Pub Date : 2026-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122228
Chanwoo Lee, Namsu Jeon, Hyung-Jo Jung
This study proposes a frequency-domain finite element model updating (FEMU) framework that integrates a progressive proper orthogonal decomposition (PrPOD)-based reduced-order model (ROM) with particle swarm optimization (PSO). By eliminating repeated full-model simulations, the proposed approach enables efficient and accurate model updating and dynamic response analysis. The PrPOD strategy incrementally increases the number of POD modes during optimization, guided by adaptive inertia weights and multi-criteria convergence checks. The framework is validated through numerical experiments on a five-story frame model using analytic frequency response functions (FRFs) and a high-fidelity nuclear containment model under seismic excitation. Additionally, experimental validation is conducted using measured data from a laboratory-scale five-story frame, focusing on both parameter estimation and accurate reproduction of experimental impulse responses. The results confirm the proposed method’s accuracy, efficiency, and robustness, especially under challenging conditions such as closely spaced modes, sensor noise, and sparse measurements.
{"title":"Rapid finite element model updating for online dynamic analysis via progressive frequency proper orthogonal decomposition","authors":"Chanwoo Lee, Namsu Jeon, Hyung-Jo Jung","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122228","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a frequency-domain finite element model updating (FEMU) framework that integrates a progressive proper orthogonal decomposition (PrPOD)-based reduced-order model (ROM) with particle swarm optimization (PSO). By eliminating repeated full-model simulations, the proposed approach enables efficient and accurate model updating and dynamic response analysis. The PrPOD strategy incrementally increases the number of POD modes during optimization, guided by adaptive inertia weights and multi-criteria convergence checks. The framework is validated through numerical experiments on a five-story frame model using analytic frequency response functions (FRFs) and a high-fidelity nuclear containment model under seismic excitation. Additionally, experimental validation is conducted using measured data from a laboratory-scale five-story frame, focusing on both parameter estimation and accurate reproduction of experimental impulse responses. The results confirm the proposed method’s accuracy, efficiency, and robustness, especially under challenging conditions such as closely spaced modes, sensor noise, and sparse measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 122228"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122219
Chengyu Bai , Jianyang Xue , Zheng Luo , Rui Liu , Sha Ding
A novel nitrogen gas spring (NGS) friction self-centering damper (NGS-FSCD) is proposed to overcome the drawbacks of conventional self-centering dampers, including high post-yield stiffness and complicated assembly. The damper employs an NGS with low post-yield stiffness, no additional pre-compression, and excellent fatigue performance as the self-centering module, arranged in parallel with a friction damper. Quasi-static, low-cycle fatigue, and dynamic cyclic loading tests were conducted to investigate the influence of parameters such as NGS stroke, initial force, and friction bolt preload on the hysteretic performance of the damper. The experimental findings reveal that, under equivalent energy dissipation and restoring force, the post-yield stiffness of the NGS-FSCD is only 10–20 % of that of self-centering dampers using disc springs (DS) or shape memory alloys (SMA). The post-yield stiffness of the NGS-FSCD increases with the initial force of the NGS and decreases with it stroke. A multi-story braced frame structure was developed using OpenSees software. A comparative analysis was conducted among the buckling-restrained brace (BRB), the NGS friction self-centering brace (NGS-FSCB) with a post-yield stiffness equivalent to that of the BRB, and the DS and SMA friction self-centering braces, both exhibiting higher post-yield stiffness. The NGS-FSCB frame achieves reductions in base shear by 16.6 % and 27.2 %, and in peak roof acceleration by 16.4 % and 31.7 %, compared to the DS and SMA friction self-centering brace frames, respectively, under the design basis earthquake level. This confirms its effectiveness in minimizing residual deformation and enhancing overall seismic performance.
