Egyptian Journal of Petroleum最新文献

The most common method of preventing the formation of emulsions in the petroleum industry is by the application of a de-emulsifier chemical. The standard approach of selecting an appropriate de-emulsifying agent is by scanning different chemistries with changing properties to identify the emulsion breaking region. However, the disadvantage is that these tests are time-consuming. This work presents a faster alternative for choosing de-emulsifier chemicals by using machine learning. For data to train and test machine learning models, several bottle tests are analyzed at different combination of essential parameters. For both non-EOR/normal and EOR-induced emulsion, the models are validated with real crude oil to output a list of de-emulsifiers that work in breaking the emulsion and rank them for success based on probability. An application workflow of this de-emulsifier prediction tool is also created for deploying the model to provide guideline for quick de-emulsifier chemical selection.

Solid polymer electrolytes have been broadly studied due to their wide applications in various electrochemical devices. In the present work, the electrical properties of polyaniline and its composites with BaSO₄ have been studied. The polymerization of aniline monomer via the ordinary chemical polymerization process showed an amorphous structure. Whereas, in the presence of BaSO₄ as a seed, the aniline is polymerized in an orthorhombic crystalline structure on the BaSO₄-surface. Two composite samples of PANI and BaSO₄ with different amounts of BaSO₄ (1.5 and 2.5 wt%) were prepared and analyzed using XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and XPS techniques. The ac- electrical studies on the composites showed an enhancement in the electrical conductivity of PANI due to the addition of BaSO₄. Ac- conductivity at frequency 500 kHz, and 100 °C, showed values of 1.9 × 10⁻³, 5.4 × 10⁻⁴, 1.6 × 10⁻¹, and 1.9 × 10⁻¹ S/cm for PANI, BaSO₄, BaSO₄/PANI 1.5 wt%, and BaSO₄/PANI 2.5 wt%, respectively.

Clathrate hydrates form and grow when small gas molecules ($<0.9$ nm) come to contact with water at favorable pressure and temperature conditions. It happens in both the interstitial pore space between distributed marine sediments and inside their nano-meter sized pore spaces. For several thousands of years, the hydrates have occurred abundantly in permafrost and under the sea floor locking an immense amount of energy in the form of natural gas. It is estimated that the total gas reserved in hydrate deposits can meet our primary energy demand for a couple of centuries. To understand their formation and subsequent growth, several formulations have been derived at fundamental level. Various simplified assumptions still make those models really complicated and lead to provide reasonably large errors in prediction. Unfortunately, there is no direct correlation available so far that can precisely predict the hydrate kinetics with most simple way. This work introduces the development of a non-fundamental model routed through the concept of clathrate physics. To investigate the versatility and effectiveness of this growth model, it is used to predict the real-time data comparing with existing physical models.

The removal of Ni (II), Mn (II) and Zn (II) from crude yellow cake onto chitosan cross-linked by Epichlorohydrin (CS-ECH) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were investigated in nitrate solutions. The influence of contact time, pH, temperature and initial metal concentrations on the adsorption processes were investigated using batch modes. Langmuir and Fruindlish models were used for investigation of adsorption isotherm. The results showed that the equilibrium adsorption behavior of metal ions onto CS-ECH and PVA could be fitted to Langmuir model. The total maximum adsorption capacity of CS-ECH and PVA were calculated, and the results indicate the higher values of CS-ECH than PVA, due to the properties of chemical structure of CS-ECH. The adsorption kinetics parameters were also tested using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order models, and interparticle diffusion models. The results indicate the adsorption processes of metal ions on both CS-ECH and PVA followed the pseudo-first-order and the pseudo-second-order models which meaning the mixed adsorption, except the adsorption of Mn (II) on PVA is only described by the pseudo-second-order equation. The results indicate the adsorption processes of metal ions followed the pseudo-second-order models for both CS-ECH and PVA. Otherwise, the values of thermodynamic parameters (ΔH^o_ads, ΔS^o_ads, and ΔG^o_ads) of metal ions removal by CS-ECH and PVA exhibit the spontaneity, and exothermicity of adsorption processes.

The marine acoustic techniques are powerful tools to investigate and identify the seabed objects by applying different processing and interpretation steps. Two types of marine acoustic imaging techniques used in this study; Side Scan Sonar (SSS) that mapping seabed features and identifies the objects on it, and Sub-Bottom Profiling (SBP) that providing information about sediment thicknesses and stratigraphic structure. The integration between these two marine acoustic techniques, as well as, ground truth data obtained from an underwater camera, was used to distinguish seabed objects; coastal boulder accumulations that are documented along the western Mediterranean coast of Egypt. The study and analysis of the collected data demonstrated that: the combination between side scan sonar, chirp sub-bottom profiling systems, and ROV images can successfully distinguish different types of objects. Generally, objects observed from SSS are indicated in the SBP as weak backscatter curves. The case study results, from analysis of SBP with ROV image to the object detected by SSS utilized three objects making a shadow in SSS seabed: boulder, hard substrate, and seagrass. The integration of these techniques resulting specifies the location of the geo-hazards area.

Nowadays more emphasis is given to biodegradable polymers owing to their distinct properties. Biopolymers are natural, inexpensive, available, and environmentally friendly substitutes that are planned to substitute HPAM for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). In this research, grafted guar with different vinyl monomers prepared through a free radical emulsion polymerization reaction to enhance the drawbacks of native guar gum. Structure characterization was conducted by various spectroscopic techniques including (FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscope (AFM), nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), and thermal analysis established by TGA analysis. Rheological characteristics were tested at severe reservoir conditions. Laboratory flooding experiments performed by sandstone packed model. It is indicated from the rheological analysis that the modified composites have more temperature resistance, salt tolerance, and improved viscosity properties than native gum. The flooding data assumed that the prepared GG-g-AM& MMA and GG-g-AM, MMA&TEVS are suitable for EOR techniques where they can withstand the severe reservoir condition and achieve a recovery factor up to (47.7%) from residual oil by using GG-g-AM& MMA and (55.5%) of residual oil by using GG-g-AM, MMA&TEVS while native guar achieves only (27.7%).

