Pub Date : 2023-04-29DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v91i1.524
Christina Oktora Matondang, Muklasin, Loekas Soesanto
Cocoa pod anthracnose is an important disease of cocoa and can reduce yields. Many attempts have been made to control anthracnose rot disease on cocoa pods but have not been successful yet. This study aimed to examine the potency of secondary metabolite crude extracts produced by Trichoderma asperellum and Pseudomonas fluorescens solely or in combination in controlling anthracnose rot disease of cocoa pods in the field at Silo Bonto Village, Asahan Regency, North Sumatera Province. The secondary metabolite crude extracts was prepared by the form of conidia or T. asperellum and P. fluorescens cells. A randomized block design was used to assessed four treatments i.e. T. asperellum + P. fluorescens, T. asperellum, P. fluorescens secondary metabolite crude extracts and control, which was repeated six times. The observation parameters were the percentage of healthy and diseased pods (anthracnose fruit rot). The results showed that the secondary metabolite crude extracts of T. asperellum, P. fluorescens, and T. asperellum + P. fluorescens reduced the number of diseased fruits by 94.71, 89.09, and 92.09% compared to the control respectively. The increasing of healthy fruits number in the application of secondary metabolite crude extracts of T. asperellum, P. fluorescens, and T. asperellum + P. fluorescens was 52.68, 54.20, and 54.18%, respectively.
{"title":"Potensi ekstrak kasar metabolit sekunder yang dihasilkan Trichoderma asperellum dan Pseudomonas fluorescens untuk pengendalian antraknosa pada buah kakao","authors":"Christina Oktora Matondang, Muklasin, Loekas Soesanto","doi":"10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v91i1.524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v91i1.524","url":null,"abstract":"Cocoa pod anthracnose is an important disease of cocoa and can reduce yields. Many attempts have been made to control anthracnose rot disease on cocoa pods but have not been successful yet. This study aimed to examine the potency of secondary metabolite crude extracts produced by Trichoderma asperellum and Pseudomonas fluorescens solely or in combination in controlling anthracnose rot disease of cocoa pods in the field at Silo Bonto Village, Asahan Regency, North Sumatera Province. The secondary metabolite crude extracts was prepared by the form of conidia or T. asperellum and P. fluorescens cells. A randomized block design was used to assessed four treatments i.e. T. asperellum + P. fluorescens, T. asperellum, P. fluorescens secondary metabolite crude extracts and control, which was repeated six times. The observation parameters were the percentage of healthy and diseased pods (anthracnose fruit rot). The results showed that the secondary metabolite crude extracts of T. asperellum, P. fluorescens, and T. asperellum + P. fluorescens reduced the number of diseased fruits by 94.71, 89.09, and 92.09% compared to the control respectively. The increasing of healthy fruits number in the application of secondary metabolite crude extracts of T. asperellum, P. fluorescens, and T. asperellum + P. fluorescens was 52.68, 54.20, and 54.18%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":11660,"journal":{"name":"E-Journal Menara Perkebunan","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80568516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-28DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v91i1.523
Ainia Hanifitri, L. Ambarsari, N. R. Mubarik
The β-glucanase enzyme is an enzyme protein that can hydrolyze β-glucan, one of the main components of the fungal cell wall. This enzyme protein is produced by several bacteria, one of which is B. subtilis. The three-dimensional (3D) structure of proteins is necessary to understand their properties and functions of proteins. Enzyme proteins can be analyzed for their structure and function using in silico method. This study aims to detect the β-glucanase gene from B. subtilis W3.15 and analyze it using the in silico method. The methods in this research are homology modeling and molecular docking analyses. Modeling was carried out using the SWISS-MODEL server and docking analysis using the PLANTS 1.1 program. Modeling the β-glucanase enzyme is based on the template of the β-glucanase enzyme protein model with PDB code 3o5s. The results of sequence alignment and model visualization were quite good as indicated by the model having a Ramachandran Plot value in the favored area of 91.10 %, a MolProbity score of 0.95, and a QMEAN value of 0.90 ± 0.06. The β-glucanase enzyme model was then docked using the PLANTS1.1 program with native ligand B3P, 1,4-β-D-Glucan, D-glucose, β-D-Glucan from oats, and N-Acetyl glucosamine. The results of docking analysis showed that the β-glucan ligand (β-D-glucan from oats) used as a substrate in the cultivation of isolate B. subtilis W3.15 had a better binding energy prediction value compared to the B3P ligand, which is a natural ligand in the template proteins. [Keywords: β-Glucan, β-D-Glucan from oat, ligand, PLANTS 1.1, 3D structure, SWISS-MODEL]
β-葡聚糖酶是一种能够水解真菌细胞壁主要成分之一β-葡聚糖的酶蛋白。这种酶蛋白是由几种细菌产生的，其中一种是枯草芽孢杆菌。蛋白质的三维结构是了解蛋白质性质和功能的必要条件。酶蛋白的结构和功能可以用计算机分析方法进行分析。本研究旨在对枯草芽孢杆菌W3.15中β-葡聚糖酶基因进行检测，并采用硅基法对其进行分析。本研究采用同源建模和分子对接分析方法。采用SWISS-MODEL服务器进行建模，采用PLANTS 1.1程序进行对接分析。β-葡聚糖酶的建模是基于PDB代码为3o5s的β-葡聚糖酶蛋白模型模板。结果表明，该模型的Ramachandran Plot值为91.10%，MolProbity评分为0.95,QMEAN值为0.90±0.06。然后使用PLANTS1.1程序将β-葡聚糖酶模型与天然配体B3P、1,4-β- d -葡聚糖、d -葡萄糖、燕麦β- d -葡聚糖和n -乙酰氨基葡萄糖进行对接。对接分析结果表明，与模板蛋白中的天然配体B3P配体相比，在培养枯草芽孢杆菌W3.15分离物时，作为底物的β-葡聚糖配体(来自燕麦的β- d -葡聚糖)具有更好的结合能预测值。[关键词:β-葡聚糖，燕麦β- d -葡聚糖，配体，PLANTS 1.1, 3D结构，SWISS-MODEL]