{"title":"A novel friction self-centering damper using nitrogen gas springs: Development, experiments, and seismic response control","authors":"Chengyu Bai , Jianyang Xue , Zheng Luo , Rui Liu , Sha Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel nitrogen gas spring (NGS) friction self-centering damper (NGS-FSCD) is proposed to overcome the drawbacks of conventional self-centering dampers, including high post-yield stiffness and complicated assembly. The damper employs an NGS with low post-yield stiffness, no additional pre-compression, and excellent fatigue performance as the self-centering module, arranged in parallel with a friction damper. Quasi-static, low-cycle fatigue, and dynamic cyclic loading tests were conducted to investigate the influence of parameters such as NGS stroke, initial force, and friction bolt preload on the hysteretic performance of the damper. The experimental findings reveal that, under equivalent energy dissipation and restoring force, the post-yield stiffness of the NGS-FSCD is only 10–20 % of that of self-centering dampers using disc springs (DS) or shape memory alloys (SMA). The post-yield stiffness of the NGS-FSCD increases with the initial force of the NGS and decreases with it stroke. A multi-story braced frame structure was developed using OpenSees software. A comparative analysis was conducted among the buckling-restrained brace (BRB), the NGS friction self-centering brace (NGS-FSCB) with a post-yield stiffness equivalent to that of the BRB, and the DS and SMA friction self-centering braces, both exhibiting higher post-yield stiffness. The NGS-FSCB frame achieves reductions in base shear by 16.6 % and 27.2 %, and in peak roof acceleration by 16.4 % and 31.7 %, compared to the DS and SMA friction self-centering brace frames, respectively, under the design basis earthquake level. This confirms its effectiveness in minimizing residual deformation and enhancing overall seismic performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 122219"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122157
Heng Mei , You Dong , Dan M. Frangopol , Anxin Guo
Extreme hazards such as earthquake and ensuing tsunamis can pose significant threats to offshore infrastructures, among which bridges are particularly vulnerable due to their locations. Accurate assessment of bridge performance under such events is crucial to enhance structural safety. In this study, the fragility method was employed to evaluate bridge capability against combined hazard effects, with three variables introduced to capture multi-hazard intensity. The vector-valued method was used to quantify bivariate tsunami intensities, with different fragility functions compared in their fitting capability. A new fragility form was proposed for earthquake-tsunami scenarios, with the system-level fragility also examined via multiple bridge components. A case study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of various functions to isolated bridges. The component-level fragility shows an inconsistent development with increasing seismic magnitudes but consistent trends with tsunami intensity. The comparison analysis implies the highest fitness of log-sum model, while the proposed method yields consistent outcomes despite the unified factor. System-level fragility results indicate that isolated bridges have notable vulnerability due to multi-component contributions. Further, the expected damage ratio was assessed and shows notable sensitivity to spectral acceleration and relative wave height, as opposed to the limited influences from water depths. This study provides preliminary guidance for estimating the seismic-tsunami fragility of isolated bridges using complex intensity sets.
{"title":"Performance of vector-valued fragility for coastal bridge under earthquake and tsunami hazards","authors":"Heng Mei , You Dong , Dan M. Frangopol , Anxin Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extreme hazards such as earthquake and ensuing tsunamis can pose significant threats to offshore infrastructures, among which bridges are particularly vulnerable due to their locations. Accurate assessment of bridge performance under such events is crucial to enhance structural safety. In this study, the fragility method was employed to evaluate bridge capability against combined hazard effects, with three variables introduced to capture multi-hazard intensity. The vector-valued method was used to quantify bivariate tsunami intensities, with different fragility functions compared in their fitting capability. A new fragility form was proposed for earthquake-tsunami scenarios, with the system-level fragility also examined via multiple bridge components. A case study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of various functions to isolated bridges. The component-level fragility shows an inconsistent development with increasing seismic magnitudes but consistent trends with tsunami intensity. The comparison analysis implies the highest fitness of log-sum model, while the proposed method yields consistent outcomes despite the unified factor. System-level fragility results indicate that isolated bridges have notable vulnerability due to multi-component contributions. Further, the expected damage ratio was assessed and shows notable sensitivity to spectral acceleration and relative wave height, as opposed to the limited influences from water depths. This study provides preliminary guidance for estimating the seismic-tsunami fragility of isolated bridges using complex intensity sets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 122157"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122231
Sihua Kong , Guifeng Zhao , Yuhong Ma , You Dong , Zhenyu Yang , Ruiwei Feng
The ring springs-based self-centering damper (RSD) has been proven to be a promising candidate for self-centering dampers due to the successful integration of self-centering and energy dissipation capacities. However, the above capacities still need to be further improved due to the uncertainty of severe earthquakes. To this end, a novel three-layer ring springs-based self-centering damper (TRSD) is proposed. First, the working principle and hysteretic behavior of the three-layer ring springs are introduced. Then, the working mechanism and fabrication process of the proposed TRSD are described, following by the cyclic loading tests of the conventional RSD and the proposed TRSD specimens. The TRSD specimen exhibits typical flag-shaped hysteretic behavior with stronger loading resistance and larger energy dissipation capacities. Particularly, the maximum force, equivalent stiffness, and dissipated energy of the TRSD increase by up to 260.12 %, 260.46 %, and 247.79 %, respectively. Finally, a case-study frame is designed and equipped with the RSDs and TRSDs, whose preload forces are identical to enable comparative performance assessment. Nonlinear dynamic analyses are carried out under 44 far-field ground motion records to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed TRSD on structural seismic performance. The results indicate that the TRSD is capable of harnessing the advantages of loading resistance and energy dissipation capacities, thereby effectively reducing the seismic responses under various hazard levels. Furthermore, the proposed TRSD with lower preload displacement demand will provide sufficient redundancy to ensure the safety of the building structures from potential collapse risk.
