{"title":"Strengthening prevention and control activities for snakebite envenoming in endemic nations: World Health Organization","authors":"S. Shrivastava, P. Shrivastava","doi":"10.4103/ed.ed_19_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ed.ed_19_19","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11702,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Disease","volume":"87 1","pages":"55 - 56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74700592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Particulate matter under 2.5 μm (PM2.5) is a major risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aimed to investigate whether PM2.5could aggravate NAFLD, as well as its relative mechanisms. Materials and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were under PM2.5exposure and filtered air with NAFLD for 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Blood lipids were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The histopathology of liver was determined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. ELISA assay was conducted for detecting inflammatory markers including interleukin-17 (IL-17) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and for assessing oxidative stress-associated proteins, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Apoptosis was assessed by detecting B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Results: PM2.5exposure for 8 weeks, but not 4 or 6 weeks, significantly aggravated NAFLD, which was associated with the enhanced expression of IL-17 and TNF-α and the enhanced oxidative stress (SOD and MDA). Meanwhile, exposure PM2.5for 8 weeks, but not 4 or 6 weeks, regulated apoptosis (Bcl-2 and BAX). Conclusions: Exposure of PM2.5for 8 weeks can aggravate NAFLD, which may be mediated by liver inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.
{"title":"PM2.5inhalation aggravates inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","authors":"Shen Xin, Jingjing Qu, Na Xu, Baohong Xu","doi":"10.4103/ed.ed_24_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ed.ed_24_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Particulate matter under 2.5 μm (PM2.5) is a major risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aimed to investigate whether PM2.5could aggravate NAFLD, as well as its relative mechanisms. Materials and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were under PM2.5exposure and filtered air with NAFLD for 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Blood lipids were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The histopathology of liver was determined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. ELISA assay was conducted for detecting inflammatory markers including interleukin-17 (IL-17) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and for assessing oxidative stress-associated proteins, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Apoptosis was assessed by detecting B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Results: PM2.5exposure for 8 weeks, but not 4 or 6 weeks, significantly aggravated NAFLD, which was associated with the enhanced expression of IL-17 and TNF-α and the enhanced oxidative stress (SOD and MDA). Meanwhile, exposure PM2.5for 8 weeks, but not 4 or 6 weeks, regulated apoptosis (Bcl-2 and BAX). Conclusions: Exposure of PM2.5for 8 weeks can aggravate NAFLD, which may be mediated by liver inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.","PeriodicalId":11702,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Disease","volume":"6 1","pages":"62 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81312812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: With growing evidence of mosquito vector resistance to pyrethroids and other classes of insecticides globally, we employed one of the two important tools for the monitoring of insecticide resistance in selected states in southeastern part of Nigeria via the World Health Organization (WHO) susceptibility test. Aim: This study tested the effectiveness of WHO susceptibility test for the use in identifying and monitoring the resistance of Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes which transmit malaria and arbovirus-related diseases in Nigeria. Methods: Larval sampling of mosquitoes was embarked upon with ovitraps set in various study sites; eggs were hatched and reared and subsequently subjected to susceptibility tests according to the WHO test procedures. Summary and Conclusion: Resistance to dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane and the pyrethroids has been established to a large extent. The loss of efficacy of pyrethroids may result in operational failure of disease control programs.
