Environmental Disease最新文献

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Ratios of lymphocyte and neutrophil to lymphocyte as early predictors of the severity of acute pancreatitis at different age stratifications 淋巴细胞和中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值作为不同年龄层急性胰腺炎严重程度的早期预测因子

Environmental Disease

Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_35_19

Peng Liu, Zhangdong Feng, Yuanyuan Ji, Zixin Zhang, Tinghong Zhang, Redina Bardhi, Zhi-Li Ji, W. Han

Goal: To explore the values of lymphocyte ratio (LR) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in the early prediction of the severity of acute pancreatitis (AP) in patients of different ages. Background and Aims: LR and NLR, as early markers, can predict the severity of disease in patients with AP according to previous studies. However, all of the studies ignored the influence of the age factor. Study: The patients with AP from January 2012 to October 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into mild acute pancreatitis (MAP) and severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) groups according to the latest Atlanta classification. In each group, the patients were further divided into the young and middle-aged group (ages ≤65), and the elderly group (ages >65). The neutrophil ratio (NR), LR and NLR were detected and collected within 24 h of disease onset. The relationship between various indicators and severity of AP was evaluated. Results: NLR (11.15±8.20 vs. 7.83±9.17 P < 0.001) significantly increased whereas LR (10.72±6.32 vs. 16.77±9.70 P < 0.001) significantly decreased in the SAP group compared to the MAP group. LR and NLR demonstrated a significant predictive value in the young- and middle-aged group. However, LR and NLR were not significant predictors in the elderly group. Conclusions: The LR reduction and NLR elevation in the early stages were closely related to the severity of AP. They were both important markers for predicting severity of AP, especially in the young and middle-aged patients.

目的:探讨淋巴细胞比值(LR)和中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)对不同年龄急性胰腺炎(AP)患者严重程度的早期预测价值。背景与目的:以往研究表明，LR和NLR作为早期标志物，可以预测AP患者病情的严重程度。然而，所有的研究都忽略了年龄因素的影响。研究:回顾性分析2012年1月至2017年10月AP患者。根据最新亚特兰大分类将患者分为轻度急性胰腺炎(MAP)组和重度急性胰腺炎(SAP)组。每组患者进一步分为中青年组(年龄≤65岁)和老年组(年龄>65岁)。在发病24 h内检测并采集中性粒细胞比率(NR)、LR和NLR。评估各指标与AP严重程度的关系。结果:SAP组NLR(11.15±8.20比7.83±9.17 P < 0.001)显著升高，LR(10.72±6.32比16.77±9.70 P < 0.001)显著降低。LR和NLR在中青年组具有显著的预测价值。然而，LR和NLR在老年组中不是显著的预测因子。结论:早期LR降低和NLR升高与AP的严重程度密切相关，两者都是预测AP严重程度的重要指标，尤其是在中青年患者中。

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引用次数: 0

The global status of antimicrobial resistance: A long way to go 抗菌素耐药性的全球现状:任重道远

Environmental Disease

Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_26_19

S. Shrivastava, P. Shrivastava

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has jeopardized the prevention and therapeutic option to a broad range of infections caused by microorganisms. The findings of a recently released global survey depicted that 68%, 44% and 80% of the 154 participating nations have developed a surveillance system for reporting drug-resistant infections among humans, tracking consumption of drugs, and establishment of necessary policies to regulate the sale of the drugs respectively. Despite the presence of these measures, the presence of unregulated medicines cannot be denied and it won't be wrong to say that drugs are being sold over the counter and without the prescription. In other words, these are a direct indication that there is an immense need for better investment and focused actions to respond to the problem. To summarize, antimicrobial resistance is a major and a serious threat to the global public health and essentially requires interventions across different nations and communities to deal with the problem.

