Engineering Structures最新文献_第6页

Effect of size on eccentric compression performance of steel tube and sandwiched concrete jacketed CFST columns 尺寸对钢管和夹层混凝土护套 CFST 柱偏心压缩性能的影响

IF 5.6 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Engineering Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119240

Yue Huang, Caiwang Tai, Pengpeng Wang, Yiyan Lu

This study investigated the size effect of steel tube and sandwiched concrete jacketed CFST columns under eccentric compression. A series of eccentric compression tests were conducted on 3 geometrically similar un-strengthened CFST columns and 13 strengthened CFST columns with varying structural sizes (with a ratio of 1:1.5:2), different eccentricities, and different outer steel ratios. The eccentric performance of the specimens, including their failure behaviours, load-axial displacement curves, and longitudinal and circumferential strain distribution were explored. Additionally, the size effect on nominal stress-longitudinal displacement relationships, nominal axial strength, nominal ultimate deflection and ductility index were investigated. The test results confirmed the presence of a size effect in both un-strengthened and strengthened CFST columns, with nominal strengths closely following Bažant's proposed "size effect law (SEL)". Finally, considering the influence of size effect, this study proposed axial force-bending moment (N-M) correlation curves for predicting the bearing capacity of strengthened CFST stub columns based on EC4, AISC-360, AIJ and GB 50936. Among these codes, AIJ provided the most accurate predictions when compared to the test results. Introducing the size effect coefficients mitigated the tendency to overestimate the load-bearing capacity of large-size retrofitted columns.

本研究调查了偏心压缩下钢管和夹层混凝土护套 CFST 柱的尺寸效应。对 3 个几何形状相似的未加固 CFST 柱和 13 个加固 CFST 柱进行了一系列偏心压缩试验，这些柱子的结构尺寸（比例为 1:1.5:2）、偏心率和外层钢筋比例各不相同。研究探讨了试件的偏心性能，包括其破坏行为、荷载-轴向位移曲线以及纵向和圆周应变分布。此外，还研究了尺寸对标称应力-纵向位移关系、标称轴向强度、标称极限挠度和延性指数的影响。试验结果证实，未加固和加固 CFST 柱都存在尺寸效应，其名义强度与 Bažant 提出的 "尺寸效应定律（SEL）"密切相关。最后，考虑到尺寸效应的影响，本研究基于 EC4、AISC-360、AIJ 和 GB 50936，提出了轴力-弯矩（N-M）相关曲线，用于预测加固 CFST 柱的承载能力。在这些规范中，与试验结果相比，AIJ 的预测最为准确。引入尺寸效应系数可减轻高估大尺寸加固柱承载能力的趋势。

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引用次数: 0

A state-of-the-art review on negative stiffness-based structural vibration control 基于负刚度的结构振动控制最新进展综述

IF 5.6 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Engineering Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119247

Huan Li , Kaiming Bi , Qiang Han , Ruisheng Ma

Developing effective, reliable, and economical structural vibration control techniques has always been a critical research topic in civil engineering community. Negative stiffness, as the opposite of positive stiffness, can decrease the total stiffness of the entire system and assist structural motion rather than resisting it, thus provides a new perspective on developing more effective structural vibration control techniques. Negative stiffness has attracted considerable research attention since it was first proposed, and various negative stiffness elements (NSEs) and NSE-based structural vibration control devices have been developed and extensively investigated. This paper provides a comprehensive review on NSE-based structural vibration control techniques, which begins with the concept of negative stiffness and physical realizations of NSEs. Following that, different types of NSE-based structural vibration control devices and systems are introduced accompanied by their applications and superiorities over conventional vibration control devices. Some challenging problems and possible research topics worth further exploration are also presented.