{"title":"Pemodelan protein dan analisis molecular docking enzim β-glukanase solat Bacillus subtilis W3.15","authors":"Ainia Hanifitri, L. Ambarsari, N. R. Mubarik","doi":"10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v91i1.523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v91i1.523","url":null,"abstract":"The β-glucanase enzyme is an enzyme protein that can hydrolyze β-glucan, one of the main components of the fungal cell wall. This enzyme protein is produced by several bacteria, one of which is B. subtilis. The three-dimensional (3D) structure of proteins is necessary to understand their properties and functions of proteins. Enzyme proteins can be analyzed for their structure and function using in silico method. This study aims to detect the β-glucanase gene from B. subtilis W3.15 and analyze it using the in silico method. The methods in this research are homology modeling and molecular docking analyses. Modeling was carried out using the SWISS-MODEL server and docking analysis using the PLANTS 1.1 program. Modeling the β-glucanase enzyme is based on the template of the β-glucanase enzyme protein model with PDB code 3o5s. The results of sequence alignment and model visualization were quite good as indicated by the model having a Ramachandran Plot value in the favored area of 91.10 %, a MolProbity score of 0.95, and a QMEAN value of 0.90 ± 0.06. The β-glucanase enzyme model was then docked using the PLANTS1.1 program with native ligand B3P, 1,4-β-D-Glucan, D-glucose, β-D-Glucan from oats, and N-Acetyl glucosamine. The results of docking analysis showed that the β-glucan ligand (β-D-glucan from oats) used as a substrate in the cultivation of isolate B. subtilis W3.15 had a better binding energy prediction value compared to the B3P ligand, which is a natural ligand in the template proteins. \u0000 \u0000[Keywords: β-Glucan, β-D-Glucan from oat, ligand, PLANTS 1.1, 3D structure, SWISS-MODEL]","PeriodicalId":11660,"journal":{"name":"E-Journal Menara Perkebunan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81065523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-28DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v91i1.522
G. Wijaya, Agustin Krisna Wardani, D. Eris
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) and chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) are commonly cultivated by farmers, and in some cases, both crops are grown together in intercropping systems. The main pathogen infected cocoa is the Phytophthora sp. fungus, which causes fruit rot, stem cancer, and leaf blight, while Colletotrichum sp. causes anthracnose in chili pepper plants. The ability of endophytic bacteria to inhibit the growth of fungi and bacterial pathogens is well known. In this study, the biocontrol ability of endophytic bacteria against fungal pathogens was tested, and a biocontrol preliminary test was also observed by examining their potential inhibition on Chromobacterium violaceum called antiquorum sensing test. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from cocoa plants, while Phytophthora and Colletotrichum were isolated from cocoa and chili pepper plants that showed symptoms of fruit rot and anthracnose. A total of 34 endophytic bacterial isolates were successfully obtained, with 10 isolates from leaves (DK), 12 isolates from branches (RK), and 12 isolates from roots (KA) of cocoa plant ICCRI 4. Sixteen isolates showed quorum sensing ability, which AHL degradation index ranging from 0.44 – 1.56. Antagonistic tests showed that 11 out of 16 isolates had strong antibiosis against Phytophthora sp., with inhibition zones ranging from 0.6-1.35 cm. Meanwhile, 10 out of 16 isolates had strong antibiotics against Colletotrichum sp., with clear zones ranging from 0.6 – 1.1 cm. The three best endophytic bacterial isolates that had a combination of antiquorum sensing ability on C. violaceum and biocontrol against Phytophthora sp. and Colletotrichum sp. were RK 11, KA 1, and KA 8. [Keywords: antagonist, ahl lactonase, plant beneficial microorganism]
{"title":"Biocontrol activity of endophytic bacteria from cocoa against Phytophthora sp. and Colletotrichum sp.","authors":"G. Wijaya, Agustin Krisna Wardani, D. Eris","doi":"10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v91i1.522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v91i1.522","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) and chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) are commonly cultivated by farmers, and in some cases, both crops are grown together in intercropping systems. The main pathogen infected cocoa is the Phytophthora sp. fungus, which causes fruit rot, stem cancer, and leaf blight, while Colletotrichum sp. causes anthracnose in chili pepper plants. The ability of endophytic bacteria to inhibit the growth of fungi and bacterial pathogens is well known. In this study, the biocontrol ability of endophytic bacteria against fungal pathogens was tested, and a biocontrol preliminary test was also observed by examining their potential inhibition on Chromobacterium violaceum called antiquorum sensing test. