Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.36648/1860-3122.21.17.230
N. Deepthi
{"title":"Elastography: A Quick Overview","authors":"N. Deepthi","doi":"10.36648/1860-3122.21.17.230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36648/1860-3122.21.17.230","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11637,"journal":{"name":"Electronic Journal of Biology","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89766661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.36648/1860-3122.21.17.236
Muhammad Ibrahim
Biotechnology is the utilization of natural frameworks found in creatures or the utilization of the living organic entities themselves to make mechanical advances and adjust those innovations to different fields. These remember applications for different fields, from rural practice to the clinical area. It not only remembers applications for fields that incorporate the living, but also for any other field where data obtained from a creature's natural portion can be used [1].
{"title":"Biotechnology Branches Color Classification and Applications","authors":"Muhammad Ibrahim","doi":"10.36648/1860-3122.21.17.236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36648/1860-3122.21.17.236","url":null,"abstract":"Biotechnology is the utilization of natural frameworks found in creatures or the utilization of the living organic entities themselves to make mechanical advances and adjust those innovations to different fields. These remember applications for different fields, from rural practice to the clinical area. It not only remembers applications for fields that incorporate the living, but also for any other field where data obtained from a creature's natural portion can be used [1].","PeriodicalId":11637,"journal":{"name":"Electronic Journal of Biology","volume":"221 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75163950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.36648/1860-3122.21.17.222
Abdul Shakor
The terms biological rhythm and circadian rhythm are frequently used interchangeably. Your internal clock regulates a set of biological functions called rhythms. They regulate sleep and wakefulness, body temperature, hormone secretion, and other functions. In response to your environment, your body maintains its biological cycles by releasing a range of substances at the molecular level. Your biological cycles can be maintained or disrupted by your light exposure, eating habits, and other environmental stimuli. Biological cycles can be disrupted, resulting in major health issues [1].
{"title":"Biological Rhythms: Their Functions, Effects, and Complements","authors":"Abdul Shakor","doi":"10.36648/1860-3122.21.17.222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36648/1860-3122.21.17.222","url":null,"abstract":"The terms biological rhythm and circadian rhythm are frequently used interchangeably. Your internal clock regulates a set of biological functions called rhythms. They regulate sleep and wakefulness, body temperature, hormone secretion, and other functions. In response to your environment, your body maintains its biological cycles by releasing a range of substances at the molecular level. Your biological cycles can be maintained or disrupted by your light exposure, eating habits, and other environmental stimuli. Biological cycles can be disrupted, resulting in major health issues [1].","PeriodicalId":11637,"journal":{"name":"Electronic Journal of Biology","volume":"163 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83218307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.36648/1860-3122.21.17.165
Rekha Pal
{"title":"Electrochemical Impulses on Neurons","authors":"Rekha Pal","doi":"10.36648/1860-3122.21.17.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36648/1860-3122.21.17.165","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11637,"journal":{"name":"Electronic Journal of Biology","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83668620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neem (Azadirachta indica) commonly known as ‘Indian lilac’ or ‘Margosa’, is a native tree to India. Neem finds very wide application and both wood as well as non-wood products are utilized in many ways. Neem products have antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal and other versatile biological activities. However, neem is not free from microbial diseases though having biological activity against various microorganisms. Many bacteria and fungi are known to infect neem. A new fungus Phomopsis azadirachtae was reported on neem causing die-back. The fungus infects the neem trees of all age and size. The symptoms of the disease are twig blight, inflorescence blight and fruit rot. The disease results in almost 100% loss of fruit production.
