Egyptian Journal of Petroleum最新文献

Since aluminum is used in many essential applications, it has become a focus of researchers, mainly aluminum alloy 7075, because of its importance in the aircraft industry. The alloy 7075 incorporates high-strength materials such as Al-Cu-Mg, but with Zn through the primary alloy ingredient, instead of copper. Variations in the properties achieved in heat handling of Al-Zn-Mg ingredient 7075 are caused by solution and hardening process precipitation. The word heat-treatment solution means heat-treatment of a metallic structure to remove precipitated particles in the matrix. This work aims at studying the effect of solution treatment, the aging process, and the retrogression process on the mechanical properties of the Al 7075. Test measurements were taken by heating to 470 °C, intended for 30 min, then water quenching from goods, machines, and solutions. For example, not numerous of these collections were aged at R.T. Across 120 h. Other participants aged 24 h at 120 °C artificially. Then the retrogressed for 35 min at 180 °C; the group of these samplings was typically aged in R.T. across 120 h. Other groups were chemically aged for one day at 120 °C and retrogressed for 8 min at 200 °C, and all these samples were naturally aged at the average temperature for 120 h. Many classes were aged chemically for one day at 120 °C. Materials were evaluated by studying their microstructure, hardness, and tensile strength. It has been concluded that the best heat treatment values are the condition (1), indicating that the triple artificial aging gives the highest values of Hardness 49.4 HB and UTS 690 MPa, which were seen and convinced with the microstructure taken for each specimen.

Many naturally-derived organic coating has been proposed for corrosion protection of carbon steel, but its effectiveness is challenged by poor coating adhesion. In this work, chitosan was extracted from Nila tilapia fish scales and coated onto ASTM A36 carbon steel surface by using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) and dip coating (DC) techniques. The work aims at determining the coating technique and process parameters that result in effective corrosion protection of carbon steel in acid solution. The effectiveness of corrosion protection was determined by calculating inhibition efficiency from corrosion parameters obtained by polarization test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Results showed that each coating technique provides different mechanism of corrosion protection. The DC-made coating showed a physisorption mechanism where the steel's corrosion rate increases as the temperature increased. The EPD-coated specimens demonstrated a chemisorption mechanism with its minor change in corrosion rates than those of DC-coated specimens. The DC technique resulted in a higher inhibition (73 %) efficiency and lower corrosion rate than that of EPD (41 %) with some degree of stability over increasing temperature.

Carbon-graphite materials based on needle coke are fundamentally important for the development of related industries worldwide. This paper presents the study results of two types of decantoil coking distillates from the FCC plant, obtained in a laboratory simulation to produce petroleum needle coke. During coking, distillates were sampled by cut fractions at formation temperatures of 410–440, 440–470, 470–500, 500–505 °C. The hydrocarbon composition of the original decantoils and obtained cut fractions of the coking distillates were analysed by GC–MS. The selection of short-boiling-range products and analysis of their hydrocarbon composition allowed to estimate indirectly the stages of mesophase development and to determine the narrow temperature interval at which its most active development occurs. For the two types of decantoils this temperature interval is different (for D2 − 440–470 °C, for D1 − 470–500 °C). This phenomenon allows us to effectively determine the regime parameters of the delayed coking process for needle coke production. The formation kinetics (effective activation energy and pre-exponential factor) of different groups hydrocarbons, including paraffin-naphthenic, unsaturated, aromatic (mono-, bi- and polycyclic) for the first time was determined using the model-free Friedman isoconversion method. The obtained coefficients of determination are close to 0.9–1.

Eco-friendly synthesis of organic compounds is a major trend in green chemistry. Thus, we aim at producing some of the lube oil additives through the use of green chemistry. Dispersant lube oil additives are remarkable additives that regulate the formation of deposits throughout the process. Antioxidants do not prevent the oxidation reactions but only delay the rate of this process. In the present work, some additives for lube oil based on thiourea derivative were prepared by one-step reaction, which is the reaction of octadeca-7-enoy) chloride with ammonium thiocyanate in addition to different amines such as ethylenediamine, diethylene triamine, and tetraethylene pentamine as three-component system in order to prepare thioamide derivatives (A, B, and C). Infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, determination of molecular weights, and yield determination verified the chemical structure of all synthesized molecules. All the compounds produced are tested as lube oil additives (dispersants and antioxidants), and it has been found that all the compounds prepared are good as dispersants but have poor effect as antioxidants. The theoretical result is the same as the experimental result of antioxidants through the use of the quantum chemical calculations by calculating the energy gap (EHOMO-ELUMO). The best dispersant lube oil additive is (C).

The use of renewable resources including solar energy has become a mandatory approach to reduce the repercussions of the excessive use of fossil fuels. Recently, there has been an exponential increase in the research of solar cells of various types, which led to their storming the international economic market as a safe source of energy. Silicon-based solar cells (Si-based SCs) occupied the throne of solar cells until the advent of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which captured the attention of scientists around the world with its high and rapid tide in the values of their efficiencies, which exceeds 25% and predicted to reach the Shockley–Queisser limit. This review takes, in summary, a general tour in the world of PSCs to discuss the perovskite emergence and its composition materials, the components of PSCs, the unique properties of hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) that stand behind the high-performance devices, the PSC architectures and their fabrication processes, the industrial challenges and finally a future view on PSC fate.