抗菌素耐药性(AMR)的出现已经危及对微生物引起的广泛感染的预防和治疗选择。最近公布的一项全球调查结果显示，在154个参与国中，68%、44%和80%制定了监测系统，分别用于报告人间耐药感染、跟踪药物消费和制定必要的政策来规范药物销售。尽管采取了这些措施，但不能否认存在不受管制的药物，而且说药物在没有处方的情况下在柜台销售也不会有错。换句话说，这些都直接表明，迫切需要更好的投资和集中行动来应对这一问题。总而言之，抗菌素耐药性是对全球公共卫生的重大和严重威胁，基本上需要在不同国家和社区采取干预措施来处理这一问题。

引用次数: 0

Genome chaos: Redefying genetics, evolution, and environmental factors in medicine 基因组混乱:医学中的逆反遗传学、进化和环境因素

Environmental Disease

Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_12_20

Kezhong Zhang

引用次数: 0

Correlation between serum apolipoprotein A1 and serum uric acid level in patients with hyperuricemia 高尿酸血症患者血清载脂蛋白A1与血清尿酸水平的相关性

Environmental Disease

Pub Date : 2019-10-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_22_19

Yuan Wang, Zongwei Wang, Xin Li, Baoyu Zhang

Objective: Patients with hyperuricemia is often associated with hyperlipidemia. Therefore, the relationship between serum apolipoprotein A1 (Apo-A1) and serum uric acid (UA) level was studied. Methods: Seventy-three patients with gout, 43 patients with hyperuricemia, and 70 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The liver and kidney function, blood glucose, blood lipid and other biochemical indicators were detected, and Apo-A1 content was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: 73 patients with gout, 43 patients with hyperuricemia, and 70 healthy controls were included in the study. None of the patients had diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, or other chronic diseases. There was no difference in blood lipids among the three groups. The lower expressed Apo-A1 was validated in the hyperuricemia group and gout group (P < 0.001). Among all patients, Apo-A1 levels were negatively correlated with plasma UA level (R2 = −0.4925, P < 0.0001). Conclusion: It was confirmed that Apo-A1 was related to the change of plasma UA level to some extent.

目的:高尿酸血症患者常伴有高脂血症。因此，我们研究血清载脂蛋白A1 (Apo-A1)与血清尿酸(UA)水平的关系。方法:痛风患者73例，高尿酸血症患者43例，健康对照70例。检测肝肾功能、血糖、血脂等生化指标，酶联免疫吸附法检测Apo-A1含量。结果:73例痛风患者、43例高尿酸血症患者和70例健康对照纳入研究。所有患者均无糖尿病、高血压、冠心病或其他慢性疾病。三组之间的血脂没有差异。Apo-A1的低表达在高尿酸血症组和痛风组得到证实(P < 0.001)。在所有患者中，Apo-A1水平与血浆UA水平呈负相关(R2 = - 0.4925, P < 0.0001)。结论:证实Apo-A1与血浆UA水平变化有一定关系。

引用次数: 2

Is there any need and scope for improvement in the vector control measures? 病媒控制措施是否需要和有改善的余地?

Environmental Disease

Pub Date : 2019-10-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_25_19

S. Shrivastava, P. Shrivastava

Owing to the rapid and unplanned urbanization, varying use of lands, and an exponential rise in trade and global travel, the number of opportunities for a vector contact with humans has significantly increased. In fact, the recent global estimates depict that in excess of four-fifth of the world's population is at risk of at least one or more vector-borne diseases (VBDs). All these factors together justify the need for an urgent and a holistic approach to minimize the incidence and impact of VBDs. Systematic analyses of the existing vector control measures indicate that there is an immense scope to ameliorate the impact of vector control. In conclusion, there is a big-time need for having a collaborative and coordinated response for the containment of VBD worldwide, and thus, all the stakeholders should work together for the achievement of the same.

由于快速和无计划的城市化、不同的土地利用以及贸易和全球旅行的指数增长，病媒与人类接触的机会大大增加。事实上，最近的全球估计表明，超过五分之四的世界人口面临至少一种或多种病媒传播疾病的风险。所有这些因素加在一起证明有必要采取紧急和全面的办法来尽量减少生物杀灭剂的发病率和影响。对现有病媒控制措施的系统分析表明，改善病媒控制的影响还有很大的空间。最后，迫切需要在全世界范围内采取协作和协调的应对措施，因此，所有利益攸关方应共同努力实现这一目标。

引用次数: 0

The expression of glucocorticoid receptor in patients with small cell lung cancer with or without ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome 糖皮质激素受体在伴有或不伴有异位促肾上腺皮质激素综合征的小细胞肺癌患者中的表达

