few Watts, which was not really satisfactory. Basic investigations were performed to understand the mechanism when high frequency signals are switched, as no data was previously available. When high frequency signals are interrupted, the arc performs like a DC arc due to its thermal characteristics and burns for several periods of the signal. The arc is an adjustable resistor and just changes the amplitude of the output signal. When the contact gap increases, the arc finally extinguishes at current zero in a similar way as an AC arc. At the time the arc extinguishes the signal makes a phase shift as the open contact can be considered to be a capacitance. Practical tests were performed on a new type of high performance low-cost ultra-miniature RF relay with DC loads up to 60 W, low frequency AC loads up to 62.5 VA and RF loads with a maximum power of 37 W. The results obtained confirm the theoretical approach. Major advantages of bridge contacts providing two contact gaps in series were found, yielding excellent RF characteristics as well as outstanding switching performance in all frequency ranges from DC to RF. Even after 1 million operations no relevant changes of the RF characteristics were found, although a load of 37 W was hot switched.
机电RF继电器的一个主要优点是它们能够携带和切换从直流到GHz范围的信号。目前,小型RF继电器的开关能力还局限在几瓦,不能令人满意。由于之前没有数据可用,因此进行了基础调查以了解高频信号切换时的机制。当高频信号中断时,由于其热特性,电弧表现得像直流电弧,并在信号的几个周期内燃烧。电弧是一个可调电阻,只是改变输出信号的幅度。当触点间隙增大时,电弧最终在电流为零时熄灭,其方式与交流电弧相似。当电弧熄灭时,信号发生相移,因为开触点可以被认为是电容。在直流负载60w、低频交流负载62.5 VA、射频负载最大功率37w的情况下,对新型高性能、低成本超小型射频继电器进行了实际测试。所得结果证实了理论方法。桥接触点的主要优点是提供串联的两个触点间隙,在从直流到射频的所有频率范围内都具有出色的RF特性和开关性能。即使经过100万次操作,也没有发现射频特性的相关变化,尽管热开关负载为37 W。
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引用次数: 1
Analyzing Method of Random Vibration Characteristic for Armature System of Hermetically Sealed Electromagnetic Relay 密封电磁继电器电枢系统随机振动特性分析方法
Zhai Guofu, C. Yinghua, Ren Wanbin
The vibration performance of hermetically sealed electromagnetic relay which contains armature system is an important element when we judge the reliability of apparatus. A nonlinear single-degree-of-freedom mathematic model considering contact loss was built in this paper, and the dynamic behavior of armature subjected to external Gaussian white noise excitation was investigated by using Fokker-Planck equation and Monte Carlo simulation. Both the spectral contents and statistical results of the contact force showed great coincidence with reality. From the statistical results and spectral diagrams, the relation between the probability of loss contact, model parameters and system behavior was discussed, and the conclusions are of great importance for the reliability design of hermetically sealed electromagnetic relay.
含电枢系统的密闭式电磁继电器的振动性能是判断设备可靠性的一个重要因素。建立了考虑接触损耗的非线性单自由度数学模型,采用Fokker-Planck方程和蒙特卡罗模拟方法研究了外部高斯白噪声激励下电枢的动态特性。接触力的谱值和统计结果与实际情况吻合较好。从统计结果和谱图上讨论了失触概率、模型参数和系统行为之间的关系,所得结论对密闭式电磁继电器的可靠性设计具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts
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