{"title":"Use of World Health Organization susceptibility test for malaria vector control in South-Eastern Nigeria: A discourse","authors":"J. Akilah, I. Ekong","doi":"10.4103/ed.ed_4_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ed.ed_4_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: With growing evidence of mosquito vector resistance to pyrethroids and other classes of insecticides globally, we employed one of the two important tools for the monitoring of insecticide resistance in selected states in southeastern part of Nigeria via the World Health Organization (WHO) susceptibility test. Aim: This study tested the effectiveness of WHO susceptibility test for the use in identifying and monitoring the resistance of Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes which transmit malaria and arbovirus-related diseases in Nigeria. Methods: Larval sampling of mosquitoes was embarked upon with ovitraps set in various study sites; eggs were hatched and reared and subsequently subjected to susceptibility tests according to the WHO test procedures. Summary and Conclusion: Resistance to dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane and the pyrethroids has been established to a large extent. The loss of efficacy of pyrethroids may result in operational failure of disease control programs.","PeriodicalId":11702,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Disease","volume":"116 1","pages":"29 - 32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89216206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of conbercept or ranibizumab in the treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and to explore the influence on central retinal thickness (CRT), visual acuity, and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) permeation. Patients and Methods: A total of 85 patients (85 eyes) with wet AMD were enrolled in this study. All patients were treated by intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and were randomly divided into two groups. Patients in Group A were treated by intravitreal injection of conbercept, whereas those in Group B were treated by intravitreal injection of ranibizumab once a month for 3 consecutive months. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was measured. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and CRT of affected eyes and healthy eyes were examined with optical coherence tomography. Fundus fluorescein angiography was performed, and the area of CNV permeation was calculated. Results: BCVA (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) of affected eyes in the two groups was significantly better at 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months after treatment as well as at the end of follow-up than that of before treatment. Meanwhile, CRT was obviously decreased. SFCT of affected eyes was significantly smaller than that of before treatment, which was also remarkably smaller when compared with that of healthy eyes. At 3 months after treatment and at the end of follow-up, the areas of CNV permeation in the two groups were significantly decreased. In addition, the average times of injection in Group A were significantly less than that of Group B. Conclusions: Intravitreal injection of conbercept and ranibizumab significantly decreased SFCT of affected eyes. However, the length of conbercept medication injection time was lower than that of ranibizumab.
{"title":"Effect of conbercept or ranibizumab in the treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration","authors":"Dawei Zhang, Z. Khan, Tao Chai","doi":"10.4103/ed.ed_5_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ed.ed_5_19","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of conbercept or ranibizumab in the treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and to explore the influence on central retinal thickness (CRT), visual acuity, and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) permeation. Patients and Methods: A total of 85 patients (85 eyes) with wet AMD were enrolled in this study. All patients were treated by intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and were randomly divided into two groups. Patients in Group A were treated by intravitreal injection of conbercept, whereas those in Group B were treated by intravitreal injection of ranibizumab once a month for 3 consecutive months. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was measured. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and CRT of affected eyes and healthy eyes were examined with optical coherence tomography. Fundus fluorescein angiography was performed, and the area of CNV permeation was calculated. Results: BCVA (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) of affected eyes in the two groups was significantly better at 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months after treatment as well as at the end of follow-up than that of before treatment. Meanwhile, CRT was obviously decreased. SFCT of affected eyes was significantly smaller than that of before treatment, which was also remarkably smaller when compared with that of healthy eyes. At 3 months after treatment and at the end of follow-up, the areas of CNV permeation in the two groups were significantly decreased. In addition, the average times of injection in Group A were significantly less than that of Group B. Conclusions: Intravitreal injection of conbercept and ranibizumab significantly decreased SFCT of affected eyes. However, the length of conbercept medication injection time was lower than that of ranibizumab.","PeriodicalId":11702,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Disease","volume":"14 1","pages":"50 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86906283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Tochie, Frank-Leonel Tianyi, D. Tchouakam, A. Nkwescheu
The authors present a well‐written narrative review on the primary prevention of snakebites in resource‐limited settings.[1] The merit of these primary preventive measures is their cost‐effectiveness.[1] This is a review of great public health priority as snakebites have recently be categorized as neglected tropical diseases by the World Health Organization.[2] It is worth mentioning that the study methods were made transperable through the description of the search strategy, the initial number of studies retrieved, and the final number of studies retained. Furthermore, the search strategy was quite exhaustive. This allowed a maximum number of studies on the topic to be included in the review.