{"title":"A novel three-layer ring springs-based self-centering damper: Development, experiment, and numerical simulation","authors":"Sihua Kong , Guifeng Zhao , Yuhong Ma , You Dong , Zhenyu Yang , Ruiwei Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ring springs-based self-centering damper (RSD) has been proven to be a promising candidate for self-centering dampers due to the successful integration of self-centering and energy dissipation capacities. However, the above capacities still need to be further improved due to the uncertainty of severe earthquakes. To this end, a novel three-layer ring springs-based self-centering damper (TRSD) is proposed. First, the working principle and hysteretic behavior of the three-layer ring springs are introduced. Then, the working mechanism and fabrication process of the proposed TRSD are described, following by the cyclic loading tests of the conventional RSD and the proposed TRSD specimens. The TRSD specimen exhibits typical flag-shaped hysteretic behavior with stronger loading resistance and larger energy dissipation capacities. Particularly, the maximum force, equivalent stiffness, and dissipated energy of the TRSD increase by up to 260.12 %, 260.46 %, and 247.79 %, respectively. Finally, a case-study frame is designed and equipped with the RSDs and TRSDs, whose preload forces are identical to enable comparative performance assessment. Nonlinear dynamic analyses are carried out under 44 far-field ground motion records to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed TRSD on structural seismic performance. The results indicate that the TRSD is capable of harnessing the advantages of loading resistance and energy dissipation capacities, thereby effectively reducing the seismic responses under various hazard levels. Furthermore, the proposed TRSD with lower preload displacement demand will provide sufficient redundancy to ensure the safety of the building structures from potential collapse risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 122231"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-22DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122185
Faisal Nissar Malik , Haitham A. Ibrahim , Liang Cao , James Ricles , Amal Elawady , Arindam Gan Chowdhury
Real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) is an advanced testing technique in which a structural system is divided into analytical and experimental substructures that are coupled in real time to capture the dynamic response of the complete system. While RTHS has been applied to wind-induced loading; conventional implementations typically rely on pre-recorded aerodynamic data from rigid wind tunnel models, thereby neglecting wind–structure interaction effects. This simplification limits the accuracy of response prediction because the interaction between structural motion and the surrounding airflow can have a significant influence on the wind-induced forces. To overcome this limitation, this study introduces a novel Multi-directional Real-time Aeroelastic Hybrid Simulation (RTAHS) framework that explicitly incorporates multi-directional aeroelastic effects into the evaluation of tall building response under wind loading. In the proposed approach, the structural system is modeled numerically as the analytical substructure, while the building facade is physically represented in a wind tunnel as the aero substructure, and any supplemental damping devices in the structure are modeled physically as the experimental substructure. At each time step, the equations of motion are solved to compute the displacements of the aero substructure, which are then imposed on the physical model in the wind tunnel through actuators. The real-time wind pressures are subsequently measured in this deformed configuration and integrated to determine the corresponding aeroelastic forces. A 40-story building equipped with nonlinear fluid viscous dampers in the outrigger system and a tuned mass damper at the roof is employed as a case study. Simulations are conducted with and without structural material nonlinearities, and the accuracy and robustness of the proposed framework is assessed. The RTAHS approach can be utilized to substantially enhance the realism and fidelity of wind-induced response predictions, offering a powerful tool for the design and performance assessment of tall buildings.