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from cocoa plants, while Phytophthora and Colletotrichum were isolated from cocoa and chili pepper plants that showed symptoms of fruit rot and anthracnose. A total of 34 endophytic bacterial isolates were successfully obtained, with 10 isolates from leaves (DK), 12 isolates from branches (RK), and 12 isolates from roots (KA) of cocoa plant ICCRI 4. Sixteen isolates showed quorum sensing ability, which AHL degradation index ranging from 0.44 – 1.56. Antagonistic tests showed that 11 out of 16 isolates had strong antibiosis against Phytophthora sp., with inhibition zones ranging from 0.6-1.35 cm. Meanwhile, 10 out of 16 isolates had strong antibiotics against Colletotrichum sp., with clear zones ranging from 0.6 – 1.1 cm. The three best endophytic bacterial isolates that had a combination of antiquorum sensing ability on C. violaceum and biocontrol against Phytophthora sp. and Colletotrichum sp. were RK 11, KA 1, and KA 8.\u0000\u0000\u0000[Keywords: antagonist, ahl lactonase, plant beneficial microorganism]\u0000","PeriodicalId":11660,"journal":{"name":"E-Journal Menara Perkebunan","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83874452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-20DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v91i1.521
M. Silaen, E. Noor, M. Rahayuningsih
Microfiltration and ultrafiltration are used for the purification process of stevia extract to retain steviosides and remove tannins. The main objective of this study was to obtain the operating conditions for the purification process of stevia extract that resulted in the lowest stevioside rejection and highest tannin rejection. The purification process of stevia extract using microfiltration membrane was carried out at transmembrane pressure (1.20, 1.40, 1.65, 1.80, and 1.90 bar), cross flow velocity (0.04, 0.06, and 0.11 m s-1), and stevioside concentration of feed (7.12, 10.25, 14.03, and 18.47 g L-1). The stevia extract purification process used ultrafiltration membrane at transmembrane pressure (1.20, 1.40, 1.65, 1.80, and 1.90 bar), cross flow velocity (0.06, 0.09, and 0.12 m s-1), and stevioside concentration of feed (4.59 and 10.36 g L-1). The first step purification process was carried out using a microfiltration membrane and the resulting permeate was used as feed for the ultrafiltration process. The second step purification process was carried out using an ultrafiltration membrane. The best operating conditions of the microfiltration process were feed stevioside concentration of 14.03 g L-1 at a transmembrane pressure of 1.90 bar and a cross flow velocity of 0.11 m s-1 with a permeate flux of 82.90 L m-2 h-1. The best operating conditions of the ultrafiltration process used a feed stevioside concentration of 10.36 g L-1 with a permeate flux of 26.51 L m-2 h-1 at a transmembrane pressure of 1.90 bar and a cross flow velocity of 0.12 m s-1. The microfiltration and ultrafiltration processes resulted in total stevioside rejection of 59.52 % and total tannin rejection of 57.99 %.
采用微滤和超滤两种方法对甜叶菊提取物进行纯化，以保留甜叶菊苷，去除单宁。本研究的主要目的是获得甜叶菊提取物的纯化工艺的操作条件，使甜叶菊苷排斥率最低，单宁排斥率最高。在跨膜压力(1.20、1.40、1.65、1.80和1.90 bar)、横向流速(0.04、0.06和0.11 m s-1)和饲料中甜菊苷浓度(7.12、10.25、14.03和18.47 g L-1)的条件下，采用微滤膜对甜菊糖提取物进行纯化。甜叶菊提取物的纯化工艺采用超滤膜，跨膜压力分别为1.20、1.40、1.65、1.80和1.90 bar，交叉流速分别为0.06、0.09和0.12 m s-1，饲料中甜叶菊苷浓度分别为4.59和10.36 g L-1。采用微滤膜进行第一步净化，所得的渗透液作为超滤过程的进料。采用超滤膜进行第二步净化。微滤工艺的最佳操作条件为:入料浓度为14.03 g L-1，跨膜压力为1.90 bar，横流速度为0.11 m s-1，渗透通量为82.90 L m-2 h-1。超滤工艺的最佳操作条件为进料甜菊苷浓度为10.36 g L-1，渗透通量为26.51 L m-2 h-1，跨膜压力为1.90 bar，横流速度为0.12 m s-1。微滤和超滤工艺对甜菊苷的总去除率为59.52%，对单宁的总去除率为57.99%。
{"title":"Improvement of purification process of stevia extract by combination of microfiltration and ultrafiltration","authors":"M. Silaen, E. Noor, M. Rahayuningsih","doi":"10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v91i1.521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v91i1.521","url":null,"abstract":"Microfiltration and ultrafiltration are used for the purification process of stevia extract to retain steviosides and remove tannins. The main objective of this study was to obtain the operating conditions for the purification process of stevia extract that resulted in the lowest stevioside rejection and highest tannin rejection. The purification process of stevia extract using microfiltration membrane was carried out at transmembrane pressure (1.20, 1.40, 1.65, 1.80, and 1.90 bar), cross flow velocity (0.04, 0.06, and 0.11 m s-1), and stevioside concentration of feed (7.12, 10.25, 14.03, and 18.47 g L-1). The stevia extract purification process used ultrafiltration membrane at transmembrane pressure (1.20, 1.40, 1.65, 1.80, and 1.90 bar), cross flow velocity (0.06, 0.09, and 0.12 m s-1), and stevioside concentration of feed (4.59 and 10.36 g L-1). The first step purification process was carried out using a microfiltration membrane and the resulting permeate was used as feed for the ultrafiltration process. The second step purification process was carried out using an ultrafiltration membrane. The best operating conditions of the microfiltration process were feed stevioside concentration of 14.03 g L-1 at a transmembrane pressure of 1.90 bar and a cross flow velocity of 0.11 m s-1 with a permeate flux of 82.90 L m-2 h-1. The best operating conditions of the ultrafiltration process used a feed stevioside concentration of 10.36 g L-1 with a permeate flux of 26.51 L m-2 h-1 at a transmembrane pressure of 1.90 bar and a cross flow velocity of 0.12 m s-1. The microfiltration and ultrafiltration processes resulted in total stevioside rejection of 59.52 % and total tannin rejection of 57.99 %.","PeriodicalId":11660,"journal":{"name":"E-Journal Menara Perkebunan","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82591508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-20DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v91i1.526