开发有效、可靠和经济的结构振动控制技术一直是土木工程界的重要研究课题。负刚度与正刚度相反，它可以降低整个系统的总刚度，帮助结构运动而不是抵抗结构运动，从而为开发更有效的结构振动控制技术提供了新的视角。自负刚度首次被提出以来，它已引起了相当多的研究关注，各种负刚度元件（NSE）和基于 NSE 的结构振动控制装置已被开发出来并进行了广泛研究。本文全面综述了基于 NSE 的结构振动控制技术，首先介绍了负刚度的概念和 NSE 的物理实现。随后，介绍了不同类型的基于 NSE 的结构振动控制装置和系统，以及它们的应用和与传统振动控制装置相比的优越性。此外，还介绍了一些具有挑战性的问题和值得进一步探讨的研究课题。

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引用次数: 0

Computer vision-based intelligent detection method for the residual capability of energy dissipators in flexible protection systems 基于计算机视觉的智能检测方法，用于检测柔性保护系统中能量耗散器的剩余能力

IF 5.6 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Engineering Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119262

Zhixiang Yu , Linxu Liao , Yuntao Jin , Lijun Zhang , Yongdin Tian , Wenjie Liao

A residual capability intelligent detection method based on computer vision is proposed to address the issues of low efficiency, poor accuracy, and high danger in manual measurement of energy dissipators in flexible protection systems. The proposed method first establishes a binary semantic segmentation dataset for energy dissipators and trains a salient object detection deep neural network to segment the energy dissipator binary map; Then, it uses morphological image processing and contour detection to calculate the residual capability automatically. U²-Net, U²-Netp, and BASENet were trained and compared by a dataset with 500 ring-type energy dissipator images. The proposed method was validated through a quasi-static tensile test and a full-scale impact test. Compared with the most accurate integration calculation method, the error of the proposed method does not exceed 3 %, and the efficiency is improved by about 25 times compared to the most commonly used manual detection method.

针对柔性保护系统中耗散器人工测量效率低、精度差、危险性高等问题，提出了一种基于计算机视觉的残差能力智能检测方法。该方法首先建立耗能器二元语义分割数据集，训练突出物检测深度神经网络对耗能器二元图进行分割，然后利用形态学图像处理和轮廓检测自动计算剩余能力。对 U2-Net、U2-Netp 和 BASENet 进行了训练，并通过一个包含 500 张环形耗能器图像的数据集进行了比较。通过准静态拉伸试验和全尺寸冲击试验对所提出的方法进行了验证。与最精确的积分计算方法相比，所提方法的误差不超过 3%，与最常用的人工检测方法相比，效率提高了约 25 倍。

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引用次数: 0

Deflection function of a novel bolt-connected precast concrete floor 新型螺栓连接预制混凝土楼板的挠度功能

IF 5.6 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Engineering Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119250

Feng Xiong, Chaoyang Zheng, Ye Liu, Yu Bian, Yuhao Wang

Owing to the post-cast procedure and relatively complex joint configuration, composite precast floors limit the full display of advantages of precast concrete systems. The development of fully assembled precast floors is of necessity; therefore, a novel bolt-connected precast concrete floor was proposed in this study to meet the increasing demand for quick assembly, lightweight, and good insulation in flooring systems. The proposed floors consist of precast sandwich unit slabs that are fully assembled to an integral floor with dry-type bolted connectors. Field static loading tests were conducted on four full-scale precast concrete floors. The test results indicate that the floors exhibited a two-way flexural ability due to the involvement of the bolted connectors. The restraining mechanism at anchorage and load-transferring mechanism at joints were investigated through a theoretical analysis. Based on the theory of plates and shells, a simplified theoretical method of solving the deflection function of the floors was established and validated to provide a reference for designing such fully assembled floors. The comparison between the theoretical and experimental results indicates that the arrangement of joint connectors could affect the theoretical calculation accuracy due to its influence on the performed continuity simplification. The application scope of the proposed theoretical method was evaluated through a finite element analysis.