{"title":"Real-time multi-directional aeroelastic hybrid simulation for tall building response under wind loading","authors":"Faisal Nissar Malik , Haitham A. Ibrahim , Liang Cao , James Ricles , Amal Elawady , Arindam Gan Chowdhury","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122185","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122185","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) is an advanced testing technique in which a structural system is divided into analytical and experimental substructures that are coupled in real time to capture the dynamic response of the complete system. While RTHS has been applied to wind-induced loading; conventional implementations typically rely on pre-recorded aerodynamic data from rigid wind tunnel models, thereby neglecting wind–structure interaction effects. This simplification limits the accuracy of response prediction because the interaction between structural motion and the surrounding airflow can have a significant influence on the wind-induced forces. To overcome this limitation, this study introduces a novel Multi-directional Real-time Aeroelastic Hybrid Simulation (RTAHS) framework that explicitly incorporates multi-directional aeroelastic effects into the evaluation of tall building response under wind loading. In the proposed approach, the structural system is modeled numerically as the analytical substructure, while the building facade is physically represented in a wind tunnel as the aero substructure, and any supplemental damping devices in the structure are modeled physically as the experimental substructure. At each time step, the equations of motion are solved to compute the displacements of the aero substructure, which are then imposed on the physical model in the wind tunnel through actuators. The real-time wind pressures are subsequently measured in this deformed configuration and integrated to determine the corresponding aeroelastic forces. A 40-story building equipped with nonlinear fluid viscous dampers in the outrigger system and a tuned mass damper at the roof is employed as a case study. Simulations are conducted with and without structural material nonlinearities, and the accuracy and robustness of the proposed framework is assessed. The RTAHS approach can be utilized to substantially enhance the realism and fidelity of wind-induced response predictions, offering a powerful tool for the design and performance assessment of tall buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 122185"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-22DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122195
Yugesh Maharjan, Suraj Dhungel, Serhan Guner
Load rating, the process of evaluating a bridge's safe live load capacity, is a critical aspect of bridge evaluation. Despite their prevalence, adjacent box beam bridges lack specialized methodologies and automated tools for their load rating. Engineers often resort to time-consuming, complex hand calculations or general-purpose tools that are not ideal for these unique bridges. This study addresses this challenge by developing a specialized computational methodology and an innovative computer tool for accurate, reliable, and rapid load rating of adjacent box beam bridges. The research accounts for diverse configurations, including skewed or non-skewed spans, composite and non-composite, and single or multicell beam sections; analyzes flexure and shear; assesses stresses at all critical locations for strength and service limit states; calculates capacities; and provides final load rating factors. A key innovation is its ability to identify the most critical location by precisely determining the exact maximum moment location, beyond conventional methods. It also evaluates shear at all potentially critical points, not just typical ones. The adopted shear flow approach enables the analysis of multicell box beam sections. To transfer these advancements to practice, the first specialized computer tool is developed for the load rating of adjacent box beam bridges. This tool is capable of rating 15 standard vehicles and custom vehicles with up to 35 axles. It also generates moment and shear envelopes for all vehicle types, assisting manual calculations or other analyses for various bridge types. Verification of the methodology and tool against 18 existing bridges using independent hand calculations and general-purpose software confirmed their high accuracy and reliability. A coefficient of determination of 0.974 or higher, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.251 or lower, a normalized RMSE of 7.43 % or lower and a bias close to zero are obtained.