Because of the heavy metal content and other toxic chemicals, used lubricating oil remains one of the most serious environmental concerns. The target of this work is the synthesis of γ-Al₂O₃ from waste aluminum foil and re-refining waste lubricating oils using solvent extraction pursued by hydrotreatment. The trimetallic CoNiMo/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst was prepared via a co-impregnation method. The support and tri-metallic supported alumina are characterized by N₂ adsorption–desorption techniques, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, HRTEM, and EDX. The catalyst was evaluated in the hydrotreating of extracted waste lubricating oils. The results confirmed that the solvent to oil ratio of 3 gave the higher performance with the highest percent of sludge elimination at room temperature. Hydrotreating of extracted lube oil was investigated to determine the effect of variables such as temperature, pressure, liquid hour space velocity, and hydrogen to oil feed ratio. The results indicated that the optimum conditions are (temperature 400 °C, Pressure 60 bar, 0.75 h⁻¹ LHSV). The results showed improvement of the hydrotreated waste lubricating oils properties by decreasing the refractive index from 1.480 to 1.460, the total acid number decreased from 8.164 to 0. 459, the Viscosity Index increase from 78 to 129, and the Sulfur content decreased from 6752 ppm to 543 ppm.

Further studies into drilling fluids especially to reduce the use of oil and synthetic-based drilling fluids are ever-growing due to their contributions to environmental pollution. This study, therefore, attempts to evaluate the thermal, viscosity, surface tension, and filtration loss properties of water-based drilling fluids (WBDFs) upon the addition of Gemini surfactant-silica nanofluid. This surfactant-nanofluid was formed by dissolving silica nanofluid in the surfactant solution, and ultra-sonication was used to attain homogeneity. Characterization of the Gemini surfactant-silica (SiO₂) nanofluid was done by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The viscosity, surface tension, and filtration loss properties were studied using the rheometer, tensiometer, and low-pressure, low-temperature (LPLT) filter press respectively. The experimental results showed that Gemini surfactants contributed to the highest increase in drilling fluid viscosity compared to a conventional surfactant. Also, when combined with silica-nanoparticles showed better thermal stability with an 11% average change in viscosity with increasing temperature and a decrease in surface tension and filtration loss both showing a 17% and 12% decrease respectively.

This manuscript aimed to enhance the mechanical, thermal, and ignition properties of bagasse paper when coated with different coatings synthesized from hydroxyethyl cellulose, 1,3-di-p-toluidine-2,2,2,4,4,4-hexachlorocyclodiphosph(V)azane, Talc powder, NaHCO₃, cellulose nanocrystal. The effect of these coatings on the mechanical properties was studied by measuring elongation, tensile strength, and burst strength. The stages of degradation and ash residue of the measuring specimens were determined using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), behind that, the ignition properties as the flame chamber (UL/94), and limiting oxygen index (LOI) was measured according to standards. These tests proved that 1,3-di-p-toluidine-2,2,2,4,4,4-hexachlorocyclodiphosph(V)azane has a direct effect on improving the mechanical characteristics and enhancing the ignition properties of the coated specimens compared to uncoated. In this study the physical, mechanical, thermal, and ignition properties of the bagasse paper sheets were enhanced by easy and low-cost method via synthesis of new coatings based on commercially available chemicals in a reasonable cost.

Well production rate is one of the most crucial parameters for reservoir modeling, management and surveillance. In most cases, this parameter is known by using empirical correlations to estimate the flow rate passing through fixed wellhead choke. However, in offshore and hostile environments, the multi orifice valve (MOV) choke is installed as a substitute to control the well production remotely. Due to complexity of flow in this type of restriction, theoretical choke modeling is impossible and the available empirical correlations for fixed chokes can’t be used for rate calculation. In this paper, a new, yet simple plotting technique is proposed for modeling the flow of gas condensate type fluid in MOV wellhead choke to estimate well gas rate. By using a set of test separator data including 164 well rate, choke opening and wellhead flowing pressure, gathered from an offshore gas condensate reservoir located in Middle East, the technique was developed and validated. The results revealed that proposed methodology can estimate well rate with an absolute average percent deviation of 5%. The critical need for rate data, make the findings of this paper attractive for petroleum industry.

Today, the issues related to solving the problem of finding an effective distribution of oil flows through the system of oil pipelines in order to reduce the total energy consumption are relevant. The solution to this problem is connected with selection of rational pumping modes for various technological sections of oil pipelines using modern methods of mathematical programming or new techniques for improving the energy and transport characteristics of oil.

Reducing energy consumption during pumping of crude through oil trunk pipelines can be achieved by various methods. Numerous investigations in this direction are mainly carried out to save energy on separate single-line pipelines. However, due to the development of the network of trunk oil pipelines in the world over the past decades, the issues of energy efficient management of oil flows throughout the entire oil pipeline system of oil and gas enterprises become urgent.

This paper analyses parameters for pipeline transport of high-viscosity and heavy oils. The article proposes a method for assessing the rheological properties of oil for further planning of pumping taking into account the preservation of oil quality and an increase in energy and transport characteristics. The proposed solutions and tasks for predicting changes in the viscosity-temperature characteristics of the flow for blends of different oil types are especially relevant in the current conditions of an increase in the share of oil production with complex rheological characteristics. Results of the presented investigations may be used for planning the measures of efficient transportation of high-viscosity and heavy oils.