Environmental Disease

Pub Date : 2019-10-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_29_19

Xiaobo Wang, Jing Ke, Zongwei Wang, Yingmei Feng, Mingzhu Hu, Nannan Wu, D. Zhao

Purpose: Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting syndrome (EAS) is a relatively rare disease. EAS could not be inhibited by endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoid, which may be its most important characteristic. We aimed to explore the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) with or without EAS. Materials and Methods: In this study, we first reported one patient with EAS caused by SCLC, and we examined the expression of ACTH and GR on pulmonary tissue in normal people and SCLC patients with or without EAS. Results: Immunochemistry analysis showed that there was no obvious difference in the expression of GR in SCLC without EAS compared with normal people. While in the EAS patient, GR expression was absent in the tissue. Conclusions: Therefore, our study found that lower expression of GR in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) with EAS, which may contribute to the no inhibition by endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoid.

目的:异位促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)分泌综合征(EAS)是一种较为罕见的疾病。EAS不受内源性或外源性糖皮质激素的抑制，这可能是其最重要的特点。我们旨在探讨糖皮质激素受体(GR)在伴有或不伴有EAS的小细胞肺癌(SCLC)中的表达。材料与方法:本研究首先报道了1例SCLC致EAS患者，并检测了正常人群和伴有或不伴有EAS的SCLC患者肺组织中ACTH和GR的表达。结果:免疫化学分析显示，无EAS的SCLC与正常人相比，GR的表达无明显差异。而在EAS患者中，组织中没有GR表达。结论:因此，我们的研究发现，GR在EAS小细胞肺癌(SCLC)中表达较低，这可能是内源性和外源性糖皮质激素不受抑制的原因之一。

引用次数: 0

The diverse effects of climate change on health and related associations 气候变化对健康的多种影响及其相关关联

Environmental Disease

Pub Date : 2019-10-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_36_19

Shawn Kaura, C. Mutebi, Yuchuan Ding

As the validity of climate change is tossed around like a political football, its effects on the health of the current and future populations continue to worsen. The effects are being seen across the globe, and they have social, ecological, and biological health implications. Populations are aging at rapid rates, creating larger demographics of people with social and physical dependency. This, combined with the current social and health inequity, will result in an increased burden of temperature-related morbidity and mortality on the elderly and racial minorities through the biological effects of extreme temperature. Cardiovascular disease is the number one killer in the world and will especially see sharp increases, as temperature rise exacerbates its effects. The extreme temperature from climate change is also negatively affecting agriculture and the symbiosis between humans and the environment, impacting not only our food systems, but our safety nets too. All these three components (social, ecological, and biological) interact and influence one another. This literature review analyzes the current research into these areas and describes their interplay, while suggesting novel approaches to address the impact climate change is having and will have on the health of the world.

随着气候变化的有效性像政治足球一样被抛来抛去，它对当前和未来人口健康的影响将继续恶化。其影响正在全球范围内显现，并对社会、生态和生物健康产生影响。人口正在快速老龄化，导致更多的人需要社会和身体上的依赖。这一点，再加上目前社会和保健方面的不平等，将通过极端温度的生物效应，给老年人和少数民族造成与温度有关的发病率和死亡率的负担增加。心血管疾病是世界上的头号杀手，随着气温上升加剧其影响，心血管疾病的发病率将急剧上升。气候变化带来的极端温度也对农业以及人类与环境的共生关系产生了负面影响，不仅影响了我们的粮食系统，也影响了我们的安全网。所有这三个组成部分(社会、生态和生物)相互作用，相互影响。这篇文献综述分析了目前对这些领域的研究，描述了它们之间的相互作用，同时提出了新的方法来解决气候变化对世界健康的影响。

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引用次数: 1

Measurement of exposed carbon (II) oxide and air particulate matter concentrations in aba metropolis aba大都市区暴露的碳(II)氧化物和空气微粒物质浓度的测量