{"title":"Innovative evaluation of precast, prestressed adjacent box beam bridges","authors":"Yugesh Maharjan, Suraj Dhungel, Serhan Guner","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Load rating, the process of evaluating a bridge's safe live load capacity, is a critical aspect of bridge evaluation. Despite their prevalence, adjacent box beam bridges lack specialized methodologies and automated tools for their load rating. Engineers often resort to time-consuming, complex hand calculations or general-purpose tools that are not ideal for these unique bridges. This study addresses this challenge by developing a specialized computational methodology and an innovative computer tool for accurate, reliable, and rapid load rating of adjacent box beam bridges. The research accounts for diverse configurations, including skewed or non-skewed spans, composite and non-composite, and single or multicell beam sections; analyzes flexure and shear; assesses stresses at all critical locations for strength and service limit states; calculates capacities; and provides final load rating factors. A key innovation is its ability to identify the most critical location by precisely determining the exact maximum moment location, beyond conventional methods. It also evaluates shear at all potentially critical points, not just typical ones. The adopted shear flow approach enables the analysis of multicell box beam sections. To transfer these advancements to practice, the first specialized computer tool is developed for the load rating of adjacent box beam bridges. This tool is capable of rating 15 standard vehicles and custom vehicles with up to 35 axles. It also generates moment and shear envelopes for all vehicle types, assisting manual calculations or other analyses for various bridge types. Verification of the methodology and tool against 18 existing bridges using independent hand calculations and general-purpose software confirmed their high accuracy and reliability. A coefficient of determination of 0.974 or higher, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.251 or lower, a normalized RMSE of 7.43 % or lower and a bias close to zero are obtained.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 122195"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-22DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122197
Chunxiao Ning, Yazhou Xie
Predicting region-wide structural responses under seismic shaking is essential for enhancing the effectiveness of earthquake engineering tasks such as earthquake early warning and regional seismic risk and resilience assessments. Existing domain-specific and data-driven approaches, however, lack the capability to provide high-fidelity, structure-specific dynamic response predictions for large-scale structural inventories in a timely manner, especially when structural parameters and detailing are incomplete or unavailable. To address this gap, this study developed a deep learning framework, which integrates heterogeneous ground motion sequences and partial structural information as model inputs, to predict structure-specific, probabilistic dynamic responses of regional structural portfolios. Validation on a portfolio of highway bridges in California demonstrates the model’s ability to capture inter-structure response variability by inputting critical and accessible bridge parameters while accounting for uncertainties due to the lack of other information. The results underscore the framework’s efficiency and accuracy, paving the way for various advancements in performance-based earthquake engineering and regional-scale seismic decision-making.
{"title":"Surrogate structure-specific probabilistic dynamic responses of bridge portfolios using deep learning with partial information","authors":"Chunxiao Ning, Yazhou Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122197","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122197","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Predicting region-wide structural responses under seismic shaking is essential for enhancing the effectiveness of earthquake engineering tasks such as earthquake early warning and regional seismic risk and resilience assessments. Existing domain-specific and data-driven approaches, however, lack the capability to provide high-fidelity, structure-specific dynamic response predictions for large-scale structural inventories in a timely manner, especially when structural parameters and detailing are incomplete or unavailable. To address this gap, this study developed a deep learning framework, which integrates heterogeneous ground motion sequences and partial structural information as model inputs, to predict structure-specific, probabilistic dynamic responses of regional structural portfolios. Validation on a portfolio of highway bridges in California demonstrates the model’s ability to capture inter-structure response variability by inputting critical and accessible bridge parameters while accounting for uncertainties due to the lack of other information. The results underscore the framework’s efficiency and accuracy, paving the way for various advancements in performance-based earthquake engineering and regional-scale seismic decision-making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 122197"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-22DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122233
Wenbo Li , Jintao Zhu , Mingyang Chen , Feipeng Wang , Zeshuai Yuan , Yu Dai , Pengwei Mou , Yajin Mi , Yuankui Lv , Junping Li , Liao-Liang Ke
Accurate measurement of the interlaminar tensile strength (ILTS) is crucial to characterize the delamination failure of the ceramic matrix composites (CMC). Conventional testing method based on ASTM D6415 relies on estimation of moduli of the curved beam, which is ambiguous in practice. In this paper we develop a self-consistent testing method combining the four-point bending test and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique. The four-point bending test is responsible for measuring the curved beam strength and the DIC is in charge of extracting the in-situ strains within the curved region. We develop a formula for deriving the moduli of the curved beam from in-situ strains obtained by DIC measurement. In this way, the ILTS can be fully determined based on the testing data without any prior knowledge or estimation on the moduli. With the help of the developed method, the ILTS of the curved beam made of carbon fiber-reinforced CMC is measured. The experiment shows that the failure mode of the CMC curved beam under four-point bending is delamination, and ILTS measurement based on the proposed method is efficient, robust and reliable. We discuss the dependence of measured ILTS value on the moduli to address the necessity of accurate moduli estimation. The effect of the location of strain extraction from DIC is examined in order to reduce the errors of measurement.