{"title":"Primary prevention of snakebite envenoming in resource-limited settings","authors":"J. Tochie, Frank-Leonel Tianyi, D. Tchouakam, A. Nkwescheu","doi":"10.4103/ed.ed_17_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ed.ed_17_19","url":null,"abstract":"The authors present a well‐written narrative review on the primary prevention of snakebites in resource‐limited settings.[1] The merit of these primary preventive measures is their cost‐effectiveness.[1] This is a review of great public health priority as snakebites have recently be categorized as neglected tropical diseases by the World Health Organization.[2] It is worth mentioning that the study methods were made transperable through the description of the search strategy, the initial number of studies retrieved, and the final number of studies retained. Furthermore, the search strategy was quite exhaustive. This allowed a maximum number of studies on the topic to be included in the review.","PeriodicalId":11702,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Disease","volume":"44 1","pages":"33 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90622872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dear Editor, The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted in the year 2015 with an ultimate vision to ensure sustainable development of all determinants of health and universal health coverage (UHC) has been acknowledged as an important variable for the accomplishment of the goals.[1] In fact, the calculated estimates indicate that each nation has to spend almost US$ 271 per capita to achieve UHC. However, it has been reported that in the African region, the current financial expenditure is alarmingly less than what has been recommended for the attainment of the UHC.[1]
{"title":"Loss of productivity interfering with the attainment of universal health coverage in African nations","authors":"S. Shrivastava, P. Shrivastava","doi":"10.4103/ED.ED_13_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ED.ED_13_19","url":null,"abstract":"Dear Editor, The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted in the year 2015 with an ultimate vision to ensure sustainable development of all determinants of health and universal health coverage (UHC) has been acknowledged as an important variable for the accomplishment of the goals.[1] In fact, the calculated estimates indicate that each nation has to spend almost US$ 271 per capita to achieve UHC. However, it has been reported that in the African region, the current financial expenditure is alarmingly less than what has been recommended for the attainment of the UHC.[1]","PeriodicalId":11702,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Disease","volume":"29 1","pages":"35 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78112512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Snakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease that accounts for preventable morbidity and mortality, especially in resource-limited settings. This review aimed at examining the snake and human behaviors that facilitate snake-human encounters and highlighting the primary preventive measures for snakebite and the resultant envenoming. Materials and Methods: Google Scholar, Medline (via PubMed), and African Journal Online were searched from January 1959 to April 2019 for peer-reviewed studies addressing primary prevention of snakebite. We extended our search to grey literature from conference proceedings, documents from organizations, book chapters, and thesis. Results: We found few studies in medical literature on community knowledge of the intrinsic characteristics of snakes (e.g., its unique venom apparatus for nutrition, defense and competition, and its habitat and activities); however, there is appreciable amount of studies on human activities associated with snakebite envenoming. Deservedly, more studies appear to focus on snakebite management (secondary and tertiary prevention) with inadequate emphasis on primary prevention of snakebite (which may be the only intervention in some resource-limited settings). Conclusion: Synergy of efforts toward improving community knowledge of human behaviors associated with snakebite and snake behaviors may generate appropriate environmental and behavioral responses to curtail human-snake encounters. Hence, intensive promotion of primary prevention may be a useful approach toward reducing snakebite burden in resource-limited settings.
{"title":"Primary prevention of snakebite envenoming in resource-limited settings: A narrative review","authors":"G. Michael, I. Aliyu, B. Grema","doi":"10.4103/ed.ed_11_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ed.ed_11_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Snakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease that accounts for preventable morbidity and mortality, especially in resource-limited settings. This review aimed at examining the snake and human behaviors that facilitate snake-human encounters and highlighting the primary preventive measures for snakebite and the resultant envenoming. Materials and Methods: Google Scholar, Medline (via PubMed), and African Journal Online were searched from January 1959 to April 2019 for peer-reviewed studies addressing primary prevention of snakebite. We extended our search to grey literature from conference proceedings, documents from organizations, book chapters, and thesis. Results: We found few studies in medical literature on community knowledge of the intrinsic characteristics of snakes (e.g., its unique venom apparatus for nutrition, defense and competition, and its habitat and activities); however, there is appreciable amount of studies on human activities associated with snakebite envenoming. Deservedly, more studies appear to focus on snakebite management (secondary and tertiary prevention) with inadequate emphasis on primary prevention of snakebite (which may be the only intervention in some resource-limited settings). Conclusion: Synergy of efforts toward improving community knowledge of human behaviors associated with snakebite and snake behaviors may generate appropriate environmental and behavioral responses to curtail human-snake encounters. Hence, intensive promotion of primary prevention may be a useful approach toward reducing snakebite burden in resource-limited settings.","PeriodicalId":11702,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Disease","volume":"22 1","pages":"37 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76521025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E-cigarettes are becoming increasingly popular in recent years, especially among adolescents. Many healthcare professionals are unsure of what health consequences can be expected after long-term use of e-cigarettes. This review focuses on the currently published data of long-term e-cigarette vapor exposure in cells, animals, and humans. Most research suggests that e-cigarettes are not harmless. Increased oxidative stress from free radicals and systemic inflammation occur after weeks or months of exposure. E-cigarette vapor contains multiple known human carcinogens which are found in the serum of users, and DNA damage is seen in exposed animals. Pulmonary changes seen after months of exposure in mice are reminiscent of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and human users report increased respiratory symptoms. Cardiovascular disease risk is also likely, with e-cigarette use leading to multiple pathophysiological changes and possibly associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction. Limitations of the current research are discussed, including the retrospective nature of most human data to date. A call for large, longitudinal prospective studies is deemed necessary to better understand the causal role of long-term e-cigarette use in chronic disease formation.
