Egyptian Journal of Petroleum最新文献

In this work, a hybrid resin composite membrane was successfully synthesized from a phenyl epoxy/poly (vinyl pyrrolidone)/Fe₃O₄ resin composite and characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Performance characteristics such as concentration factor, the flow rate, and permeate flux of the synthesized hybrid resin membrane were investigated. The concertation factor was changed through the experiment from 1 to 1.6. The flow rate changed from 2.5 l/h at the beginning of the experiment to 1.05 l/h by the end of the experiment. The permeate flux was equal to 8.9 l/(m²h) at the beginning of the investigation. It was noticed that the permeate flux decreased over time to 3.76 l/(m²h). In addition, the hybrid resin composite membrane was efficiently used for treating petroleum-produced water (PPW) as an alternative to chemical scale inhibitors. The results showed that the proposed treatment system could successfully remove most scale-forming cations and anions from the PPW. Combining the new prepared resin with membrane could remove several cations and anions from OFPPW at rates ranging from 75% (for Strontium) to 97% (for Barium), while the Iron was 100% removed. Thus, the treated water effluent could be reused safely as injection water in the petroleum production process without concern for forming Barium sulfate and Dolomite scales in the used water.

The thermal–mechanical technique presented in this paper has been developed to increase the intensity and ductility of the Al-2024 alloy. As a result of standard solid solution treatment, cold rolling at room temperature, and imitation maturing at 175 °C for three hours. After aging, the Al 2024 alloy has ultimate and yield strengths at 469 MPa and 324 MPa, correspondingly. The microstructure and malleable features of an extruded Al 2024 alloying combination have been investigated in the manner of heat treatment T6. SEM, X-ray diffractometry, and optical microscopy were all used to examine the microstructure of the alloy under study. Aluminum Al 2024 alloy was established on the synthesis of rich copper intermetallic. There was a comparison of several mechanical properties since following the protrusion and heat treatment T6, researchers observed that A2024 had considerably enhanced tensile properties. Researchers found that the composite exhibits elongation of the decisive intensity and values of 381 MPa and 13.6 %, individually. An examination of the rupture exteriors of hot-squeeze-out composite specimens exposed that the malleable form of rupture predominates. Triple aging is the third aging process after the third heat treatment process, which takes place in either artificial or natural aging.

Corrosion is recognized as a notable problem in oil sector where API5LX60 steel transmission pipelines are in frequent use. In this report, three oxazolone derivatives as potential corrosion inhibitors were investigated on API5LX60 graded carbon steel in 1N H₂SO₄ solution in stagnant conditions at concentrations 50–200 ppm. Gravimetric weight loss coupons and electrical resistance corrosion monitoring techniques performed on test samples showed inhibitory properties with best at 200 ppm inhibitor concentration. The results further revealed that the degree of inhibition was concentration dependent. Inhibitor I exhibited the highest inhibition efficiency of 90.70% at 200 ppm concentration. Statistical analysis using multiple linear regression model procreated high R² value of 0.998 and p-value < 0.0001 asserting a smooth linear dependence of inhibitor efficiency on oxazolone concentration and weight loss of the steel. Again, surface analysis affirmed the formation of protective coating of inhibitor on steel surface. Furthermore, the oxazolone inhibitor adsorbed physically on the steel surface and obeyed the Langmuir isotherm which is evident from the linear correlation coefficient value of 0.9992.

This work aimed to enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of bagasse paper by synthesizing new coatings to prevent bagasse paper from the ignition. Paper sheets were treated with 0.5 percent cychlodiphosph(V)azane/ CaCO₃ solution (1.5 percent), 1.5 percent NaHCO₃ solution, and CNCs mixed with 5.0percent of starch. Paper sheets were treated by immersing bagasse paper in a coating mixture. The paper sheets were then allowed to air dry at ambient temperature. It is important to measure the burning rate (BR) to give people a chance to decrease the loss. These enhancements were investigated using elongation and tensile strength, air permeability test, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and combustion tests (UL/94 and LOI). So, the bagasse paper treatments can be used as packaging materials.