F. Dimawarnita, Y. Faramitha, E. Hambali
Biodiesel in Indonesia is a mixture of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) and diesel oil. Mixing FAME and diesel oil is challenging since FAME is separated from diesel oil at low temperatures. Changes in the physico-chemical properties of biodiesel during storage decrease biodiesel quality due to dissolved oxygen, potentially damaging the engine. Using glycerol ester (GE) as an additive can be an alternative solution to tackle that problem. This research examined the stability of GE-added biodiesel. As a comparison, commercial diethyl ether (DEE) additive was used. The concentration of additive added to biodiesel varied at 1000, 2000, and 3000 ppm while the storage temperature varied at 12, 25, and 42℃. The stability of biodiesel was evaluated for three months by measuring the acid value, viscosity, corrosion rate, and water content. The acid values of the various types and concentrations of additives still meet the SNI 7182-2015 standard (0.5 mg KOH g-1 sample) with a value range of 0.148- 0.392 mg KOH g-1 sample. Kinematic viscosity had a value range of 3.12-3.58 cst, which also meets the SNI 7182-2015 standard (2.3-6 cst). The highest corrosion rate for GE and DEE was in the first week, with values of 0.447 and 0.261 mpy, respectively. Both B50 biodiesel control and the addition of 1000 ppm GE had the same water content value on the 18th day, which was 0.046%, and this value was considered the highest water content. This means adding an additive can maintain the water content in B50 biodiesel. Overall, GE additives in B50 biodiesel with various concentrations comply with SNI 7182-2015 standard.
{"title":"Stability of B50 biodiesel added with glycerol ester additive based on palm oil oleic acid","authors":"F. Dimawarnita, Y. Faramitha, E. Hambali","doi":"10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v91i1.526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v91i1.526","url":null,"abstract":"Biodiesel in Indonesia is a mixture of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) and diesel oil. Mixing FAME and diesel oil is challenging since FAME is separated from diesel oil at low temperatures. Changes in the physico-chemical properties of biodiesel during storage decrease biodiesel quality due to dissolved oxygen, potentially damaging the engine. Using glycerol ester (GE) as an additive can be an alternative solution to tackle that problem. This research examined the stability of GE-added biodiesel. As a comparison, commercial diethyl ether (DEE) additive was used. The concentration of additive added to biodiesel varied at 1000, 2000, and 3000 ppm while the storage temperature varied at 12, 25, and 42℃. The stability of biodiesel was evaluated for three months by measuring the acid value, viscosity, corrosion rate, and water content. The acid values of the various types and concentrations of additives still meet the SNI 7182-2015 standard (0.5 mg KOH g-1 sample) with a value range of 0.148- 0.392 mg KOH g-1 sample. Kinematic viscosity had a value range of 3.12-3.58 cst, which also meets the SNI 7182-2015 standard (2.3-6 cst). The highest corrosion rate for GE and DEE was in the first week, with values of 0.447 and 0.261 mpy, respectively. Both B50 biodiesel control and the addition of 1000 ppm GE had the same water content value on the 18th day, which was 0.046%, and this value was considered the highest water content. This means adding an additive can maintain the water content in B50 biodiesel. Overall, GE additives in B50 biodiesel with various concentrations comply with SNI 7182-2015 standard.","PeriodicalId":11660,"journal":{"name":"E-Journal Menara Perkebunan","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87149956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-06DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v91i1.508
M. Gozan, Fita Sefriana, Yemirta Yemirta, M. A. Darmawan
This experiment utilised cassava (Manihot utillissima) and arrowroot (Maranta arunadinacea) wastes as the medium of propagation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce β-glucan. The amyloglucosidase hydrolysed the waste, followed by fermentation in the nitrogenous medium by S. cerevisiae. The β-glucan pellet was extracted using 2% NaOH alkaline solution at 90°C for 5 hours, followed by a series of centrifugation processes. The highest glucose concentration from hydrolysis resulted from adding 57.5 mg amyloglucosidase enzyme for arrowroot waste with 95.93% conversion and 50 mg enzyme for cassava waste with 64.70% conversion. The highest amount was obtained for producing S. cerevisiae by adding 4.75 g peptone to all samples. The optimum number of cells was obtained at 1.61 x 108 colonies at t = 48 hours for arrowroot waste and 8.55 x 107 colonies at t = 48 hours for cassava waste. For β-glucan production, the highest number was obtained by using 3.99 g of peptone for cassava waste with a yield of 1.20% and by using 4.75 g of peptone for arrowroot waste with a yield of 1.23%. For β-glucan pellet, the highest number was 1.77 g L-1 (0.18 % b/v) from cassava waste medium and 1.91 g L-1 (0.19% b/v) from arrowroot waste. Mutant cells in the Yeast Extract–Peptone–Glycerol (YPG) medium produced 6.56 g L-1 (0.66% b/v) β-glucan pellet, while wild-type cells in the similar medium produced 1.84 g L-1 (0.18% b/v).