{"title":"Potential health risks of long-term e-cigarette use","authors":"E. Klomparens, Yuchuan Ding","doi":"10.4103/ed.ed_10_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ed.ed_10_19","url":null,"abstract":"E-cigarettes are becoming increasingly popular in recent years, especially among adolescents. Many healthcare professionals are unsure of what health consequences can be expected after long-term use of e-cigarettes. This review focuses on the currently published data of long-term e-cigarette vapor exposure in cells, animals, and humans. Most research suggests that e-cigarettes are not harmless. Increased oxidative stress from free radicals and systemic inflammation occur after weeks or months of exposure. E-cigarette vapor contains multiple known human carcinogens which are found in the serum of users, and DNA damage is seen in exposed animals. Pulmonary changes seen after months of exposure in mice are reminiscent of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and human users report increased respiratory symptoms. Cardiovascular disease risk is also likely, with e-cigarette use leading to multiple pathophysiological changes and possibly associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction. Limitations of the current research are discussed, including the retrospective nature of most human data to date. A call for large, longitudinal prospective studies is deemed necessary to better understand the causal role of long-term e-cigarette use in chronic disease formation.","PeriodicalId":11702,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Disease","volume":"22 1","pages":"1 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86873737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) is a relatively rare and potentially life-threatening disease. The incidence of PLA has been increasing steadily over the past few decades. PLA is relatively common in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Although multiple studies have explored the relationship between PLA and DM, it remains controversial, and the evidence comes primarily from case reports. Because of this, more studies are necessary to compare the characteristics of PLA patients with and without DM to explore the relationship between PLA and DM. Materials and Methods: A total of 115 PLA patients admitted in Beijing Luhe Hospital from December 2012 to August 2017 were divided into two groups based on the presence of DM (the DM group and the non-DM group) for the comparison of clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients. Chi-square, Fisher's exact, and t-tests were used to analyze the differences between the two groups. Results: Of 115 patients included, 50.4% of patients had DM. The DM group had a lower prevalence of abdominal pain (28% vs. 51%, P = 0.011) and pain to palpation (48% vs. 67%, P = 0.046). Moreover, the DM group had a higher prevalence of misdiagnosis (45% vs. 16%, P = 0.001) and poor outcomes (9% vs. 0%, P = 0.03). Conclusions: We found that patients with DM may have less typical symptoms of PLA than those without DM, which may explain the higher prevalence of misdiagnosis of PLA in patients with DM. Moreover, patients with DM have worse outcomes than those without DM.
{"title":"A comparison of clinical characteristics and outcome in pyogenic liver abscess patients with and without diabetes mellitus: A case-control study","authors":"Haitao Sun, Yuxian Yang, E. Klomparens, Dong Zhao","doi":"10.4103/ed.ed_6_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ed.ed_6_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) is a relatively rare and potentially life-threatening disease. The incidence of PLA has been increasing steadily over the past few decades. PLA is relatively common in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Although multiple studies have explored the relationship between PLA and DM, it remains controversial, and the evidence comes primarily from case reports. Because of this, more studies are necessary to compare the characteristics of PLA patients with and without DM to explore the relationship between PLA and DM. Materials and Methods: A total of 115 PLA patients admitted in Beijing Luhe Hospital from December 2012 to August 2017 were divided into two groups based on the presence of DM (the DM group and the non-DM group) for the comparison of clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients. Chi-square, Fisher's exact, and t-tests were used to analyze the differences between the two groups. Results: Of 115 patients included, 50.4% of patients had DM. The DM group had a lower prevalence of abdominal pain (28% vs. 51%, P = 0.011) and pain to palpation (48% vs. 67%, P = 0.046). Moreover, the DM group had a higher prevalence of misdiagnosis (45% vs. 16%, P = 0.001) and poor outcomes (9% vs. 0%, P = 0.03). Conclusions: We found that patients with DM may have less typical symptoms of PLA than those without DM, which may explain the higher prevalence of misdiagnosis of PLA in patients with DM. Moreover, patients with DM have worse outcomes than those without