Environmental Disease

Pub Date : 2019-07-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_15_19

Uche Akataobi

Purpose: This study measured the level of air pollution; carbon monoxide (CO) and air particulate matter caused by human activities in Aba metropolis. Ten sample locations were selected from the most busy and populated part of the city (Aba South), based on human activities such as burning of tires, wood, rubber materials, construction and factory activities, vehicular emission, and the use of combustion engines. Material and Methods: Level of pollution was measured in the ten sample locations using Gasman air monitor for CO and Haz-Dust monitor for perticulater matter; once a week, twice a month (the 1st and 4th week) for 4 months. Results: Data collected were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance; the highest mean average value of 66.81 ppm was recorded in Water Side Junction, 4.508 ppm in Asa/Azikiwe Junction, 42.506 and 42.166 ppm in Main Park and Ngwa Road Junction, 39.667 ppm in Opopo Junction, 36.009 ppm in Portharcut Road Junction, 35.833 in New Market Road Junction, 33.833 ppm in Milverton Junction, whereas 33.666 ppm in Bata Junction was recorded as the lowest mean value of CO. PPM gave an average mean value between 4.921 μg/m3 and 5.415 μg/m3. Conclusion: The result then indicates CO pollution in the sampled locations.

目的:本研究测量空气污染水平;人类活动对阿坝市区大气中一氧化碳和颗粒物的影响。根据人类活动，如燃烧轮胎、木材、橡胶材料、建筑和工厂活动、车辆排放和内燃机的使用，从城市最繁忙和人口最多的部分(阿坝南部)选择了10个样本地点。材料和方法:采用Gasman空气监测仪监测CO和Haz-Dust监测仪监测细颗粒物，对10个采样点的污染水平进行了测量;每周1次，每月2次(第1周和第4周)，连续4个月。结果:收集的数据采用单因素方差分析;CO的平均值以水边路口最高，为66.81 ppm, Asa/Azikiwe路口为4.508 ppm, Main Park和Ngwa路路口分别为42.506和42.166 ppm, Opopo路口为39.667 ppm, Portharcut路路口为36.009 ppm，新市场路路口为35.833 ppm, Milverton路口为33.833 ppm, Bata路口为33.666 ppm，平均值在4.921 ~ 5.415 μg/m3之间。结论:该结果反映了采样地点的CO污染情况。

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引用次数: 1

Particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm causes multiple pathological dysfunctions as presented by various biomarkers 直径为2.5 μm的颗粒物会引起多种生物标志物的病理功能障碍

Environmental Disease

Pub Date : 2019-07-01 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_30_19

Shawn Kaura, Yuchuan Ding

Particulate matter (PM) is a growing public health concern due to growing economy rooted in the worldwide technological development. PM with a diameter of 2.5 μm (PM2.5) enters the body due to its small size and can accrue in the lungs, enter circulation, and deposit itself along the endothelial walls. Understanding the different types of PM and the various biomarkers that accumulate in the body is imperative to understanding mechanisms of disease development to create potential treatment plans. Three main effects of PM2.5are examined: pro-inflammatory cytokines release upon exposure, DNA conformation breakage, and cancer metabolite accumulation. The pro-inflammatory cytokines release after periodical exposure to PM2.5revealed that despite the concentration of PM, the bodily release of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 was elevated. IL-8 was universally secreted in highest amounts by the body. The potential role that DNA conformation breakage could play in disease onset or progression in specifically hepatocyte cells showed that DNA conformation breakage was inevitable in disease progression. Cancer onset as a result of PM2.5exposure was deemed attributable to reactive oxygen species properties in the PM as well as various metabolic dysfunctions. This mini-review examines some of the biomarkers that result from PM2.5exposure and attempts to provide insight into how legislative and community efforts can curb the rising rates of PM in the air.

随着世界范围内技术的发展，经济不断增长，颗粒物(PM)日益成为公共卫生关注的问题。直径为2.5 μm (PM2.5)的PM由于体积小而进入人体，可以在肺部积聚，进入循环，并沿着内皮壁沉积。了解不同类型的PM和体内积累的各种生物标志物对于了解疾病发展机制以制定潜在的治疗计划至关重要。研究人员检测了pm2.5的三个主要影响:暴露后促炎细胞因子释放、DNA构象破坏和癌症代谢物积累。定期暴露于pm2.5后的促炎细胞因子释放显示，尽管PM浓度较高，但肿瘤坏死因子-α、白细胞介素(IL)-6、IL-8和单核细胞趋化蛋白-1的体内释放升高。IL-8在体内普遍分泌，分泌量最高。DNA构象破坏在疾病发生或进展中可能发挥的潜在作用，特别是在肝细胞中，表明DNA构象破坏在疾病进展中是不可避免的。pm2.5暴露导致的癌症发作被认为可归因于PM中的活性氧特性以及各种代谢功能障碍。这篇小型综述研究了接触pm2.5产生的一些生物标志物，并试图深入了解立法和社区如何努力遏制空气中PM的上升速度。