本试验以木薯(Manihot utillissima)和竹芋(Maranta arunadinacea)废料作为酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)繁殖的培养基，生产β-葡聚糖。淀粉葡糖苷酶水解废物，然后由酿酒酵母在含氮培养基中发酵。用2% NaOH碱性溶液在90℃下提取β-葡聚糖小球5小时，然后进行一系列离心处理。当添加57.5 mg淀粉葡糖苷酶时，竹芋渣的转化率为95.93%;添加50 mg酶时，木薯渣的转化率为64.70%。在所有样品中加入4.75 g蛋白胨时，产酿酒酵母的量最高。在t = 48 h时，芋根废物的最佳细胞数为1.61 × 108个菌落，木薯废物的最佳细胞数为8.55 × 107个菌落。对于β-葡聚糖的产率，木薯废料用3.99 g蛋白胨产率为1.20%，竹芋废料用4.75 g蛋白胨产率为1.23%，产率最高。木薯废培养基中β-葡聚糖颗粒的最高含量为1.77 g L-1 (0.18% b/v)，竹芋废培养基中β-葡聚糖颗粒的最高含量为1.91 g L-1 (0.19% b/v)。突变细胞在酵母提取物-胨-甘油(YPG)培养基中产生6.56 g L-1 (0.66% b/v) β-葡聚糖小球，而野生型细胞在类似培养基中产生1.84 g L-1 (0.18% b/v)。
{"title":"Effect of enzymatic hydrolysis and nitrogen on Saccharomyces cerevisiae β-glucan production from Manihot utilissima and Maranta arunadinacea waste","authors":"M. Gozan, Fita Sefriana, Yemirta Yemirta, M. A. Darmawan","doi":"10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v91i1.508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v91i1.508","url":null,"abstract":"This experiment utilised cassava (Manihot utillissima) and arrowroot (Maranta arunadinacea) wastes as the medium of propagation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce β-glucan. The amyloglucosidase hydrolysed the waste, followed by fermentation in the nitrogenous medium by S. cerevisiae. The β-glucan pellet was extracted using 2% NaOH alkaline solution at 90°C for 5 hours, followed by a series of centrifugation processes. The highest glucose concentration from hydrolysis resulted from adding 57.5 mg amyloglucosidase enzyme for arrowroot waste with 95.93% conversion and 50 mg enzyme for cassava waste with 64.70% conversion. The highest amount was obtained for producing S. cerevisiae by adding 4.75 g peptone to all samples. The optimum number of cells was obtained at 1.61 x 108 colonies at t = 48 hours for arrowroot waste and 8.55 x 107 colonies at t = 48 hours for cassava waste. For β-glucan production, the highest number was obtained by using 3.99 g of peptone for cassava waste with a yield of 1.20% and by using 4.75 g of peptone for arrowroot waste with a yield of 1.23%. For β-glucan pellet, the highest number was 1.77 g L-1 (0.18 % b/v) from cassava waste medium and 1.91 g L-1 (0.19% b/v) from arrowroot waste. Mutant cells in the Yeast Extract–Peptone–Glycerol (YPG) medium produced 6.56 g L-1 (0.66% b/v) β-glucan pellet, while wild-type cells in the similar medium produced 1.84 g L-1 (0.18% b/v).","PeriodicalId":11660,"journal":{"name":"E-Journal Menara Perkebunan","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74311955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-06DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v91i1.512
H. Minarsih, Fauziatul Fitriyah, A. A. Aksa, T. Turhadi, D. Sukmadjaya, Sustiprajitno Sustiprajitno
Dehydrin is known to have an important role in plant response and adaptation to abiotic stresses including drought and high salinity. Previous research reported the isolation of the full-length coding sequence (CDS) of DHN1 from sugarcane var. PSJT 941, and it shares a high homology with DHN genes from sorghum and other sugarcane varieties. In this study, the full-length CDS was cloned under the constitutive CaMV35S promoter and transformed into sugarcane calli mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The DHN promoter, Pr-1DHNSo, was also successfully isolated from the sugarcane var. PSJT 941 and cloned into the pBI121 expression vector. The promoter construct was subsequently transformed into sugarcane calli of var. Kidang Kencana. Transgenic sugarcane carrying DHN1 gene and DHN promoter constructs were regenerated according to the standard protocol of sugarcane tissue culture. Optimization of an acclimatization protocol using modified post-rooting media was also conducted and the resulting protocol reduced the total mortality rates of the transformed plantlets. The presence of the gene and promoter constructs was periodically tested by PCR using specific primers. The genotyping results showed that the constructs were present for more than a year after transformation.