DM.","PeriodicalId":11702,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Disease","volume":"135 1","pages":"23 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79580630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Study Background: Viral infection in children can elicit acute-phase response which can cause significant alterations in the level of acute-phase proteins such as fibrinogen. Aim and Objective: This work was designed to determine the possible viral immunochemical status of children aged 3–7 years with elevated blood fibrinogen of >6.0 g/L who received treatments as patients in herbal homes and hospitals in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Children with elevated blood fibrinogen >6.0 g/L were recruited from 10 herbal homes (n = 27; 3–7 years) and three hospitals (n = 27; 3–7 years) and children with normal blood fibrinogen (3.1 ± 1.0 g/L; n = 30; 3–7 years) were also studied. Anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B surface antigen, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV1) p24 antigen were determined in each of the children immunochemically by ELISA, while blood fibrinogen was assayed using the Clauss method. Acid-fast bacilli were determined in the sputum by the Ziehl–Neelsen stain, and Plasmodium spp. identification was carried out using Giemsa staining -thick blood film technique. Results: The viral immunochemical status obtained in children with elevated blood fibrinogen who received treatments in herbal homes showed 3.7% (1) HIV mono-infection; 7.4% (2) HCV mono-infection; 18.5% (5) hepatitis B virus (HBV) mono-infection; 3.7% (1) HIV-HBV coinfection; and 7.4% (2) HCV-HBV coinfection with no coinfection of HIV-HCV and HIV-HCV-HBV, while those who received treatments in the hospitals showed only 11.1% (3) HBV mono-infection. The viral immunochemical status obtained in children with normal blood fibrinogen showed 3.3% (1) HBV mono-infection and 3.3% (1) HCV mono-infection with no HIV mono-infection and HIV-HBV, HIV-HCV, HCV-HBV, and HIV-HCV-HBV coinfections. Conclusion: Viral seromarkers of HCV, HBV, HIV, HIV-HBV, and HCV-HBV were more in children with elevated blood fibrinogen who received treatments in herbal homes than those who received treatments in the hospital and those with normal blood fibrinogen, which suggests blood fibrinogen as a possible diagnostic indicator in viral infection in herbal homes.
{"title":"Possible viral immunochemical status of children with elevated blood fibrinogen in some herbal homes and hospitals in Nigeria","authors":"M. Olaniyan, Ferdinand Uwaifo, T. Ojediran","doi":"10.4103/ed.ed_20_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ed.ed_20_19","url":null,"abstract":"Study Background: Viral infection in children can elicit acute-phase response which can cause significant alterations in the level of acute-phase proteins such as fibrinogen. Aim and Objective: This work was designed to determine the possible viral immunochemical status of children aged 3–7 years with elevated blood fibrinogen of >6.0 g/L who received treatments as patients in herbal homes and hospitals in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Children with elevated blood fibrinogen >6.0 g/L were recruited from 10 herbal homes (n = 27; 3–7 years) and three hospitals (n = 27; 3–7 years) and children with normal blood fibrinogen (3.1 ± 1.0 g/L; n = 30; 3–7 years) were also studied. Anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B surface antigen, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV1) p24 antigen were determined in each of the children immunochemically by ELISA, while blood fibrinogen was assayed using the Clauss method. Acid-fast bacilli were determined in the sputum by the Ziehl–Neelsen stain, and Plasmodium spp. identification was carried out using Giemsa staining -thick blood film technique. Results: The viral immunochemical status obtained in children with elevated blood fibrinogen who received treatments in herbal homes showed 3.7% (1) HIV mono-infection; 7.4% (2) HCV mono-infection; 18.5% (5) hepatitis B virus (HBV) mono-infection; 3.7% (1) HIV-HBV coinfection; and 7.4% (2) HCV-HBV coinfection with no coinfection of HIV-HCV and HIV-HCV-HBV, while those who received treatments in the hospitals showed only 11.1% (3) HBV mono-infection. The viral immunochemical status obtained in children with normal blood fibrinogen showed 3.3% (1) HBV mono-infection and 3.3% (1) HCV mono-infection with no HIV mono-infection and HIV-HBV, HIV-HCV, HCV-HBV, and HIV-HCV-HBV coinfections. Conclusion: Viral seromarkers of HCV, HBV, HIV, HIV-HBV, and HCV-HBV were more in children with elevated blood fibrinogen who received treatments in herbal homes than those who received treatments in the hospital and those with normal blood fibrinogen, which suggests blood fibrinogen as a possible diagnostic indicator in viral infection in herbal homes.","PeriodicalId":11702,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Disease","volume":"1 1","pages":"81 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76769774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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