Fractures are one of the most prevalent and important geological features in petroleum exploration and production, as they have a substantial impact as conduits for hydrocarbon flow and improve the overall permeability of the formation. Despite their necessity, detecting and characterizing natural fractures still represents a difficult challenge. This study provides a technique for detecting and characterizing naturally fractured reservoirs using conventional well logs in the Eocene Thebes Formation, October Field, Gulf of Suez. Especially as this technique is not applied widely in October Field or even in the Gulf of Suez. Most carbonate reservoirs are complex and heterogeneous; one of the reasons is their naturally fractured characteristics. These fractures can significantly affect reservoir behavior, performance, and production. Despite being the most commonly available data source, logs are rarely employed in a systematic way to have a complete quantitative analysis of naturally fractured reservoirs. Since the presence of fractures affects all well logs in one way or another. This study presents an integrated workflow for determining fracture presence potentiality by combining conventional well logs, thin sections, and other available data in absence of directly advanced logging technologies such as Formation MicroImager (FMI), Dipole Shear Image (DSI), and Borehole Televiewer (BHTV). This integrated workflow was very effective and useful in the evaluation of potential fractures' existence, reservoir characterization, and development. Finally, the results of this integrated workflow suggest a high probability of fracture existence and identification in Thebes Formation, confirming that integration between conventional logging and other available data is very precious, and has a good potential to be used in absence of direct advanced methods for fractured reservoir characterization. For further studies, core data and advanced logs would be beneficial for correlation, since they would provide a more accurate picture of the fracture parameters.

The ligand (PBABMDP: 2,2′-((1E,1′E)-(1,3-phenylene bis(azanylylidene)) bis(methanyly-lidene))-diphenol was synthesized in a reasonable yield from 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and m-phenylenediamine and studied using IR, mass, and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. PBABMDP has been used as a neutral carrier to make a new carbon paste (CPS) and screen-printed sensors (SPS) that are highly selective to Mn(II) ions. They revealed linear concentration ranges from 1.0 × 10^-7 to 1.0 × 10^-1 mol L^-1 for CPS (sensor I) and from 3.7 × 10^-8 to 1.0 × 10^-1 mol L^-1 for SPS (sensor II), respectively, with Nernstian slopes of 29.01 ± 0.97 and 29.96 ± 0.57 mV decade^-1. For sensor I and sensor II, the detection limit, and the response time of the sensors were: 1.0 × 10^-7 and 3.7 × 10^-8 mol L^-1 and 9 and 6 s, respectively. Without observe a divergence, the paste may be used for more than 95 or 182 days and the sensors can be used between 4.0 and 7.5 pH and 3.0 to 8.5 pH. For sensor I and II, the isotherm coefficient of the sensors was 0.000105 and 0.000168 V/^oC. The proposed sensors were applied to the determination of Mn(II) ions in real petroleum water samples. The results achieved using this potentiometric method and those obtained with AAS were well agreed.

Asphaltenes deposition is one of the most severe problems in the petroleum industry, imposing high costs on oil producer companies. The use of chemical dispersants reduces the risk of asphaltene deposition. For this purpose, a variety of chemicals with different structures and functional groups were designed and synthesized. Organic quaternary salts, such as ionic liquids, have been widely used to control asphaltene deposition over the last two decades, but the mechanism of their interaction with asphaltene has not been studied in detail. In this study, the interaction of ten commercial quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts with asphaltene molecules was investigated using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. It was observed that the size, shape, and hydrophobicity of their cations or anions play an essential role in the dispersion of asphaltene aggregations. The results showed that the interaction of these quaternary salts is strongly influenced by the hydrophobic nature of the salt, and salts with more hydrophobic cations and anions, such as tetrabutylammonium iodide, tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, can better disperse asphaltene aggregations. The results also revealed that the role of anions such as iodide, and hexafluorophosphate in the dispersion of asphaltene aggregates is more important than cations. In addition, the results showed that except for tetramethylammonium bromide, the efficiency of the salts was increased with increasing concentration.