{"title":"Transformation of DHN1 gene and DHN promoter constructs into sugarcane calli, regeneration of the calli, and acclimatization of the plantlets","authors":"H. Minarsih, Fauziatul Fitriyah, A. A. Aksa, T. Turhadi, D. Sukmadjaya, Sustiprajitno Sustiprajitno","doi":"10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v91i1.512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v91i1.512","url":null,"abstract":"Dehydrin is known to have an important role in plant response and adaptation to abiotic stresses including drought and high salinity. Previous research reported the isolation of the full-length coding sequence (CDS) of DHN1 from sugarcane var. PSJT 941, and it shares a high homology with DHN genes from sorghum and other sugarcane varieties. In this study, the full-length CDS was cloned under the constitutive CaMV35S promoter and transformed into sugarcane calli mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The DHN promoter, Pr-1DHNSo, was also successfully isolated from the sugarcane var. PSJT 941 and cloned into the pBI121 expression vector. The promoter construct was subsequently transformed into sugarcane calli of var. Kidang Kencana. Transgenic sugarcane carrying DHN1 gene and DHN promoter constructs were regenerated according to the standard protocol of sugarcane tissue culture. Optimization of an acclimatization protocol using modified post-rooting media was also conducted and the resulting protocol reduced the total mortality rates of the transformed plantlets. The presence of the gene and promoter constructs was periodically tested by PCR using specific primers. The genotyping results showed that the constructs were present for more than a year after transformation.","PeriodicalId":11660,"journal":{"name":"E-Journal Menara Perkebunan","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81664954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optimization of in vitro shoot growth is necessary to shorten the culture time and produce vigorous oil palm plantlets. This research was conducted to determine the best media and culture techniques to accelerate in vitro shoot growth of oil palm. Shoots of oil palm derived from somatic embryogenesis were grown on DF media with two culture systems (solid medium and double-layer) combined with hormone treatments (0.5-1 mg L-1 giberellin/GA3 and 0.5 mg L-1 Benzyl amino purine/BAP or thidiazuron/ TDZ). Further optimization was conducted using different bottle closures (polypropylene screw caps and plastic wraps) and macronutrients (standard or double concentrations). This research was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD), with each treatment consisting of 5 bottle replications and each bottle consisting of 5 shoots. The results showed that media with double-layer system combined with GA3 (0.5-1 mg L-1) and TDZ (0.5 mg L-1) gave the highest shoot height increment. The use of double-strength macronutrient media combined with screw bottle caps increased shoot height (136-167 %) and decreased shoot tip necrosis (0-24 %). Plastic wrap bottle caps increased shoot tip necrosis (STN), while doubling macronutrients reduced STN. The growth of oil palm shoots began to slow down after 5 weeks of culture. In conclusion, the optimal conditions for in vitro shoot growth of oil palm were at usage of double-layer media added with GA3 0.5-1 mg L-1, TDZ 0.5 mg L-1, and double macronutrients on bottle jars with polypropylene screw caps.
{"title":"Optimasi sistem kultur dan media untuk peningkatan tinggi tunas in vitro kelapa sawit","authors":"Masna Maya Sinta, Rizka Tamania Saptari, Imron Riyadi, Sumaryono Sumaryono","doi":"10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v91i1.511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v91i1.511","url":null,"abstract":"Optimization of in vitro shoot growth is necessary to shorten the culture time and produce vigorous oil palm plantlets. This research was conducted to determine the best media and culture techniques to accelerate in vitro shoot growth of oil palm. Shoots of oil palm derived from somatic embryogenesis were grown on DF media with two culture systems (solid medium and double-layer) combined with hormone treatments (0.5-1 mg L-1 giberellin/GA3 and 0.5 mg L-1 Benzyl amino purine/BAP or thidiazuron/ TDZ). Further optimization was conducted using different bottle closures (polypropylene screw caps and plastic wraps) and macronutrients (standard or double concentrations). This research was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD), with each treatment consisting of 5 bottle replications and each bottle consisting of 5 shoots. The results showed that media with double-layer system combined with GA3 (0.5-1 mg L-1) and TDZ (0.5 mg L-1) gave the highest shoot height increment. The use of double-strength macronutrient media combined with screw bottle caps increased shoot height (136-167 %) and decreased shoot tip necrosis (0-24 %). Plastic wrap bottle caps increased shoot tip necrosis (STN), while doubling macronutrients reduced STN. The growth of oil palm shoots began to slow down after 5 weeks of culture. In conclusion, the optimal conditions for in vitro shoot growth of oil palm were at usage of double-layer media added with GA3 0.5-1 mg L-1, TDZ 0.5 mg L-1, and double macronutrients on bottle jars with polypropylene screw caps.","PeriodicalId":11660,"journal":{"name":"E-Journal Menara Perkebunan","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87390354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-08DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v90i2.502