{"title":"On the interlaminar tensile strength of curved ceramic matrix composite beams","authors":"Wenbo Li , Jintao Zhu , Mingyang Chen , Feipeng Wang , Zeshuai Yuan , Yu Dai , Pengwei Mou , Yajin Mi , Yuankui Lv , Junping Li , Liao-Liang Ke","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate measurement of the interlaminar tensile strength (ILTS) is crucial to characterize the delamination failure of the ceramic matrix composites (CMC). Conventional testing method based on ASTM D6415 relies on estimation of moduli of the curved beam, which is ambiguous in practice. In this paper we develop a self-consistent testing method combining the four-point bending test and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique. The four-point bending test is responsible for measuring the curved beam strength and the DIC is in charge of extracting the in-situ strains within the curved region. We develop a formula for deriving the moduli of the curved beam from in-situ strains obtained by DIC measurement. In this way, the ILTS can be fully determined based on the testing data without any prior knowledge or estimation on the moduli. With the help of the developed method, the ILTS of the curved beam made of carbon fiber-reinforced CMC is measured. The experiment shows that the failure mode of the CMC curved beam under four-point bending is delamination, and ILTS measurement based on the proposed method is efficient, robust and reliable. We discuss the dependence of measured ILTS value on the moduli to address the necessity of accurate moduli estimation. The effect of the location of strain extraction from DIC is examined in order to reduce the errors of measurement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 122233"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-22DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122188
Feng Qian , Yabin Liao
As wind turbines grow taller and more slender, their flexibility and low inherent damping increase vulnerability to vortex-induced vibrations (VIV), threatening structural integrity and fatigue life. While traditional tuned mass dampers (TMDs) can mitigate VIV, their large mass and displacement stroke conflict with compact turbine designs. This study develops a novel analytical nonlinear model of a tuned mass damper-inerter (TMDI) coupled with the wind turbine tower, capturing the fluid–structure-TMDI interaction and deriving primary and secondary resonance responses using the method of multiple scales. Analytical solutions for primary and secondary resonance responses are derived using the method of multiple scales and validated against numerical simulations of the NREL 5-MW baseline turbine. The analytical results, complemented by energy flow analysis, show that the TMDI can provide vibration suppression performance comparable to that of a conventional TMD while reducing the displacement stroke of the auxiliary mass. The energy flow analysis further quantifies the trade-off between stroke reduction and control effectiveness, and is used to identify a range of inerter mass ratios for design consideration. Dynamic stress analysis further demonstrates potential fatigue life improvement. These findings highlight the promise of TMDIs as compact, high-performance vibration mitigation devices and provide a rigorous analytical framework to inform their design in next-generation wind turbines.
{"title":"Vortex-induced vibration control of wind turbine towers using a tuned mass damper-inerter: The method of multiple scales analysis","authors":"Feng Qian , Yabin Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122188","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As wind turbines grow taller and more slender, their flexibility and low inherent damping increase vulnerability to vortex-induced vibrations (VIV), threatening structural integrity and fatigue life. While traditional tuned mass dampers (TMDs) can mitigate VIV, their large mass and displacement stroke conflict with compact turbine designs. This study develops a novel analytical nonlinear model of a tuned mass damper-inerter (TMDI) coupled with the wind turbine tower, capturing the fluid–structure-TMDI interaction and deriving primary and secondary resonance responses using the method of multiple scales. Analytical solutions for primary and secondary resonance responses are derived using the method of multiple scales and validated against numerical simulations of the NREL 5-MW baseline turbine. The analytical results, complemented by energy flow analysis, show that the TMDI can provide vibration suppression performance comparable to that of a conventional TMD while reducing the displacement stroke of the auxiliary mass. The energy flow analysis further quantifies the trade-off between stroke reduction and control effectiveness, and is used to identify a range of inerter mass ratios for design consideration. Dynamic stress analysis further demonstrates potential fatigue life improvement. These findings highlight the promise of TMDIs as compact, high-performance vibration mitigation devices and provide a rigorous analytical framework to inform their design in next-generation wind turbines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 122188"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-22DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122193
Suiwen Wu , Shipeng Feng , Junfei Huang , Xudong Shao , Junhui Cao , Guang He