{"title":"Phomopsis azadirachtae - The Die-Back of Neem Pathogen","authors":"K. Girish, S. Shankarabhat","doi":"10.5897/JYFR2019.0194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JYFR2019.0194","url":null,"abstract":"Neem (Azadirachta indica) commonly known as ‘Indian lilac’ or ‘Margosa’, is a native tree to India. Neem finds very wide application and both wood as well as non-wood products are utilized in many ways. Neem products have antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal and other versatile biological activities. However, neem is not free from microbial diseases though having biological activity against various microorganisms. Many bacteria and fungi are known to infect neem. A new fungus Phomopsis azadirachtae was reported on neem causing die-back. The fungus infects the neem trees of all age and size. The symptoms of the disease are twig blight, inflorescence blight and fruit rot. The disease results in almost 100% loss of fruit production.","PeriodicalId":11637,"journal":{"name":"Electronic Journal of Biology","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75593060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.36648/1860-3122.16.4.108-120
Yug, har Parepalli, M. Chavali, Sudhakar Reddy Pamanji, Meenakshi Singh
The Reishi mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum is an edible herbal home remedy to boost the immune system, especially in the Asian countries. Its fruiting body can thrive well in a hot and humid climate and contain specific bioactive macromolecules like triterpenoids, phenolic compounds, steroids, nucleotides and their derivatives polysaccharides and glycoproteins which have strong therapeutic properties. In this mini-review, the focus is on medicinal G. lucidum polysaccharides, one of the effective constituents as a health-promoting agent and its methods of extraction and purification to reflect the current status of characterization techniques in clinical practices. An overview of conformational properties, different analytical techniques and other methods involved were briefly discussed. A detailed account of significant biological applications of G. lucidum polysaccharides like antitumor, antiinflammatory, antiviral and anticancer activities was tabulated and discussed
{"title":"Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides Extraction, yields and its Biological Applications","authors":"Yug, har Parepalli, M. Chavali, Sudhakar Reddy Pamanji, Meenakshi Singh","doi":"10.36648/1860-3122.16.4.108-120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36648/1860-3122.16.4.108-120","url":null,"abstract":"The Reishi mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum is an edible herbal home remedy to boost the immune system, especially in the Asian countries. Its fruiting body can thrive well in a hot and humid climate and contain specific bioactive macromolecules like triterpenoids, phenolic compounds, steroids, nucleotides and their derivatives polysaccharides and glycoproteins which have strong therapeutic properties. In this mini-review, the focus is on medicinal G. lucidum polysaccharides, one of the effective constituents as a health-promoting agent and its methods of extraction and purification to reflect the current status of characterization techniques in clinical practices. An overview of conformational properties, different analytical techniques and other methods involved were briefly discussed. A detailed account of significant biological applications of G. lucidum polysaccharides like antitumor, antiinflammatory, antiviral and anticancer activities was tabulated and discussed","PeriodicalId":11637,"journal":{"name":"Electronic Journal of Biology","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81018530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ben Hu, Heng Yao, Feng Li, Ran Wang, Yalong Xu, Zhong Wang, Lifeng Jin
Key message: Isopentenyl phosphate kinase (IPK) is a key enzyme in mevalonate pathway in isoprenoid biosynthesis. We analyzed 37 presumptive IPK sequences from 35 plants. An specific evolution model was found in plant IPKs, which can be used as an new target in studying the plant isoprenoids metabilte. Abstract: Isopentenyl phosphate kinase (IPK) is a recently discovered enzyme played key role in mevalonate pathway in isoprenoid biosynthesis. Here, we showed that IPKs are ubiquitously present in plant genomes. All IPKs previously identified had AAK domain. From 35 plant species with genome assembly data available, we extracted all AAK family members. Using OrthoMCL, we identified a group of 37 sequences in which Arabidopsis IPK was included. Further analysis showed that each peptide sequence in this group has a His residue which is a signature of IPK enzyme, indicating that the genes in this group were IPKs. Not like these in other domains of life which showed spotty distribution over the tree of life, virtually all plant genomes we analyzed here had IPK genes. Further, copy numbers of IPKs were very conserved in that no higher than 2 copies remained in each plant genome. Plant IPKs formed a distinctive clade in phylogenetic tree of plant AAK gene family, and had a phylogenetic topology conformed to that of plant species. The IPKs we identified here would provide new molecular targets for characterization of plant mevalonate pathway, and shed light on biochemistry of plant isoprenoids biosynthesis.