由于后浇程序和相对复杂的连接构造，复合预制楼板限制了预制混凝土系统优势的充分发挥。开发完全组装的预制楼板势在必行；因此，本研究提出了一种新型螺栓连接预制混凝土楼板，以满足楼板系统对快速组装、轻质和良好隔热性日益增长的需求。拟议的楼板由预制夹层单元板组成，这些单元板通过干式螺栓连接件完全组装成一个整体楼板。对四块全尺寸预制混凝土地板进行了现场静态加载试验。试验结果表明，由于螺栓连接件的参与，这些楼板具有双向抗弯能力。通过理论分析研究了锚固处的约束机制和连接处的荷载传递机制。基于板壳理论，建立并验证了求解楼板挠度函数的简化理论方法，为设计此类全装配式楼板提供了参考。理论与实验结果的对比表明，连接件的布置会影响理论计算的准确性，这是因为连接件的布置会影响所进行的连续性简化。通过有限元分析，对所提出的理论方法的应用范围进行了评估。

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引用次数: 0

Dynamic behavior of high-speed maglev guideway girders with quadratically-varied cross-section 具有二次变化截面的高速磁悬浮导轨梁的动态特性

IF 5.6 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Engineering Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119140

Fei Chen , Nianguan Teng , Jinghai Gong , Man-Tai Chen

This study focuses on the numerical investigation on the coupling vibration responses of high-speed maglev vehicle-guideway system incorporated with guideway girders with quadratically-varied cross-section and the new generation high-speed maglev trains. Finite element model for the coupling vibration responses analysis of maglev vehicle-guideway system was established and validated against the existing field test results. With the verified model and program, a total of 5292 numerical models were included to comprehensively investigate the influences of cross-sectional geometries and span length of the guideway girder as well as the vehicle speed on the coupling vibration responses of high-speed maglev vehicle-guideway system. The coupling vibration responses, including impact coefficient, maximum suspension gap and maximum displacement of bogie as well as maximum displacement of the car-body, were analyzed. Recommendation on the dynamic performance indicator was proposed for the guideway girders with quadratically-varied cross-section. Prediction models regarding the impact coefficient and mid-span maximum acceleration of guideway girders with quadratically-varied cross-section were developed based on the Artificial Neural Network analysis method.

本研究的重点是对高速磁悬浮车辆-导轨系统的耦合振动响应进行数值研究，该系统采用了横截面为二次变化的导轨梁和新一代高速磁悬浮列车。建立了用于磁悬浮车辆-导轨系统耦合振动响应分析的有限元模型，并根据现有的现场测试结果进行了验证。利用验证后的模型和程序，共建立了 5292 个数值模型，全面研究了高速磁浮车-导轨系统的横截面几何形状、导轨梁跨度和车辆速度对耦合振动响应的影响。分析了耦合振动响应，包括冲击系数、最大悬挂间隙、转向架最大位移和车体最大位移。针对横截面二次变化的导轨梁提出了动态性能指标建议。基于人工神经网络分析方法，建立了四边形截面导轨梁冲击系数和跨中最大加速度的预测模型。

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引用次数: 0

Seismic performance study of plastic hinge region using PVA-ECC composite bridge piers 使用 PVA-ECC 复合材料桥墩的塑性铰区抗震性能研究

IF 5.6 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Engineering Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119261

Shenwei Chen , Shengqiang Ma , Wenjie Ma

This study explores the use of high tensile ductility engineered cementitious composites (ECC) to replace the plastic hinge region in conventional reinforced concrete (RC) pier, aiming to enhance seismic performance. Experiments and numerical simulations were performed on a traditional reinforced concrete pier and three composite piers with different replacement heights of ECC in the plastic hinge area. The findings demonstrated that the use of ECC led to a substantial enhancement in the piers' ultimate displacement, displacement ductility factor, and energy dissipation capacity, with improvements of more than 20.3 %, 17.1 %, and 80 % correspondingly. Increasing the replacement height from 300 mm to 400 mm boosted the displacement ductility coefficient by 10 %. Numerical analyses corroborated these findings, indicating a decline in seismic performance with higher axial pressure ratios. At an axial pressure ratio of 0.2, ductility increased by over 1 % for every 100 mm increase in ECC height up to 400 mm, beyond which the increase was less than 1 %. Thus, ECC in the plastic hinge improves seismic performance, with greater enhancement discovered at higher replacement heights within a certain range.