Hanifah Fuadi, P. Suryadarma, Khaswar Syamsu, S. Surono, Nurika Asih Setiyani, Selvia Mahilda Ridhoha, Aninda Zahra, Nadia Stepani, Muhammad Rasyid Ramadhan
Abstrak Bakteri mampu menghasilkan siderofor umtuk mengkelat besi dalam lingkungan dan digunakan oleh tanaman sebagai kofaktor dalam pembentukan klorofil untuk pembentukan glukosa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan bakteri penghasil siderofor tinggi dari akar nanas Simadu, Kabupaten Subang Provinsi Jawa Barat. Bakteri diisolasi dari akar nanas Simadu, kemudian diseleksi dengan membedakan morfologinya dan diidentifikasi sebagai penghasil siderofor pada media Chrome Azurol S (CAS). Diperoleh 10 isolat bakteri (M1 sampai dengan M10) yang mampu menghasilkan siderofor. Isolat bakteri M7 memiliki kemampuan menghasilkan siderofor tertinggi. Isolat M7 teridentifikasi sebagai bakteri Gram negatif. Hasil analisis pohon filogenetik berdasarkan sekuensing 16S rDNA menunjukkan isolat kelompok genus Providencia. Dibandingkan dengan Providencia vermicola , isolat standar dari InaCC yang berasal dari akar Curcuma zedoaria, M7 menunjukkan produksi siderofor yang lebih tinggi pada media LB pada kondisi aerobik.[Kata kunci: Isolasi bakteri, Providencia, akumulasi siderofor, akar nanas Simadu Subang]Abstract Bacteria can produce siderophores for chelating iron in environments and are used by plants as an ingredient cofactor in building chlorophyll for glucose production. This study aims to obtain high siderophore-producing bacteria from the roots of pineapple Simadu, Subang District, West Java Province. Bacteria were isolated from Simadu pineapple roots, then selected by distinguishing their morphology and identified as producing siderophores with Chrome Azurol S (CAS) media. Obtained 10 bacterial isolates (M1 to M10) capable of producing siderophores. Bacterial isolate M7 had the highest siderophore production ability. M7 isolate was identified as Gram-negative bacteria. The results of the phylogenetic tree analysis based on 16S rDNA sequencing showed this isolate as the genus Providencia. Compared to the Providencia vermicola as reference isolate from InaCC derived from the roots of Curcuma zedoaria, M7 showed higher siderophore production in LB media under aerobic conditions.[Keywords: Bacteria isolation, Providencia, siderophore accumulation, Simadu Subang pineapple root]
抽象的细菌可以在环境中产生根茎铁，并被植物用作组成葡萄糖的叶绿素的共同因素。这项研究的目标是获得一种从西爪哇省苏邦凤梨根产出的高传染性菌。从菠萝根中分离出来的细菌，然后通过对其形态的区分来选择，并确定为Chrome Azurol S (CAS)中红细胞生成器的产地。获得10种细菌分离物(M1至M10)，可以产生响尾蛇素。M7细菌分离物具有产生最少量病原体的能力。一种M7异体被确定为阴性克细菌。根据16S序列rDNA对纤维遗传树的分析，发现了维罗维尼亚属中的异构体。与Providencia vermicola相比，来自zedoaria curacc的一种标准的非acc分离物，M7显示出在LB条件下的空气传播中，它的含量更高。[关键词:隔离细菌、供应物、菌丝沉积、菠萝根苏bang]这项研究旨在确定来自西爪哇省苏邦菠萝区sibang地区的高侧产细菌。细菌被从菠萝根中分离出来，然后被他们的形态和标识为美国生产带有铬Azurol S (CAS)对流的微生物。包含10个噬菌体异化(M1至M10)可生产响尾蛇毒液。噬菌体军情七处有最最具传染性的病原体生产能力。M7异化被认为是一种微负细菌。植物遗传学树分析的结果显示，这棵树与供养者属的异构体相同。参考维米科拉提供的证据，从无accola的起源中提取出来，M7在空气条件下的LB媒体上展示了更高的侧氧生产。[Keywords:隔离细菌，供养物，侧晕晕，菠萝根Simadu Subang]
{"title":"Isolation and selection of siderophore-producing bacteria from roots of Simadu pineapple (Ananas comosus) in Subang District, West Java","authors":"Hanifah Fuadi, P. Suryadarma, Khaswar Syamsu, S. Surono, Nurika Asih Setiyani, Selvia Mahilda Ridhoha, Aninda Zahra, Nadia Stepani, Muhammad Rasyid Ramadhan","doi":"10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v90i2.502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v90i2.502","url":null,"abstract":"Abstrak Bakteri mampu menghasilkan siderofor umtuk mengkelat besi dalam lingkungan dan digunakan oleh tanaman sebagai kofaktor dalam pembentukan klorofil untuk pembentukan glukosa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan bakteri penghasil siderofor tinggi dari akar nanas Simadu, Kabupaten Subang Provinsi Jawa Barat. Bakteri diisolasi dari akar nanas Simadu, kemudian diseleksi dengan membedakan morfologinya dan diidentifikasi sebagai penghasil siderofor pada media Chrome Azurol S (CAS). Diperoleh 10 isolat bakteri (M1 sampai dengan M10) yang mampu menghasilkan siderofor. Isolat bakteri M7 memiliki kemampuan menghasilkan siderofor tertinggi. Isolat M7 teridentifikasi sebagai bakteri Gram negatif. Hasil analisis pohon filogenetik berdasarkan sekuensing 16S rDNA menunjukkan isolat kelompok genus Providencia. Dibandingkan dengan Providencia vermicola , isolat standar dari InaCC yang berasal dari akar Curcuma zedoaria, M7 menunjukkan produksi siderofor yang lebih tinggi pada media LB pada kondisi aerobik.[Kata kunci: Isolasi bakteri, Providencia, akumulasi siderofor, akar nanas Simadu Subang]Abstract Bacteria can produce siderophores for chelating iron in environments and are used by plants as an ingredient cofactor in building chlorophyll for glucose production. This study aims to obtain high siderophore-producing bacteria from the roots of pineapple Simadu, Subang District, West Java Province. Bacteria were isolated from Simadu pineapple roots, then selected by distinguishing their morphology and identified as producing siderophores with Chrome Azurol S (CAS) media. Obtained 10 bacterial isolates (M1 to M10) capable of producing siderophores. Bacterial isolate M7 had the highest siderophore production ability. M7 isolate was identified as Gram-negative bacteria. The results of the phylogenetic tree analysis based on 16S rDNA sequencing showed this isolate as the genus Providencia. Compared to the Providencia vermicola as reference isolate from InaCC derived from the roots of Curcuma zedoaria, M7 showed higher siderophore production in LB media under aerobic conditions.[Keywords: Bacteria isolation, Providencia, siderophore accumulation, Simadu Subang pineapple root]","PeriodicalId":11660,"journal":{"name":"E-Journal Menara Perkebunan","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90814155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v90i2.510