<div><div>Given the superior mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC), a novel 1000 m-scale steel-UHPFRC composite truss arch bridge scheme has recently been proposed to address key challenges associated with traditional long-span arch bridges including excessive self-weight and construction complexity and to further extend the feasible span limit of this bridge type beyond 600 m. While previous studies on this new bridge scheme have primarily focused on the conceptual design of the arch ribs under static loads, its seismic resistance system and overall seismic performance—particularly under spatially varying ground motions—remain insufficiently explored, especially given its unprecedented span. In this study, a preliminary design of the seismic resistance system including the spandrel columns and the seismic isolation system is first performed to improve the distribution of seismic forces throughout the structure. A detailed nonlinear finite element model is then established and subject to multiple sets of spatially varying ground motions simulated with power spectral density and coherence loss function models to numerically evaluate its seismic behavior under strong earthquake shaking. The seismic performance of arch rib sections and spandrel columns is quantified using column and moment–curvature interaction diagrams to identify critical sections that are seismically vulnerable. The results show that the designed seismic isolators can effectively reduce internal force demands on the columns and improve the uniformity of the force distribution. Compared to uniform excitations, non-uniform excitations can significantly amplify internal force demands in the arch ribs, with average amplification ratios of 11 %, 12 %, and 6 % for axial force, in-plane, and out-of-plane bending moments, respectively. For the spandrel columns, the average amplification in in-plane and out-of-plane bending moments is 6 % and 13 %, respectively. Additionally, non-uniform excitations also increase displacement demands and result in large residual displacements in the arch ribs. Furthermore, under non-uniform excitations, the rotational capacity of the spring sections is insufficient to meet seismic demands, leading to compressive crushing of the UHPFRC. Only a small number of sections near the spring exhibit tensile failure, indicating that these locations are the most vulnerable along the arch. These findings suggest that future optimization efforts should focus on enhancing the rib cross-section at the spring or increasing the stirrup ratio to improve the compressive strength of the core concrete. In contrast, damage observed in the columns is limited to tensile cracking of the UHPFRC at the column ends, with no yielding detected in the longitudinal reinforcement. This study demonstrates the seismic viability of the proposed 1000m-scale steel–UHPFRC composite truss arch bridge and its potential failure mechanism under strong n
{"title":"Seismic performance of a 1000 m-scale steel-UHPFRC composite truss arch bridge under non-uniform excitations","authors":"Suiwen Wu , Shipeng Feng , Junfei Huang , Xudong Shao , Junhui Cao , Guang He","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given the superior mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC), a novel 1000 m-scale steel-UHPFRC composite truss arch bridge scheme has recently been proposed to address key challenges associated with traditional long-span arch bridges including excessive self-weight and construction complexity and to further extend the feasible span limit of this bridge type beyond 600 m. While previous studies on this new bridge scheme have primarily focused on the conceptual design of the arch ribs under static loads, its seismic resistance system and overall seismic performance—particularly under spatially varying ground motions—remain insufficiently explored, especially given its unprecedented span. In this study, a preliminary design of the seismic resistance system including the spandrel columns and the seismic isolation system is first performed to improve the distribution of seismic forces throughout the structure. A detailed nonlinear finite element model is then established and subject to multiple sets of spatially varying ground motions simulated with power spectral density and coherence loss function models to numerically evaluate its seismic behavior under strong earthquake shaking. The seismic performance of arch rib sections and spandrel columns is quantified using column and moment–curvature interaction diagrams to identify critical sections that are seismically vulnerable. The results show that the designed seismic isolators can effectively reduce internal force demands on the columns and improve the uniformity of the force distribution. Compared to uniform excitations, non-uniform excitations can significantly amplify internal force demands in the arch ribs, with average amplification ratios of 11 %, 12 %, and 6 % for axial force, in-plane, and out-of-plane bending moments, respectively. For the spandrel columns, the average amplification in in-plane and out-of-plane bending moments is 6 % and 13 %, respectively. Additionally, non-uniform excitations also increase displacement demands and result in large residual displacements in the arch ribs. Furthermore, under non-uniform excitations, the rotational capacity of the spring sections is insufficient to meet seismic demands, leading to compressive crushing of the UHPFRC. Only a small number of sections near the spring exhibit tensile failure, indicating that these locations are the most vulnerable along the arch. These findings suggest that future optimization efforts should focus on enhancing the rib cross-section at the spring or increasing the stirrup ratio to improve the compressive strength of the core concrete. In contrast, damage observed in the columns is limited to tensile cracking of the UHPFRC at the column ends, with no yielding detected in the longitudinal reinforcement. This study demonstrates the seismic viability of the proposed 1000m-scale steel–UHPFRC composite truss arch bridge and its potential failure mechanism under strong n","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 122193"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号