本研究探讨了使用高拉伸延性工程水泥基复合材料（ECC）替代传统钢筋混凝土（RC）桥墩的塑性铰区，以提高抗震性能。研究人员对一个传统钢筋混凝土桥墩和三个在塑性铰区采用不同替代高度 ECC 的复合桥墩进行了实验和数值模拟。研究结果表明，使用 ECC 后，桥墩的极限位移、位移延性系数和耗能能力都得到了大幅提高，分别提高了 20.3%、17.1% 和 80%。置换高度从 300 毫米增加到 400 毫米后，位移延性系数提高了 10%。数值分析证实了这些发现，表明轴压比越高，抗震性能越差。在轴压比为 0.2 的情况下，ECC 高度每增加 100 毫米，延性就会增加 1%以上，最高可达 400 毫米，超过这一数值后，延性的增加就不到 1%了。因此，塑性铰链中的 ECC 可提高抗震性能，在一定范围内，更换高度越高，提高幅度越大。

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引用次数: 0

Numerical modeling and design of cold-formed stainless steel elliptical hollow section beam-column members 冷弯不锈钢椭圆空心截面梁柱构件的数值建模与设计

IF 5.6 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Engineering Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119244

Ye Yao , Wai-Meng Quach , Ben Young

This paper aims to investigate the structural behavior of cold-formed stainless steel (CFSS) elliptical hollow section (EHS) members under combined axial load plus biaxial bending by using numerical method. By using a validated finite element (FE) model for cold-formed (CF) tubular beam-column members, an extensive parametric study was conducted in this study. In order to cover various stainless steel alloys, a wide range of cross-section geometries, aspect ratios, cross-section slenderness values, member slenderness values as well as loading angles and eccentricities of the CFSS EHS beam-column members were examined. The FE predicted ultimate loads were compared with the design strengths predicted from the current interaction design expressions for CFSS structures specified in prEN 1993–1-4:2023, AS/NZS 4673 and ASCE/SEI 8–22 together with their codified slenderness limits for CFSS circular hollow sections (CHS). The Direct Strength Method (DSM) was recently proposed in the literature to predict the compression and bending resistances of CF normal grade steel EHS subjected to combined actions. The design expressions in AS/NZS 4673 and ASCE/SEI 8–22 associated with the DSM end points were also evaluated for CFSS EHS beam-column members. As the existing versions of Continuous Strength Method (CSM) were only suitable for CFSS square (SHS) and rectangular (RHS) hollow section as well as CHS members subjected to axial load plus uniaxial bending. Therefore, in this study, a modified CSM was proposed for the design of CFSS EHS beam-column members, by developing new CSM end points for CFSS EHS as well as the modified CSM interaction factors and modified CSM design formulae for CFSS EHS subjected to axial load plus biaxial bending. The comparisons revealed that the existing codified interaction design curves provided scattered and conservative predictions. By adopting the Chen and Young’s modified DSM to predict the end points, the accuracy of the design formulae in AS/NZS 4673 and ASCE/SEI 8–22 can be highly improved. However, the proposed modified CSM can achieve more accurate and reliable design predictions for CFSS EHS beam-column members than the existing codified methods and DSM.

本文旨在通过数值方法研究冷弯不锈钢（CFSS）椭圆空心截面（EHS）构件在轴向载荷和双轴弯曲联合作用下的结构行为。本研究使用经过验证的冷成形（CF）管状梁柱构件有限元（FE）模型，进行了广泛的参数研究。为了涵盖各种不锈钢合金，研究了 CFSS EHS 梁柱构件的各种截面几何形状、长宽比、截面细长值、构件细长值以及加载角度和偏心率。将 FE 预测的极限荷载与 prEN 1993-1-4:2023、AS/NZS 4673 和 ASCE/SEI 8-22 中规定的 CFSS 结构的现行交互设计表达式预测的设计强度以及 CFSS 圆形空心截面 (CHS) 的编纂细长度限制进行了比较。最近，文献中提出了直接强度法 (DSM)，用于预测 CF 普通钢 EHS 在组合作用下的抗压和抗弯强度。AS/NZS 4673 和 ASCE/SEI 8-22 中与 DSM 端点相关的设计表达式也针对 CFSS EHS 梁柱构件进行了评估。由于现有版本的连续强度法（CSM）仅适用于 CFSS 方形（SHS）和矩形（RHS）空心截面，以及承受轴向荷载和单轴弯曲的 CHS 构件。因此，在本研究中，通过为 CFSS EHS 开发新的 CSM 端点，以及为承受轴向荷载和双轴弯曲的 CFSS EHS 开发修正的 CSM 交互作用系数和修正的 CSM 设计公式，为 CFSS EHS 梁柱构件的设计提出了修正的 CSM。比较结果表明，现有的编纂交互作用设计曲线提供了分散和保守的预测。通过采用 Chen 和 Young 的修正 DSM 来预测端点，AS/NZS 4673 和 ASCE/SEI 8-22 中设计公式的准确性可以得到很大提高。然而，与现有的编纂方法和 DSM 相比，建议的修正 CSM 可以为 CFSS EHS 梁柱构件实现更准确、更可靠的设计预测。