S. Wahyuni, M. Aziz, Sentiawati Sentiawati, Deden Dewantara Eris, M. Bintang, P. Priyono, S. Siswanto
AbstractColletotrichum gloeosporioides, a pathogen of anthracnose disease, can significantly reduce the quality of mango (Mangifera indica) fruits. Chitosan as an antifungal agent can reduce fungal growth on post-harvest fruit of agricultural products. In its development, chitosan has been widely improved through its transformation into nanochitosan and its formulation with metals. One of the metals that has a large affinity and can be formulated with chitosan is copper (Cu). This study aimed to compare and determine the optimal concentration of chitosan, nanocithosan, and nanochitosan-Cu in suppressing the growth of C. gloeosporioides that cause decay on mango fruits. The synthesis of nanochitosan and nanochitosan-Cu was carried out by the ionic gelation method, while the characterization was performed by using particle size analyzer (PSA). The antifungal activity assay was conducted through the poisoning method by mixing a 500, 750, and 1000 ppm of chitosan, nanochitosan and nanochitosan-Cu into the growth media of C. gloeosporioides. The results of PSA analysis showed that chitosan, nanochitosan, and nanochitosan-Cu had an average size of 606.5, 386.8 and 254.1 nm, respectively. The formulation of chitosan into nanochitosan and nanochitosan-Cu was able to inhibit C. gloeosporioides with the inhibition percentages of chitosan, nanochitosan, and nanochitosan-Cu 35%, 70% and 100% in 750 ppm (0.075%, w/v), respectively.[Keywords: Ionic gelation, poisoning food, copper]AbstrakSerangan cendawan penyebab antraknosa seperti Colletotrichum gloeosporioides dapat menurunkan kualitas buah mangga (Mangifera indica) secara signifikan. Kitosan sebagai agensia antifungi mampu menekan pertumbuhan cendawan pada buah pasca panen hasil pertanian. Pada perkembangannya, kitosan telah banyak dikembangkan baik melalui transformasi menjadi nanokitosan maupun formulasinya dengan logam. Salah satu logam yang memiliki afinitas besar dan dapat diformulasikan dengan kitosan adalah tembaga (Cu). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan dan menentukan konsentrasi optimal dari kitosan, nanokitosan, dan nanokitosan-Cu dalam menekan pertumbuhan C. gloeosporioides yang menyebabkan pembusukan pada buah mangga. Sintesis nanokitosan dan nanokitosan-Cu dilakukan dengan metode gelasi ionik yang dikarakterisasi menggunakan particle size analyzer (PSA). Uji aktivitas antifungi dilakukan dengan metode peracunan agar dengan mencampurkan kitosan, nanokitosan, dan nanokitosan-Cu pada konsentrasi 500, 750, dan 1000 ppm pada media tumbuh isolat C. gloeosporioides. Hasil analisis PSA menunjukkan bahwa kitosan, nanokitosan, dan nanokitosan-Cu memiliki ukuran masing-masing sebesar 606,5, 386,8 dan 254,1 nm. Selain itu, transformasi kitosan menjadi nanokitosan dan nanokitosan-Cu dapat meningkatkan aktifitas antifungi terhadap C. gloeosporioides dibuktikan dengan peningkatan persentase penghambatan kitosan, nanokitosan dan nanokitosan-Cu sebesar 35%, 70% dan 100% secara berturut-turu
摘要炭疽病病原菌gloeosporioides可显著降低芒果果实品质。壳聚糖作为一种抗真菌剂，可以抑制农产品采后果实中真菌的生长。在其发展过程中，壳聚糖通过向纳米壳聚糖的转化和与金属的配制得到了广泛的改进。铜(Cu)是一种具有较大亲和力并可与壳聚糖配制的金属。本研究旨在比较和确定壳聚糖、纳米壳聚糖和纳米壳聚糖- cu对芒果果实腐烂病原菌生长的抑制作用。采用离子凝胶法制备了纳米壳聚糖和纳米壳聚糖- cu，并用粒径分析仪(PSA)对其进行了表征。采用500、750和1000 ppm的壳聚糖、纳米壳聚糖和纳米壳聚糖- cu三种不同浓度的投毒法对黄孢霉的抑菌活性进行了测定。PSA分析结果表明，壳聚糖、纳米壳聚糖和纳米壳聚糖- cu的平均粒径分别为606.5、386.8和254.1 nm。在750 ppm (0.075%， w/v)条件下，壳聚糖的抑制率为35%，纳米壳聚糖的抑制率为70%，纳米壳聚糖- cu的抑制率为100%。【关键词】离子凝胶;食物中毒;铜【关键词】离子凝胶;Kitosan sebagai agensia抗真菌mampu menekan pertumbuhan cendawan pada buah pasca panen hasil pertanian。在此基础上，建立了一种新型的纳米结构、纳米结构、纳米结构、纳米结构、纳米结构和纳米结构。Salah satu logam yang memiliki afinitas besar dan dapat diformulasikan dengan kitosan adalah tembaga (Cu)。Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan dan menentukan konsentrasi optimal dari kitosan, nanokitosan, dan nanokitosan- cu dalam menekan pertumbuhan C. gloeosporioides yang menyebabkan pembusukan pada buah mangga。纳米核聚糖和纳米核聚糖- cu二拉库坎登干法，格拉库库库坎粒径分析仪(PSA)。在500ppm、750ppm、1000ppm的培养液中分离分离出gloeosporioides。Hasil分析PSA menunjukkan bahwa kitosan, nanokitosan, dan nanokitosan- cu memiliki ukuran masing-masing sebesar 606,5,386,8 dan 254,1 nm。Selain itu, transformasi kitosan menjadi纳米核聚糖和纳米核聚糖- cu dapat meningkatkan aktifitas抗真菌terhadap C. gloeosporioides dibuktikan dengan peningkatan persase penghambatan kitosan，纳米核聚糖和纳米核聚糖- cu sebesar 35%， 70%和100% secara berturut-turut pada konsentrasi 750 ppm (0.075%， b/v)。[Kata kunci: Gelasi ionik, peracunan agar, tembaga]
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