{"title":"Isopentenyl Phosphate Kinases are Ubiquitous and Copy Numbers are Conserved in Plant Genomes","authors":"Ben Hu, Heng Yao, Feng Li, Ran Wang, Yalong Xu, Zhong Wang, Lifeng Jin","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.17483/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.17483/v1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Key message: Isopentenyl phosphate kinase (IPK) is a key enzyme in mevalonate pathway in isoprenoid biosynthesis. We analyzed 37 presumptive IPK sequences from 35 plants. An specific evolution model was found in plant IPKs, which can be used as an new target in studying the plant isoprenoids metabilte. Abstract: Isopentenyl phosphate kinase (IPK) is a recently discovered enzyme played key role in mevalonate pathway in isoprenoid biosynthesis. Here, we showed that IPKs are ubiquitously present in plant genomes. All IPKs previously identified had AAK domain. From 35 plant species with genome assembly data available, we extracted all AAK family members. Using OrthoMCL, we identified a group of 37 sequences in which Arabidopsis IPK was included. Further analysis showed that each peptide sequence in this group has a His residue which is a signature of IPK enzyme, indicating that the genes in this group were IPKs. Not like these in other domains of life which showed spotty distribution over the tree of life, virtually all plant genomes we analyzed here had IPK genes. Further, copy numbers of IPKs were very conserved in that no higher than 2 copies remained in each plant genome. Plant IPKs formed a distinctive clade in phylogenetic tree of plant AAK gene family, and had a phylogenetic topology conformed to that of plant species. The IPKs we identified here would provide new molecular targets for characterization of plant mevalonate pathway, and shed light on biochemistry of plant isoprenoids biosynthesis.","PeriodicalId":11637,"journal":{"name":"Electronic Journal of Biology","volume":"320 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75255892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.36648/1860-3122.15.3.68
N. Un, Agwa Ok
The environmental hazard caused by the indiscriminate and continuous dumping of cassava wastes to the environment has necessitated the need for their recycling into diverse biological products. This exploitation has harnessed their potential to serve as a microalgae feed stock for biomass generation. Proximate composition of the cassava wastes showed cassava peel: carbohydrate-86.85%, protein-4.18%, lipid 5.98% and cassava digestate Carbohydrate-75%, protein-2.5%, lipid-7.0%. Physiochemical contents of the cassava waste in mg/ ml showed cassava waste water: pH-3.55, DO- 6.17, BOD5-138.81, COD-246.50, TDS-912.70, Nitrate-13.41, Phosphate-21.42, Sulphate-15.69, Calcium-17.61 and magnesium-9.56. Cassava peel extracts showed: pH-3.58, DO-6.25, BOD5-141.82, COD-151.60, TDS-132.23, Nitrate-12.30, Phosphate- 13.14, Sulphate-18.17, Calcium-10.44 and magnesium-13.30. The cassava waste mixtures were cultivated on Chlorella vulgaris stock culture at various concentration ratios for a retention period of 14 days at an ambient temperature and natural illumination. Optimum growth was obtained with 160:40 for all cassava waste mixtures at an Optical density of 670 nm yielding 1.595 (abs) for CP:CW and 1.416 (abs) for CW:CP. The growth rate of Chlorella vulgaris at CP:CW was favourable with 160:40 concentration which increased exponentially from the 2nd to 4th day, while that of CW:CP concentrations was favourable at 140:60. Maximum doubling time for all the cassava waste concentration was observed at the 6th day while the minimum doubling time was observed on the 10th day for CP:CW concentration of 100:100 and on the 8th day for CW:CP concentration of 160:40. From the results obtained from this research, it can be deduced that a mixture of cassava peel water and cassava waste water will support the growth of the Chlorella vulgaris at various concentration mixture though optimal growth is observed at Concentration 160:40 thus the cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris on cassava waste can be exploited as a remedial measure in curbing the menace of indiscriminate dumping of cassava waste which has greatly constituted environmental nuisance.
{"title":"Growth Response of Chlorella vulgaris to Cultivation on Different Cassava Waste Mixtures","authors":"N. Un, Agwa Ok","doi":"10.36648/1860-3122.15.3.68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36648/1860-3122.15.3.68","url":null,"abstract":"The environmental hazard caused by the indiscriminate and continuous dumping of cassava wastes to the environment has necessitated the need for their recycling into diverse biological products. This exploitation has harnessed their potential to serve as a microalgae feed stock for biomass generation. Proximate composition of the cassava wastes showed cassava peel: carbohydrate-86.85%, protein-4.18%, lipid 5.98% and cassava digestate Carbohydrate-75%, protein-2.5%, lipid-7.0%. Physiochemical contents of the cassava waste in mg/ ml showed cassava waste water: pH-3.55, DO- 6.17, BOD5-138.81, COD-246.50, TDS-912.70, Nitrate-13.41, Phosphate-21.42, Sulphate-15.69, Calcium-17.61 and magnesium-9.56. Cassava peel extracts showed: pH-3.58, DO-6.25, BOD5-141.82, COD-151.60, TDS-132.23, Nitrate-12.30, Phosphate- 13.14, Sulphate-18.17, Calcium-10.44 and magnesium-13.30. The cassava waste mixtures were cultivated on Chlorella vulgaris stock culture at various concentration ratios for a retention period of 14 days at an ambient temperature and natural illumination. Optimum growth was obtained with 160:40 for all cassava waste mixtures at an Optical density of 670 nm yielding 1.595 (abs) for CP:CW and 1.416 (abs) for CW:CP. The growth rate of Chlorella vulgaris at CP:CW was favourable with 160:40 concentration which increased exponentially from the 2nd to 4th day, while that of CW:CP concentrations was favourable at 140:60. Maximum doubling time for all the cassava waste concentration was observed at the 6th day while the minimum doubling time was observed on the 10th day for CP:CW concentration of 100:100 and on the 8th day for CW:CP concentration of 160:40. From the results obtained from this research, it can be deduced that a mixture of cassava peel water and cassava waste water will support the growth of the Chlorella vulgaris at various concentration mixture though optimal growth is observed at Concentration 160:40 thus the cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris on cassava waste can be exploited as a remedial measure in curbing the menace of indiscriminate dumping of cassava waste which has greatly constituted environmental nuisance.","PeriodicalId":11637,"journal":{"name":"Electronic Journal of Biology","volume":"273 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79964357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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