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引用次数: 0

One novel block-type brace connector for retrofitting reinforced concrete frames 用于加固钢筋混凝土框架的新型砌块式支撑连接器

IF 5.6 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Engineering Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119242

Yifei Zhang , Cong Zeng , Guoshan Xu

Buckling-restrained braces are widely utilized for retrofitting existing reinforced concrete frames. However, conventional plate-type brace connectors and joints often suffer damage from the additional forces exerted by buckling-restrained braces during earthquakes. This paper proposes a novel block-type brace connector to address this issue. The seismic performance of this new connector is evaluated through pseudo-dynamic and quasi-static tests. Pseudo-dynamic test results indicate that the reinforced concrete frame retrofitted with the new connectors demonstrates superior seismic performance compared to the frame without retrofitting. During a rare earthquake, the maximum inter-story drift ratios are 1/308 for the frame with new connectors and 1/84 for the frame without retrofitting. Quasi-static test results show that the new connectors shift the potential plastic hinges of the beam away from the gusset plate region by moving the post-installed anchorage position outward. The gusset plate of the conventional connector buckles at an inter-story drift ratio of 1/30, while that of the new connector avoids buckling due to the restraint from the concrete block. Overall, the new connector can mitigate the adverse effects of the additional forces from buckling-restrained braces and improve the seismic performance of the existing reinforced concrete frames.

屈曲约束支撑被广泛用于改造现有的钢筋混凝土框架。然而，传统的板式支撑连接件和接头往往会因屈曲约束支撑在地震中施加的附加力而损坏。本文提出了一种新型块状支撑连接器来解决这一问题。通过伪动态和准静态试验对这种新型连接器的抗震性能进行了评估。伪动力试验结果表明，与未加装新型连接器的钢筋混凝土框架相比，加装新型连接器的钢筋混凝土框架具有更优越的抗震性能。在罕见地震中，加装新连接件的框架的最大层间漂移比为 1/308，而未加装连接件的框架的最大层间漂移比为 1/84。准静力测试结果表明，新连接件通过将安装后的锚固位置向外移，将梁的潜在塑性铰链从桁架板区域移开。当层间漂移比为 1/30 时，传统连接件的桁架板会发生屈曲，而新型连接件的桁架板由于受到混凝土块的约束而不会发生屈曲。总之，新型连接件可以减轻屈曲约束支撑所产生的附加力的不利影响，改善现有钢筋混凝土框架的抗震性能。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental and numerical study on creep deformation and failure characteristics of ETFE cushion structures ETFE 缓冲结构蠕变变形和失效特性的实验和数值研究

IF 5.6 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Engineering Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119233

Yinbo Song, Wujun Chen, Bing Zhao, Jianhui Hu, Xuetao Zhao

ETFE (ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene) cushion structures with small self-weight are typical wind-sensitive structures that are prone to large deformation and even failure under wind loads. This paper is aimed to investigate the deformation and failure behaviors of ETFE cushion structures subjected to static wind loads. Firstly, calibration mock-up experiments were carried out using a load simulation system and a photogrammetry system. Then, structural responses could be calculated based on force density theory, which were used to validate and correct the calibration numerical model inputs. Finally, same inputs from calibration numerical model were assigned to full-size numerical model and used to predict the structural behavior of a full-size mock-up in an inflation experiment. The comparison between experimental and simulation results validates numerical models integrating material creep response surface, real initial geometry, and actual loading protocol for predicting structural behavior of ETFE cushion structures. Additionally, it is observed that creep deformation constitutes a substantial portion of the total deformation under high static wind loads. The primary factors influencing the failure of ETFE cushions are identified as stress distribution and initial defects.