The kinetics of decomposition of coordination polymer poly (ethylene glycol) intermediate complex [PEG-Mn^VIO₄^2-] which was formed during the progression of the relatively fast first stage for the oxidation of poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) by alkaline permanganate have been investigated by conventional spectrophotometer. Pseudo first -order condition in the presence of [PEG] substrate as a synthetic polymer in large excess over [MnO₄^-] was showed first-order overall reaction kinetics. The influence of the alkali concentration on the decomposition rate constants indicated that the oxidation rates were increased with increasing the alkali concentration, therefore, the decomposition process was considered of base-catalyzed nature. The rate constant of decomposition was found to be 2.3 x10^-4 s⁻¹, whereas the deprotonation constant was 2.88 dm³ mol⁻¹ at 45 °C. The activation parameters have been calculated and found to be ΔH^≠ = 34.93 kJmol⁻¹; ΔS^≠ = −176.2 Jmo^l-K⁻¹ and ΔG^≠ = 90.96 kJmol⁻¹. The chemical structure of such synthesized acid-derivative of PEG was elucidated by elemental analysis and spectral data. The negative results of 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine and hydroxylamine identified investigations along with (FTIR) spectra results indicated that the oxidation product is the acid derivative of poly (ethylene glycol) (ADPEG). The synthesis procedure of the acid-derivative of PEG (ADPEG) as the final oxidation product was described in detail. The product yield was found to be ~ 98%. It is found that the oxidation product (ADPEG) has a high tendency for chelation with most polyvalent metal ions in particularly the divalent metal ions forming their corresponding coordination polymer complexes. Therefore, this distinct property of the product renders it to be used as a chelating agent of high performance, non-toxicity and low cost compared with the chelating agents available in the markets. A suitable reaction mechanism for the decomposition in terms of electron-transfer nature was suggested and discussed.

At present, reservoir whether isotropy or anisotropy is taking more attention, particularly the difference in (porosity, permeability, and capillary pressure) associated with pore space. These differences are due to the original sediments and thus diagenetic changes. It has been found that common models are insufficient to predict reservoir performance and field management program design. Recovery factor (RF) is the main factor affecting the optimization process for any reservoir that is very sensitive to reservoir heterogeneity and hence an accurate vertical and horizontal permeability (K_v and K_h) distribution is required. A case study is represented in this paper aimed at vertical permeability estimation from horizontal permeability and porosity for Mishrif reservoir in west Qurna/1 oil field southern Iraq. This study has been accomplished by testing five models, harmonic averaging, Kozeny-Carman equation, Zahaf and Tiab, Iheanacho et al., and Fazelalav to determine vertical permeability and comparing the results with core data values. It is found that the models were used showed an accuracy variation between the units of Mishrif reservoir based on Mishrif full diameter cores from 20 wells. Four new correlations are obtained for mA, CRII, mB1, and mB2 units for Mishrif Reservoir in West Qurna/1 oil field. The correlation shows that the permeability is depending on porosity in the mA unit due to the homogeneity and the Mb1 unit has a higher anisotropy than the other units.

Biofuels can contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and bridging the gap between production and consumption. Ethanol is a renewable source of energy. It can reduce oil dependence and also can be appropriately used in gasoline as a blend. The high cost of dry ethanol has turned the researcher's attention to the more economic hydrous ethanol. However many works were focused on its impact on the engine performance and the exhaust emissions; few works were interested in the phase stability of those blends. This work aims to study the impact of blending cyclohexanol (CH) into hydrous ethanol-gasoline blends as a stabilizing agent. Four dual-alcohol (E5-3CH, E10-3CH, E15-3CH, and E20-3CH) blends were investigated besides their single hydrous ethanol (E0, E5, E10, E15, and E20) blends. The tests involved; water tolerance, distillation curve, and vapor pressure. Vapor lock protection potential, the area under the distillation curve (AUDC), and the area due to azeotrope formation (ADAF) were calculated. The obtained results show that cyclohexanol significantly increases the water tolerance of hydrous ethanol-gasoline blends. The blends of E5 and E10 which were separated at 30 °C converted into miscible and clear samples when they were blended with 3 vol% of cyclohexanol. These samples can also tolerate additional water. For E20, the addition of 3 vol% of cyclohexanol increased the water tolerance by about six times. Also, it was found that cyclohexanol does not have any negative effect on the volatility properties of the fuel blends. It was found that blending CH into the hydrous ethanol blends causes a significant increase in the AUDC and consequently, the area due to azeotrope formation (ADAF) decrease.

Transportation of heavy crude oil via pipelines possesses many technological issues that are inherently flow related. Accurate prediction of flow characteristics is an essential step for a reliable piping design of transporting the crude oil. A rheology-based Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of the Iraqi heavy crude oil flow through a horizontal pipe (1 m length of 3/4 in. inside diameter) was developed using the commercial software Ansys 15 Fluent. By using power law rheological model, the Iraqi heavy crude oil exhibits a non-Newtonian dilatant behavior over the examined shear rate range of 1–40 s⁻¹. The proposed axi-symmetric CFD model identifies velocity profile and generates values of friction factor, which are validated with experimental measurements. Additionally, wall shear stress and entrance length were numerically predicted and compared with well-established correlations from the literature for Non-Newtonian flow. Detailed results of the CFD model exhibited a reliable prediction of the characteristics of heavy crude oil flow.