This study is on the modeling of fermentable sugar production process; obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of Colocynthis vulgaris Shrad seeds shell (CVSSS) using the response surface methodology (RSM) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The sugar was hydrolysed from the CVSSS using Aspergillus Niger isolated from soil. The RSM and ANFIS models were evaluated by considering the hydrolysing temperature, time and pH as input variables, whereas the percentage yield of sugar was the response factor or the output factor. Four statistical error tasks were additionally, applied to relate the adequacy of the two models. The result showed that, fermentable sugar can be obtained from the CVSSS with A. niger as a biocatalyst. The ANFIS and RSM tools presented a nigh perfection, in predicting the yield of fermentable sugar from CVSSS with R squared value of 0.9986 and 0.9975, correspondingly. Additional statistical guides gave acceptance to ANFIS as a better predictive tool, in the enzymatic hydrolysis of CVSSS. Optimization result with ANFIS tool, presented an optimum hydrolysis efficiency of 60.65%.

The study sought to investigate the combined impact of parsley biodiesel blend (PSB) proportion, engine speed, and load on diesel engine parameters. The obtained result revealed that an increase in the proportion of PSB blend as the load increases, led to a rise in brake thermal efficiency (BTE), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and a decline in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), carbon monoxide (CO) and brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) but no interactive effect of both factors hydrocarbon (HC). Also, varying the engine speed and proportion of PSB blend declined BSFC, BSEC, HC, and NOx bur raised BTE and CO. A blend of 20.22%, engine speed of 1483.39 rpm, and engine load of 95.88% were the best variables for the tested engine to achieve better performance and reduced emission utilizing the desirability-based method. The projected values for BTE, BSFC, BSEC, CO, HC, and NOx responses were 20.61%, 0.32 kg/kWh, 6.14 MJ/kW, 0.08963%, 18.28 ppm, and 347.72 ppm respectively. Furthermore, for the tested engine, the engine speed was determined to be the most significant variable (with the most influence) when compared to the engine load and fuel blend. This study is beneficial to researchers and organizations working on improving engine performance and reduction of toxic emissions to the environment. The optimization study can also help overcome the high cost and lengthy experimental techniques.

Gas production represents an important source of energy used in different industries. Accurate production forecast of gas wells helps in decision making and maximizing reserves.

Petroleum engineers model existing conditions of the fluid flow to help them in predicting wells’ future performance. The modeling of single-phase flow is considered the simplest case, but considering multiphase flow (oil, gas, and water) makes it more challenging.

We studied and evaluated the different multiphase flow correlations using two commercial software (A and B). A database of 537 bottom hole flowing pressure data points was used which covered 33 different flowing, well geometry, and tubing diameter conditions. 14 correlations were used from Software “A” and 26 correlations were used from Software “B” to calculate the pressure drop in the tubing for each case. The target was to determine the best correlation(s) for each case and establish guidelines to help petroleum engineers in selecting the best correlation when actual bottom-hole flowing pressure data is unavailable. We could determine the expected average percent error (APE) and average absolute percent error (AAPE) for each correlation for different flow conditions. Also, for different conditions, we calculated the different statistical parameters for the calculated pressure from each correlation including normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), coefficient of determination (R²), and the standard deviation (STD). We also created a map to show which software will give the lowest error for the different flow and well parameters. Then, a validation database was used to confirm the previously determined results using a new set of data. The results were validated with a percentage of 91% for Software “A” and 89% for Software “B”.

For both software programs, Gray’s correlation was found to be the best correlation for the entire database. It gives AAPE of 5.73% and 9.72% for software A and B, respectively.

This paper will help petroleum engineers select the best multiphase flow correlation(s) in different flow and well conditions. Also, it will give them guidance for the critical conditions which give a wide range of the calculated pressure drop using the different multiphase flow correlations.