自重较小的 ETFE（乙烯-四氟乙烯）缓冲结构是典型的风敏结构，在风荷载作用下容易产生较大变形，甚至失效。本文旨在研究 ETFE 缓冲结构在静态风荷载作用下的变形和破坏行为。首先，利用载荷模拟系统和摄影测量系统进行了校准模拟实验。然后，根据力密度理论计算结构响应，用于验证和修正校准数字模型输入。最后，将校准数字模型的相同输入分配给全尺寸数字模型，并在充气实验中用于预测全尺寸模型的结构行为。实验结果与模拟结果的对比验证了数值模型集成了材料蠕变响应面、真实初始几何形状和实际加载协议，可用于预测 ETFE 缓冲结构的结构行为。此外，还观察到在高静态风荷载下，蠕变变形占总变形的很大一部分。影响 ETFE 衬垫失效的主要因素是应力分布和初始缺陷。

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引用次数: 0

Veneer-wrapped steel columns: Proof-of-concept experimental and numerical investigations 单板包裹钢柱：概念验证实验和数值研究

IF 5.6 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Engineering Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119254

Valentino Vigneri, Morena Giulieri, Andreas Taras

This paper presents and discusses the structural behaviour of a novel type of steel–timber composite column to be used in residential building applications. It consists of a circular hollow section wrapped by multiple beech veneer sheets and where the composite action is ensured by a structural bi-component glue applied over the contact surfaces. As part of a proof-of-concept study, five short and three long columns with lengths of 0.27 m and 2.00 m, respectively, were tested under vertical concentric load with fibres parallel to the load direction and inclined by 15°. The global response of the specimens in terms of load-displacement behaviour and failure modes was studied, along with localised strain measurements through strain gauges and a digital image correlation (DIC) system. Results showed a significant increase in buckling resistance due to the stiffness added by the veneer layers. Already with the still-moderate veneer layer thicknesses used in this study, an increase in strength of over 25 % could thus be achieved. This enhancement highlights the effectiveness of veneer wrapping in stabilizing the inner core and delaying the occurrence of flexural buckling failure. A 3D non-linear finite element model (FEM) validated these findings, showing a good correlation with experimental results in resistance and stiffness. A parametric study was conducted to explore different geometries and materials, thus creating an extended FEM-based database. A relatively good agreement with modest deviation between the FEM predictions and analytical formulations available in the European Standards was found, considering the appropriate introduction of the mechanical properties of timber.

本文介绍并讨论了一种用于住宅建筑的新型钢木复合柱的结构行为。它包括一个由多块山毛榉单板包裹的圆形空心截面，通过在接触面上涂抹双组分结构胶来确保复合作用。作为概念验证研究的一部分，分别对长度为 0.27 米和 2.00 米的五根短柱和三根长柱进行了垂直同心载荷测试，纤维平行于载荷方向并倾斜 15°。研究了试样在荷载-位移行为和破坏模式方面的整体响应，并通过应变仪和数字图像相关（DIC）系统进行了局部应变测量。结果表明，由于单板层增加了刚度，抗屈曲性明显增强。本研究中使用的单板层厚度仍然适中，但强度却增加了 25% 以上。这种增强凸显了单板包覆在稳定内芯和延迟发生挠曲屈曲失效方面的有效性。三维非线性有限元模型（FEM）验证了这些发现，在阻力和刚度方面显示出与实验结果的良好相关性。为了探索不同的几何形状和材料，我们进行了参数研究，从而创建了一个基于有限元模型的扩展数据库。考虑到适当引入了木材的机械特性，发现有限元模型的预测结果与欧洲标准中的分析公式之间的一致性相对较好，偏差不大。

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引用次数: 0