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引用次数: 1

Cocaine addiction severity exacerbates the negative association of lifetime lead exposure with blood pressure levels: Evidence from a pilot study. 可卡因成瘾严重程度加剧了终生铅暴露与血压水平的负相关:一项初步研究的证据。

Environmental Disease

Pub Date : 2019-07-01 Epub Date: 2019-09-27 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_21_19

Elena Colicino, Danielle B Hazeltine, Kelly M Schneider, Anna Zilverstand, Keren Bachi, Nelly Alia-Klein, Rita Z Goldstein, Andy C Todd, Megan K Horton

Background: High blood pressure (BP) is associated independently with cocaine use and lead exposure. It is not known whether cocaine use and lead exposure act jointly to disrupt cardiovascular health.

Objective: To determine whether cocaine use modifies the association between cumulative lead levels and elevated BP.

Materials and methods: We measured cumulative tibia lead levels in 35 adults: 20 with cocaine use disorder (CUD) and 15 non-CUD controls using in vivo K-shell X-ray fluorescence. Generalized estimating equation regression determined associations between log₂-transformed lead and BP (systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure) and assessed the modifying association of cocaine use (as addiction severity) on the lead-BP relationship, adjusting for age, sex, smoking, and education. Sensitivity analyses included correction for potential selection bias.

Results: Cases and controls differed by sex (%male: 90% vs. 67%), age (50.7 vs. 39.9 years), education (12.8 vs. 14.4 years), and tibia lead (3.50 vs. 2.35 μg/g). Lead was positively associated with systolic (P = 0.01) and diastolic BP (P = 0.01). We observed an interaction between lead and addiction severity on BP (P values for systolic BP: 0.01, diastolic BP: 0.003, and mean arterial BP: <0.0001); the association was stronger among individuals with more severe cocaine addiction: Systolic BP: Est.: 17.89, 95% confidence interval (CI): 9.52; 26.26, diastolic BP Est.: 17.89, 95% CI: 7.33; 13.79, mean arterial BP: Est.: 13.09, 95% CI: 10.34; 15.83.

Conclusions: Lead was adversely associated with BP. This association was strongest among individuals with more severe cocaine addiction. The results from this small pilot study suggest that the interaction between lead and cocaine should be considered in studies of substance abuse-related health outcomes.

背景:高血压(BP)与可卡因使用和铅暴露独立相关。目前尚不清楚可卡因使用和铅接触是否会共同破坏心血管健康。目的:确定可卡因使用是否改变累积铅含量和血压升高之间的关系。材料和方法:我们使用体内k壳x射线荧光测量了35名成年人的累积胫骨铅水平:20名可卡因使用障碍(CUD)患者和15名非CUD对照组。广义估计方程回归确定了log2转化铅和血压(收缩压、舒张压和平均动脉压)之间的关联，并评估了可卡因使用(如成瘾严重程度)对铅-血压关系的修正关联，调整了年龄、性别、吸烟和教育程度。敏感性分析包括对潜在选择偏倚的校正。结果:病例与对照组在性别(男性占比90% vs 67%)、年龄(50.7 vs 39.9岁)、教育程度(12.8 vs 14.4岁)、胫骨铅含量(3.50 vs 2.35 μg/g)等方面存在差异。铅与收缩压(P = 0.01)和舒张压(P = 0.01)呈正相关。我们观察到铅和成瘾严重程度对血压的相互作用(收缩压P值为0.01，舒张压P值为0.003，平均动脉压P值为0.003):结论:铅与血压负相关。这种关联在可卡因成瘾程度较高的个体中表现得最为明显。这项小型试点研究的结果表明，在药物滥用相关健康结果的研究中应考虑铅和可卡因之间的相互作用。

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